Effects of Warm Compresses on the Perineal Area During the Active Phase of Labor: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Background A perineal tear refers to any injury to the female genitalia during labor, which can occur spontaneously or with the use of instruments. An episiotomy, a surgical procedure, is sometimes performed to enlarge the vaginal orifice to facilitate delivery. Ineffective management of labor pain can result in negative physiological and psychosocial outcomes. Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of warm compresses on the perineal area during active labor. Methods This quasi-experimental study utilized a convenience sample, dividing 80 mothers into intervention and control groups. Participants were randomly assigned to groups after meeting the inclusion criteria and signing consent forms. The inclusion criteria encompassed pregnant women aged 18 years or older with a healthy singleton pregnancy, a cephalic presentation, and a gestational age of 37 weeks or more. The women were in the active phase of the first stage of labor (6-7 cm cervical dilation). In Part I, a data collection tool was developed to gather sociodemographic data, obstetrical history, and initial assessment information. Part II assessed perineal pain using the Visual Analogue Scale. Part III collected data on the perineal status post-delivery, and Part IV gathered information about the newborns. The research was conducted in the labor unit at East Jeddah Hospital, with data collection occurring from November 2022 to February 2023. Results The results of this study revealed that the mean second-stage labor pain score was 9.73 for the control group and 8.68 for the intervention group. In the third stage of labor, the mean pain score was 4.52 for the control group and 2.75 for the intervention group. During the fourth stage of labor, the mean pain score for the control group was 2.90, compared to 1.50 for the intervention group. In terms of perineal outcomes, 17 participants (42.5%) in the intervention group had an intact perineum, compared to 11 participants (27.5%) in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the episiotomy rate between the two groups. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that applying a warm compress to the perineal area during active labor can enhance perineal intactness and significantly reduce perineal pain. Future research could explore the challenges nurses encounter when applying warm compresses to the perineum during labor.

Skeletal Muscle Complex Between the Vagina and Anal Canal: Implications for Perineal Laceration.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The anatomy of the skeletal muscles located between the vagina and anus is important during complex obstetric laceration reconstructions. We aimed to clarify the composition of skeletal muscles located between the vagina and anal canal and their three-dimensional configuration relevant to perineum repair. METHODS: This observational study involved ten female cadavers. An anatomical dissection was performed to observe the muscles around the vagina and anal canal. Immunohistological analysis of the midsagittal section was performed to clarify the composition of the muscles, and dissection was performed to correspond to the cross-section. Wide-range serial sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction were used to support these findings histologically and visualize the three-dimensional arrangement. RESULTS: The region between the vagina and anal canal included the anterior part of the external anal sphincter, superficial transverse perineal muscle approaching from the lateral side, and levator ani, located cranially. They converge three-dimensionally in the median from each direction, forming a muscle complex between the vagina and anal canal. CONCLUSIONS: The medial region between the vagina and anal canal in those giving birth includes a skeletal muscle complex formed by the confluence of the external anal sphincter, anterior bundle of the levator ani, and superficial transverse perineal muscle. In cases of severe perineal lacerations, these muscles could be injured. The anatomical knowledge that a part of the levator ani forms a muscle sling anterior to the anal canal is particularly important for obstetricians and gynecologists repairing obstetric lacerations and treating pelvic floor disorders.

Minimizing tearing during vaginal delivery with a perineal protection device: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of evidence indicating that second-degree tears cause both short- and long-term consequences. Very few preventative measures have been found to reduce the incidence of these tears. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether the use of a perineal protection device during vaginal birth reduces severe perineal tearing (grade ≥2 tear) in primiparous women compared with routine manual perineal support. STUDY DESIGN: A single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted in Sweden from 2019 to 2021. Primiparous women at term were randomly allocated to the intervention group (n=43), where a perineal protection device was used, or to the routine care group (n=49). The primary outcome was grade of perineal tear. The secondary outcomes were vaginal and labial tearing. Continuous data were analyzed using the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Dichotomous data were analyzed using the Pearson X2 test, Fisher exact test, and ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: Women in the intervention group had a significantly lower risk of sustaining more extensive perineal tearing than those in the control group. The use of the perineal protection device decreased the risk of grade ≥2 tears in relation to grade 0 to 1 tears (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.94). Ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed an odds ratio of 0.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.81) per incremetn of grade injury using the perineal protection device vs routine care (P=.013). The number needed to treat using the perineal protection device was 4.3 to avoid 1 grade ≥2 tear. Women in the treatment group showed less labial tearing (P=.016). No adverse effect was detected. CONCLUSION: The use of a perineal protection device reduced the risk of grade ≥2 perineal tearing by 60% and labial tearing. El resumen está disponible en Español al final del artículo.

