RESUMEN
Infertility represents a significant global health challenge impacting millions of couples worldwide. Approximately half of all infertile couples exhibit compromised semen quality, indicative of diminished male fertility. While the diagnosis of male infertility traditionally relies on semen analysis, its limitations in providing a comprehensive assessment of male reproductive health have spurred efforts to identify novel biomarkers. Seminal plasma, a complex fluid containing proteins, lipids, and metabolites, has emerged as a rich source of such indicators. Reproduction depends heavily on seminal plasma, the primary transporter of chemicals from male reproductive glands. It provides a non-invasive sample for urogenital diagnostics and has demonstrated potential in the identification of biomarkers linked to illnesses of the male reproductive system. The abundance of seminal proteins has enabled a deeper understanding of their biological functions, origins, and differential expression in various conditions associated with male infertility, including azoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, among others. The true prevalence of male infertility is understated due to the limitations of the current diagnostic techniques. This review critically evaluates the current landscape of seminal plasma biomarkers and their utility in assessing male infertility. Βy bridging the gap between research and clinical practice, the integrative assessment of seminal plasma biomarkers offers a multimodal approach to comprehensively evaluate male infertility.
RESUMEN
Research question: To assess the levels of seminal biomarkers fructose, zinc and citrate and their correlations to semen parameters in infertile men. Design: 200 infertile male participants undergoing fertility assessment at Singapore General Hospital (SGH), Singapore were recruited prospectively, from June 2020 to August 2021. Their semen samples were assessed for seminal parameters, biomarker levels of fructose, citrate and zinc, leukocyte concentrations and aerobic cultures. They were also assessed for their smoking habits. Results: Sperm concentrations were negatively correlated to seminal fructose levels, r = -0.262, P < 0.001. Progressive motility were positively correlated to seminal citrate levels, r = 0.181, P = 0.014. Sperm morphology and total motile sperm count (TMSC) were positively correlated to seminal zinc and citrate levels, P < 0.05. Zinc and citrate levels were significantly reduced in teratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia groups compared to normozoospermia, P < 0.05. The presence of infection was associated with elevated leukocyte concentrations, lower sperm concentration (12.5 vs 55.8 million/mL, P = 0.024) and fructose levels (35.5 vs 49.2 µmol/ejaculate). Heavy smokers compared to light smokers, had lower sperm concentrations (35.3 vs 49.4 million/mL), TMSC (30.9 vs 47.5 million) and zinc levels (4.9 vs 6.7 µmol/ejaculate) and significantly lower citrate levels (52.6 vs 79.2 µmol/ejaculate, P = 0.029). Conclusions: Higher zinc and citrate levels correlated with better progressive motility, sperm morphology and TMSC. Smoking negatively impacted zinc and citrate levels, thereby affecting sperm quality. In conclusion, the inclusion of biomarkers in basic male work-up assessment would assist in identifying common deficiencies and aid in adequate replacement therapy.
RESUMEN
Infertility is a growing concerning health problem affecting around 15% of couples worldwide. Conventional semen parameters have limited accuracy for male infertility potential determination. Current advances in the understanding of male infertility indicate that environmental and occupational exposure to chemical contaminants are important etiological factors leading to infertility problems. In this context, some heavy metals (HMs) can be considered as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), thus altering the seminal quality. This systematic review aims to summarize the key points to detect and quantify HMs in human seminal plasma (SP) and the involved analytical tools. Our results showed that that for HM quantification, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were the most employed techniques while Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr were the analytes most often detected. Fast, reliable, and sensitive quantification of EDCs in SP could be important for the development of accurate diagnostic and preventive strategies to address male infertility towards providing personalized therapy.
RESUMEN
Azoospermia is not an uncommon infertility problem in the male dromedary (Camelus dromedarius). Azoospermia was investigated via clinical findings, testicular biopsy as well as the evaluation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), concentration of camel testis protein (TEX101) and camel epididymis-specific extracellular matrix protein (ECM1) in seminal fluids. Azoospermic male camels (AZOO group, n = 28) that had been detected to be infertile as a result of lack of resulting pregnancies after repeated mating's for at least one season were included in this study. Clinical examination, semen analysis and testicular biopsy sampling were conducted for each individual animal. Blood samples were collected from the AZOO and from reference fertile males (FERT group, n = 8) for the assay of FSH hormone and semen biomarkers (TEX101 and ECM1). There were bilaterally normal-sized testes in 42.8%, bilaterally small-sized testes in 35.7%, bilaterally large-sized testes in 7.1%, no testicles in 7.1% and only one testicle in 7.1% of azoospermic animals. Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCO) and maturation arrest were observed in 78.6% and 21.4% of the animals, respectively. There were greater concentrations of FSH in the AZOO group compared with the FERT group (P = 0.01). In conclusion, azoospermia in dromedary camels is mainly associated with spermatogenic defects and greater serum FSH concentrations. Seminal biomarkers, therefore, might be feasible indicators for identifying azoospermia in the male dromedary camels and the condition of non-obstructive azoospermia was seemingly prevalent in the male dromedary camels in the present study.