Three-Dimensional Transperineal Ultrasound Assessment of the Anal Sphincter Immediately After Vaginal Birth: An Exploratory Study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of acquiring adequate transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) volumes of the anal sphincter (AS) immediately after vaginal birth, the reproducibility of its measurements, and detecting defects therein. METHODS: Secondary analysis of TPUS volumes of the AS, acquired immediately after vaginal birth with a transversely oriented convex probe. Two independent experts ranked off-line image quality as "inadequate," "adequate," or "ideal" using the Point-of-Care Ultrasound Image Quality scale. On "adequate" and "ideal" quality volumes, the length of the external AS at 6 and 12 o'clock, and the volume of the external and internal AS were measured. Additionally, volumes were screened for AS defects on tomographic ultrasound imaging. Subsequently, we rated the intra- and interrater agreement on those findings. RESULTS: Of 183 volumes, 162 were considered "adequate" or of "ideal" quality (88.5%). Reasons for "inadequacy" were shadow artifacts (16/21), poor resolution (3/21), incomplete acquisition (1/21), or aberrant AS morphology (1/21). The intrarater reliability of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) measurements was excellent, whereas interrater reliability was fair to good for 2D measurements and good for 3D measurements. In those tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) sequences including AS defects, the intra- and interrater reliability of the defect measurement were excellent [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.92 (0.80-0.94)] and moderate [ICC = 0.72 (0.63-0.79)]. In this cohort, there were only few (4/48; 8.3%) AS defects. However, grading them was poorly reproducible between experts. CONCLUSION: TPUS of the AS immediately after vaginal birth yields adequate image quality and allows for reproducible measurements. In the few patients with AS defects, there was good agreement on the presence, but it was poor for the extent of defects.

Pelvic floor symptoms according to the severity of second-degree perineal tears within 12 months post-partum: A longitudinal prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Second-degree perineal tears following vaginal birth are common and presumed to be of little clinical importance. However, the extent of damage to the perineal body varies widely, and there is reason to believe that larger second-degree tears may be associated with more pelvic floor symptoms, compared to lesser form. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess differences in pelvic floor symptoms according to the severity of second-degree perineal tears up to 12 months post-partum, stratified by parity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study conducted at Akershus University Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in Norway. The study sample consisted of 409 primiparas and 394 multiparas with vaginal births. Perineal tears were classified using the classification system recommended by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Further, second-degree tears were subclassified as 2A, 2B, or 2C, depending on the percentage of damage to the perineal body. Episiotomies were analyzed as a separate group. Pelvic floor symptoms were assessed using the Karolinska Symptoms After Perineal Tear Inventory (KAPTAIN). A linear mixed model was estimated to assess the trend in pelvic floor symptom scores according to perineal tear category and stratified by parity. The primary and secondary outcome measures were the mean sum scores of the KAPTAIN-Inventory, measured in pregnancy (at 18 weeks of gestation), at 3- and 12 months post-partum, and the reported impact of genital discomfort on quality of life measured in pregnancy and at 12 months post-partum. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in pelvic floor symptom scores over time, or at any timepoint, between no tear, first-degree tear, or second-degree tear subcategories, for primi-, and multiparas. Pelvic floor symptoms increased from pregnancy to 3 months post-partum and remained higher at 12 months post-partum compared to pregnancy in all perineal tear categories. Compared to primiparas, multiparas reported a significantly higher impact of genital discomfort on quality of life in pregnancy and at 12 months post-partum. CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in pelvic floor symptoms according to the severity of second-degree perineal tears.

Risk factors associated with severe perineal tear at Public Hospitals in Bahir Dar town, Northwest Ethiopia.

Background: Birth-related perineal trauma is a public health issue that can lead to significant maternal morbidity in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Research on the proportion and underlying factors of birth-related severe perineal tears is rare, both in the study area and throughout Ethiopia. As a result, this study was intended to determine the proportion of birth-related severe perineal tears and associated factors at hospitals in Bahir Dar town, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken at government hospitals in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Five hundred fifteen study subjects were selected using a systematic sampling technique. The data was collected through chart reviews and interviews. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 23. A binary logistic regression was employed to identify factors, and an adjusted odds ratio and a 95% CI were used to estimate the strength of relationships. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of severe perineal tears was 7.4%. Previous history of a perineal tear (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.24-7.59), being nullipara (AOR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.42-11.44), occipito-posterior position (AOR = 5.49, 95% CI = 2.27-13.28), duration of second stage of labor > 2 h (AOR = 5.42, 95% CI = 2.26-12.99), birth attendant's work experience <1 year (AOR = 5.98, 95% CI = 2.16-16.57) were found to be associated with birth-related severe perineal tear. Conclusion: The proportion of birth-related severe perineal tears was high at governmental hospitals in Bahir Dar town. Previous history of perineal tear, work experience of birth attendants, duration of the second stage of labor, being nullipara, and occipito-posterior position were the major determinants of severe perineal tear. This study suggests that strategies and regulations should be developed to shorten the second stage of labor.

Emerging trends in research on perineal trauma management: A bibliometric analysis of articles published since 1985.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this bibliometric analysis is to explore global trends in scientific research involving spontaneous perineal tears sustained during childbirth. This research is critical as a significant number of women have vaginal lacerations after birth resulting in complications such as pain and pelvic floor dysfunction. METHODS: The articles used in this bibliometric analysis were collected from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library and Scopus. Analysis was carried out in Python and R programming languages with some visualizations created using VOS software. Apart from traditional methods, this analysis also involved time series forecasting and assessment of rolling correlations. RESULTS: Results indicate authors and institutions from the United Kingdom as the most productive in the research on this subject research. National level analyses for six countries showed that productivity was positively correlated with GDP/capita, average health expenditure and negatively associated with proportion of C-sections. Recent and emerging themes include those involving pharmacological interventions for pain management. CONCLUSION: There is a growing global interest in the research on postnatal perineal trauma with authors from the UK playing a leading role so far. Countries with high vaginal birth rates, need to promote research in this field to minimise trauma-associated comorbidities.

Midwives' approach to the prevention and repair of obstetric perineal trauma in Spain.

AIM: Different clinical practice guidelines include recommendations on how to prevent and repair obstetric perineal trauma, as well as the use of episiotomy. To evaluate the variability in midwives' professional practices for preventing and repairing perineal trauma, as well as the professional factors that may be associated with the restrictive use of episiotomy. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS: Three hundred five midwives completed an anonymous questionnaire developed by the authors and distributed across various midwifery scientific societies. The main outcomes measured were the frequencies of adopting specific practices related to perineal injury prevention and repair, episiotomy technique and restrictive episiotomy use (<10%). Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Intrapartum perineal massage was not normally used by 253 (83%) of midwives, and 186 (61%) applied compresses soaked in warm water to the perineum. Regarding episiotomy, there was a great deal of variability, noting that 129 (42.3%) adopted a restrictive use of this procedure, 125 (41%) performed it between 10% and 20%, while 51 midwives (16.7%) performed it in more than 20% of cases. In addition, 165 (54.1%) midwives followed an incision angle of 60º. Concerning tears, 155 (50.8%) usually sutured first-degree tears and 273 (89.5%) always sutured second-degree tears. Midwives attending home births (aOR = 6.5; 95% CI: 2.69-15.69), working at a teaching hospital (aOR = 3.69; 95% CI: 1.39-9.84), and the ones who recently completed their professional training (aOR = 3.58; 95% CI: 1.46-8.79) were significantly more likely to adopt a restrictive use of episiotomy. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant variability in Spanish midwives' practices for preventing and repairing perineal tears. Moreover, the restrictive use of episiotomy is associated with midwives attending home births, working in teaching hospitals and having recent professional training. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Retrospective Case-Control Study of Extended Birth Perineal Tears and Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: A perineal tear is a rupture of the skin or muscle between the vagina and anus (perineum). A third-degree tear is one type of extended perineal tear (EPT), and it involves the penetration of the anal sphincter muscle. Another type of EPT is a fourth-degree laceration, which penetrates deeper into the lining of the anus or rectum. The stretching of the perineum during childbirth may result in perineal trauma. Invasive surgical interventions are required for the treatment of EPTs. For this reason, the reduction of their incidence can be achieved by fully comprehending the risk aspects associated with them. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to contribute to the body of knowledge by providing insight into the various risk factors that are associated with extended perineal trauma. By following this path, this study aims to contribute to and advance Saudi Arabia's development of evidence-oriented obstetric care recommendations. STUDY DESIGN: The current study is a case-control study where a review of 5000 vaginal delivery records was carried out between March 1, 2018, and March 19, 2023. For the study, cases (n = 71) were female patients who had documented greater than second-degree perineal injury. The control group (n = 238) was randomly chosen from women who had vaginal delivery but with less or equal to a second-degree perineal laceration. For each patient, we reviewed medical and obstetrics records for the following characteristics: age of diagnosis, gestational age, parity, labor induction, second-stage labor duration, mode of delivery, infant birth weight, epidural use and episiotomy indication, healthcare worker (HCW) experience, and APGAR (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration) score. RESULTS: From the 5000 births analyzed, the cases were 71 patients (1.42% of 5000 births). The mean age at diagnosis in our sample was (28.05 ± 4.66 years). The study's results showed that the following variables significantly affected the occurrence of EPTs: birth weight, labor durations, parity, HCW experience, and mode of delivery. The odds for tears were 3.69 (95% CI: 0.156-0.469) higher in nulliparous patients relative to multiparous patients. Instrumental deliveries resulted in more tears than non-instrumental deliveries with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.901 (95% CI: 2.443-14.525). This study also found that prolonged second-stage labor seems to be associated with an increased risk of perineal damage. HCW experience was looked at in relation to the increased incidence of EPTs, which showed that midwives had a lower incidence rate than physicians with an OR of 2.25 (95% CI: 1.169-4.366). Epidural usage has also been significantly associated with a lesser incidence of perineal tears, which indicates that using epidural could protect against the occurrence of EPTs. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the occurrence of perineal lacerations could be prevented during childbirth by taking preventative measures and having more precise judgments. Epidural was a protective factor in our study against the incidence of extensive perineal tearing. Furthermore, as compared to midwives, our study showed that the majority of EPTS occurred in cases of physicians (residents/consultants). Further research, proper documentation, and the development of evidence-based guidelines are needed to improve perineal care and reduce EPT incidence.

In vitro biomechanical properties of porcine perineal tissues to better understand human perineal tears during delivery.

INTRODUCTION: Data concerning the mechanical properties of the perineum during delivery are very limited. In vivo experiments raise ethical issues. The aim of the study was to describe some of the biomechanical properties of each perineal tissue layer collected from sows in order to better understand perineal tears during childbirth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples of each perineal tissue layer were obtained from the skin, the vagina, the external anal sphincter (EAS), the internal anal sphincter (IAS), and the anal mucosa of fresh dead sows. They were tested in quasi-static uniaxial tension using the testing machine Mach-1®. Tests were performed at a displacement velocity of 0.1 mm·s-1. Stress-strain curves of each perineal tissue layer before the first damage for each sow were obtained and modeled using a hyperelastic Yeoh model described by three coefficients: C1, C2, and C3. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to measure the correlation between the C1 hyperelastic coefficient and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture for each perineal tissue layer. Pearson correlation was computed between C1 and the number of microfailures before complete rupture for each tissue. RESULTS: Ten samples of each perineal tissue layer were analyzed. Mean values of C1 and corresponding standard deviations were 46 ± 15, 165 ± 60, 27 ± 10, 19 ± 13, 145 ± 28 kPa for the perineal skin, the vagina, the EAS, the IAS, and the anal mucosa, respectively. According to this same sample order, the first microfailure in the population of 10 sows appeared at an average of 54%, 27%, 70%, 131%, and 22% of strain. A correlation was found between C1 hyperelastic coefficient and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture (r = 0.7, p = 0.02) or the number of microfailures before complete rupture only for the vagina (r = 0.7, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this population of fresh dead sow's perineum, the vagina and the anal mucosa were the stiffest tissues. The IAS and EAS were more extensible and less stiff. A significantly positive correlation was found between C1 and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture of the vagina, and the duration between the first microfailure and the complete rupture of the vagina.

[Evolution of the rate of episiotomies and obstetric anal sphincter injuries since the last recommendations of 2018]. / Évolution du taux d'épisiotomies et des lésions obstétricales du sphincter de l'anus depuis les recommandations de 2018.

OBJECTIVES: There is a progressive reduction in the rate of episiotomies since the recommendations of the French college of gynaecologists. Our objective was to study the evolution of the rate of episiotomies and Obstetric Anus Sphincter Injury (OASI) since the restriction of episiotomies in our department. METHODS: Observational monocentric retrospective study performed at the Rouen University Hospital. The inclusion criteria were monofetal pregnancies, delivery at a term greater than or equal to 37 weeks of amenorrhea of a living, viable child and by cephalic presentation. We compared two periods corresponding to before and after the 2018 recommendations. We used logistic regression modelling to identify factors associated with the risk of episiotomies and of obstetrical anal injuries, overall and in case of instrumental delivery. RESULTS: We included 3329 patients for the 1st period and 3492 for the 2nd period, and the rate of instrumental deliveries were respectively of 16.4% (n=547) and 17.9% (n=626). Multivariate analysis showed a significant decrease in the rate of episiotomies in the 2nd period (OR 0.14, CI 95% [0.12; 0.16], P<0.0001). Main factors associated with the risk of OASI were primiparity (OR 6.21, CI 95% [3.19; 12.11]) and the use of forceps (OR 4.23, CI 95% [2.17; 8.27]) overall; and instrumental delivery using forceps (OR 3.25, CI 95% [1.69; 6.22]) and delivery during the 2nd period (OR 1.98, CI 95% [1.01; 3.88]) in case of instrumental delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that the voluntary reduction in the episiotomy rate does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of OASI, overall and in case of instrumental delivery. However, we show an increase in the rate of OASI in case of instrumental delivery since the latest recommendations.

Medical illustration: a pictorial essay visual illustration of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) degrees of severity, a picture is worth a thousand words

Obstetric anal sphincter injury affects about 5.7% of primiparous women who deliver vaginally. Perineal injury during childbirth is a common event with important morbidity associated with third-and-fourth degree perineal tears (also referred to as obstetric anal sphincter injuries -OASIS). As there was a lack of consistency in the classification of a partial anal sphincter injury, with up to 33% of consultant obstetricians classifying a complete or partial tear of the EAS as a second-degree tear. We have proposed simple, digital diagrammatic drawings to visually represent all degrees (grades) of OASIS based on the WHO OASIS classification. (AU)

Influence of pelvic floor muscle training alone or as part of a general physical activity program during pregnancy on urinary incontinence, episiotomy and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: The complex process of pregnancy and childbirth significantly influences the well-being of both mother and child. Today all pregnant women without medical contraindications are recommended to start or continue regular aerobic and strength training for at least 150 min per week to prevent pregnancy-related diseases and conditions. Urinary incontinence in pregnancy, episiotomy and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear during labor can greatly impact womens' health, quality of life and ability to be physically active. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) during pregnancy in the prevention of urinary incontinence, episiotomy, and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis (CRD42022370600) was performed. Only randomized clinical trials published between 2010 and 2023 were included. The following databases were examined: EBSCO (including Academic Search Premier, Education Resources Information Center, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and OpenDissertations databases), Clinicaltrials.gov, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Three meta-analyses to investigate the effect of PFMT exclusively or implemented as a section within a physical activity program during pregnancy on urinary incontinence, episiotomy, and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear were conducted. RESULTS: Thirty studies were analyzed (N = 6691). An effective preventive action of PFMT was found for urinary incontinence (z = 3.46; p < 0.0005; relative risk [RR] = 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59, 0.87, I2 = 59%) and third- or fourth-degree perineal tear (z = 2.89; p = 0.004; RR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.80, I2 = 48%) but not for episiotomy (z = 0.80; p = 0.42; RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.07, I2 = 75%). CONCLUSIONS: PFMT during pregnancy proves to be an effective preventive intervention for reducing the risk of urinary incontinence and the occurrence of third- or fourth-degree perineal tears. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating PFMT into antenatal care and training programs to improve maternal well-being and overall childbirth outcomes.

Perineal resuturing versus conservative treatment for dehisced perineal wounds and episiotomies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Perineal wound dehiscence is associated with complications, such as infections, perineal pain, dyspareunia, and altered sexual function, that severely affects women's health. Currently, few studies have examined secondary repair of first- and second-degree perineal wound dehiscence and episiotomies, and there is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment option for dehisced perineal wounds. The objective was to evaluate whether resuturing or conservative treatment of first- and second-degree dehisced perineal wounds and episiotomies is the optimal treatment modality in terms of postoperative healing time and other secondary outcomes. METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. All included studies were evaluated using the SIGN methodology checklist, with the purpose of assessing the study quality. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled trials were included. Only two small sample-sized studies presented data regarding healing time for both the resuturing and the conservative treatment groups. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups at 4-6 weeks' healing time (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.53-2.52). One study found that women being resutured experienced a significantly reduced healing time and higher satisfaction with the appearance of the wound healing at 3 months compared with the conservative treatment group. CONCLUSION: We found no significant differences in the healing time between the resuturing group and the conservative treatment group. However, the sample sizes of the studies were small. A well-designed, large, and prospective randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the optimal treatment modality for dehisced perineal wounds.

Is an episiotomy always necessary during an operative vaginal delivery with vacuum? A longitudinal study.

Objective: The use of episiotomy during operative vaginal birth (OVB) is rather debated among operators and in literature. It is also important to evaluate the indications for which episiotomy is performed. In fact, the consequences of an episiotomy can be invalidating for patients with long-lasting results. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the role of episiotomy during OVB with the vacuum extractor and its correlation with Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIs).Methods: On of 9165 vaginal births, a total of 498 OVB (5.4%) were enrolled in a longitudinal prospective observational study. The incidence of OASIs was evaluated in our population after OVB performed with the vacuum extractor, during which the execution of episiotomy was performed indicated by clinician in charge.Results: OASIs occurred in 4% of the patients (n = 20). Episiotomy was performed in 39% of them (n = 181). OASIs incidence was 6% (n = 17) in the No Episiotomy and 1.8% (n = 3) in Episiotomy group (p<.001). Performance of episiotomy during OVB determined a protective effect against OASIs (p = 0.025 in full cohort and p = 0.013 in the primiparous group). An expulsive phase under one hour was an almost significant protective factor (p = 0.052).Conclusions: The use of episiotomy during OVB was associated with much lower OASIs rates in nulliparous women with a vacuum extraction; OR 0.23 (CI 95% 0.07-0.81) p = 0.037 in nulliparous women and the number necessary to treat was 18 among nulliparous women to prevent 1 OASIs. A further risk factor that emerged from the analysis is a prolonged expulsive period, whereas fundal pressure does not seem to have a statistically significant influence.

Perineal tear and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative studies examining the occurrence of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) following severe perineal rupture are lacking. The objective of this population-based study was to investigate the prospective associations between the degree of perineal tear during childbirth and CB-PTSD symptoms, when adjusting for known covariates (maternal age, years of school education, premature birth, and parity). We hypothesized that women with different degrees of perineal tear will differ regarding (1) the level of CB-PTSD symptoms at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum and (2) the rate of change in CB-PTSD symptoms from 8 weeks to 2 years postpartum. METHOD: Secondary data analysis from the Akershus Birth Cohort, a large population-based prospective cohort study using self-report questionnaires and hospital record data. RESULTS: The degree of perineal tear was significantly associated with CB-PTSD symptoms at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum. However, the degree of perineal tear was not significantly associated with the change in CB-PTSD symptoms over time. Similar patterns were found for both total CB-PTSD symptoms as well as for avoidance and intrusion symptoms only. CONCLUSION: Results seem to support a dose-response model, suggesting that the higher the severity of the perineal tear, the higher the posttraumatic morbidity.

Management of Third and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears After Vaginal Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/079, December 2020).

Purpose This guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care of 3rd and 4th degree perineal tears which occur during vaginal birth. The aim is to improve the management of 3rd and 4th degree perineal tears and reduce the immediate and long-term damage. The guideline is intended for midwives, obstetricians and physicians involved in caring for high-grade perineal tears. Methods A selective search of the literature was carried out. Consensus about the recommendations and statements was achieved as part of a structured process during a consensus conference with neutral moderation. Recommendations After every vaginal birth, a careful inspection and/or palpation by the obstetrician and/or the midwife must be carried out to exclude a 3rd or 4th degree perineal tear. Vaginal and anorectal palpation is essential to assess the extent of birth trauma. The surgical team must also include a specialist physician with the appropriate expertise (preferably an obstetrician or a gynecologist or a specialist for coloproctology) who must be on call. In exceptional cases, treatment may also be delayed for up to 12 hours postpartum to ensure that a specialist is available to treat the individual layers affected by trauma. As neither the end-to-end technique nor the overlapping technique have been found to offer better results for the management of tears of the external anal sphincter, the surgeon must use the method with which he/she is most familiar. Creation of a bowel stoma during primary management of a perineal tear is not indicated. Daily cleaning of the area under running water is recommended, particularly after bowel movements. Cleaning may be carried out either by rinsing or alternate cold and warm water douches. Therapy should also include the postoperative use of laxatives over a period of at least 2 weeks. The patient must be informed about the impact of the injury on subsequent births as well as the possibility of anal incontinence.

Risk Factors for Perineal Wound Breakdown in Early Postpartum: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

We conducted a retrospective case-control study in patients presenting a perineal tear (second degree or higher) or episiotomy complicated by wound breakdown during maternity stay to identify risk factors associated with wound breakdown in early postpartum with a view to improving the quality of care. We collected ante- and intrapartum characteristics and outcomes at the postpartum visit. In all, 84 cases and 249 control subjects were included. In univariate analysis, primiparity, absence of history of vaginal delivery, a longer second phase of labour, instrumental delivery, and a higher degree of laceration emerged as risk factors for early perineal suture breakdown postpartum. Gestational diabetes, peripartum fever, streptococcus B, and suture technique did not emerge as risk factors for perineal breakdown. Multivariate analysis confirmed that instrumental delivery (OR = 2.18 [1.07; 4.41], p = 0.03) and a longer second phase of labour (OR = 1.72 [1.23; 2.42], p = 0.001) were risk factors for early perineal suture breakdown.

More than time: travel time to the delivery ward and maternal outcomes - onset of labour, postpartum haemorrhage and obstetric anal sphincter injury.

BACKGROUND: Closing delivery units increases travel time for some women. Whether increased travel time is associated with maternal outcomes is important for understanding the consequences of such closures. Previous studies are limited in measuring travel time and restricted to the outcome of caesarean section. METHODS: Our population-based cohort includes data from the Swedish Pregnancy Register for women giving birth between 2014 and 2017 (N = 364,630). We estimated travel time from home to the delivery ward using coordinate pairs of actual addresses. The association between travel time and onset of labour was modelled using multinomial logistic regression, and logistic regression was used for the outcomes postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). FINDINGS: Over three-quarters of women had ≤30 min travel time (median 13.9 min). Women who travelled ≥60 min arrived to care sooner and laboured there longer. Women with further to travel had increased adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of having an elective caesarean section (31-59 min aOR 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.16; ≥60 min aOR 1.25; 95% CI 1.16-1.36) than spontaneous onset of labour. Women (at full term with spontaneous onset) living ≥60 min away had reduced odds of having a PPH (aOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.76-0.94) or OASIS (aOR 0.79; 95% CI 0.66-0.94). INTERPRETATION: Longer travel time increased the odds of elective caesarean section. Women with furthest to travel arrived sooner and spent more time in care; although they had a lower risk of PPH or OASIS, they also tended to be younger, have a higher body mass index and were Nordic born.

Obstetric rectal buttonhole tear and a successful three-layer repair: A case report.

An obstetric rectal buttonhole tear (ORBT) is a rare obstetric complication with only 21 cases reported in the literature. The choice of two- or three-layer repair of ORBT is controversial. In this case, the author describes (with high-quality images) an ORBT repaired in three layers in order to provide clinical lessons to healthcare professionals involved in obstetrical care. The patient was a 26-year-old pregnant woman with a previous vertex delivery and 4 previous first-trimester miscarriages. In the index pregnancy, she had a spontaneous vertex vaginal birth of a 3095 g male baby at 39 weeks of gestation. During childbirth, she sustained an ORBT and a third-degree perineal tear involving <50% of the external anal sphincter. The ORBT was repaired in three layers using continuous 2-0 Vicryl to the rectal mucosa, and interrupted polydioxanone (PDS) 3-0 to the adjoining vagino-rectal fascia. Subsequently, the external anal sphincter was repaired end-to-end with interrupted PDS 3-0. Thereafter, the vagina was repaired with continuous Vicryl 2-0. The wound healed with no complications over the 12 weeks of postnatal clinic visits. A three-layer repair is arguably preferable given that closure of the fascia between the rectal and vaginal mucosae (vagino-rectal fascia) may improve the tensile strength at the injury site. However, a two-layer repair may be undertaken in rare cases where the vagino-rectal fascia is not identifiable.