Management and risk of upgrade of atypical ductal hyperplasia in the breast: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: International guidelines recommend open surgery for atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) in the breast due to risk of underestimating malignant disease. Considering the ongoing randomized trials of active surveillance of low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), it seems reasonable to define a low-risk group of women with ADH where a conservative approach is appropriate. The aim here was to evaluate the management and risk for upgrade of lesions diagnosed as ADH in percutaneous breast biopsies in two Swedish hospitals. METHODS: All women with a screen-detected or symptomatic breast lesion breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 2-4 and a percutaneous biopsy showing ADH between 2013 and 2022 at Sundsvall Hospital and Umeå University Hospital were included. Information regarding imaging, histopathology, clinical features, and management was retrieved from medical records. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for upgrade to malignant diagnosis after surgery were calculated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Altogether, 101 women were included with a mean age 56.1 (range 36-93) years. Most women were selected from the national mammography screening program due to microcalcifications. Biopsies were performed with vacuum-assisted biopsy (60.4%) or core-needle biopsy (39.6%). Forty-eight women (47.5%) underwent surgery, of which 11 were upgraded to DCIS, and 7 to invasive breast cancer (upgrade rate 37.5%). Among the 53 women managed conservatively (median follow-up 74 months), one woman (1.9%) developed subsequent ipsilateral DCIS. The combined upgrade rate was 18.8%. No clinical variable statistically significantly correlating to risk of upgrade was identified. CONCLUSIONS: The upgrade rate of 37.5% in women undergoing surgery compared to an estimated 5-year risk of ipsilateral malignancy at 1.9% in women managed conservatively indicate that non-surgical management of select women with ADH is feasible. Research should focus on defining reproducible criteria differentiating high-risk from low-risk ADH.

High-risk lesions in the breast diagnosed by MRI-guided core biopsy: upgrade rates and features associated with malignancy.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the upgrade rates of high-risk lesions (HRLs) in the breast diagnosed by MRI-guided core biopsy and evaluated imaging and clinical features associated with upgrade to malignancy. METHODS: This IRB-approved, retrospective study included MRI-guided breast biopsy exams yielding HRLs from August 1, 2011, to August 31, 2020. HRLs included atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), radial scar, and papilloma. Only lesions that underwent excision or at least 2 years of MRI imaging follow-up were included. For each HRL, patient history, imaging features, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Seventy-two lesions in 65 patients were included in the study, with 8/72 (11.1%) of the lesions upgraded to malignancy. Upgrade rates were 16.7% (2/12) for ADH, 100% (1/1) for pleomorphic LCIS, 40% (2/5) for other LCIS, 0% (0/19) for ALH, 0% (0/18) for papilloma, and 0% (0/7) for radial scar/complex sclerosing lesion. Additionally, two cases of marked ADH bordering on DCIS and one case of marked ALH bordering on LCIS, were upgraded. Lesions were more likely to be upgraded if they presented as T2 hypointense (versus isotense, OR 6.46, 95% CI 1.27-32.92) or as linear or segmental non-mass enhancement (NME, versus focal or regional, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our data support the recommendation that ADH and LCIS on MRI-guided biopsy warrant surgical excision due to high upgrade rates. HRLs that present as T2 hypointense, or as linear or segmental NME, should be viewed with suspicion as these were associated with higher upgrade rates to malignancy.

A retrospective study evaluating outcomes of surgical excision versus radiologic follow-up of benign breast papillomas without atypia.

BACKGROUND: There is uncertainty whether benign breast papillomas without atypia (BP) can be followed by imaging or require surgical resection. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with BP (2011-2021) to determine the upgrade rate on surgery, and factors associated with surgical intervention and upgrade. RESULTS: 139 BPs were included. 27(19.4%) had upfront surgery; 112(80.6%) had imaging follow-up. The upfront surgery group had higher rates of pre-excision nipple inversion (n = 2(8.3%)vs.n = 0(0%),p = 0.003). In the imaging group, the median follow-up was 3.8years, and 9 had subsequent resection. Upgrade rate was 5.8%(8/139). Of all BPs undergoing surgery (n = 36), patients ≥60years (75.0%vs.25.0%,p = 0.049) or with family history of breast cancer (87.5%vs.48.1%,p = 0.048) were more likely to have upgrade. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a low number of events, this study supports radiologic follow-up of BP except in patients ≥60 years or with family history of breast cancer, adding to the growing body of evidence supporting watchful waiting of BPs.

Upgrade rate of percutaneously diagnosed pure flat epithelial atypia: systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,924 lesions.

CONTEXT: Management remains controversial due to the risk of upgrade for malignancy from flat epithelial atypia (FEA). Data about the frequency and malignancy upgrade rates are scant. Namely, observational follow-up is advised by many studies in cases of pure FEA on core biopsy and in the absence of an additional surgical excision. For cases of pure FEA, the American College of Surgeons no longer recommends surgical excision but rather recommends observation with clinical and imaging follow-up. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to calculate the pooled upgrade of pure FEA following core needle biopsies. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE and Embase databases were conducted in December 2020. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. A fixed- or random-effects model was utilized. Heterogeneity among studies was estimated by utilizing the I2 statistic and considered high if the I2 was greater than 50%. The random-effects model with the DerSimonian and Laird method was utilized to calculate the pooled upgrade rate and its 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 1924 pure FEA were analyzed among 59 included studies. The overall pooled upgrade rate to malignancy was 8.8%. The pooled upgrade rate for mammography only was 8.9%. The pooled upgrade rate for ultrasound was 14%. The pooled upgrade rate for mammography and ultrasound combined was 8.8%. The pooled upgrade rate for MRI-only cases was 27.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the guidelines for the management of pure FEA are variable, our data support that pure FEA diagnosed at core needle biopsy should undergo surgical excision since the upgrade rate >2%.

Upgrade Rates of Pure, Radiology-Pathology Concordant Lobular Neoplasia Diagnosed on Breast Core Needle Biopsy: Is Surgical Excision Warranted?

OBJECTIVE: To determine upgrade rates of lobular neoplasia (LN) to malignancy and evaluate factors that may predict upgrade. METHODS: From 5/1/2003 to 12/30/2015, breast lesions diagnosed as LN (atypical lobular hyperplasia [ALH] or classic lobular carcinoma in-situ [LCIS]) on core biopsy that underwent surgical excision or at least 2 years imaging follow-up were identified. A subspecialty trained breast radiologist and pathologist reviewed imaging and pathology slides to confirm diagnosis and to determine if LN represented the target lesion, part of the target lesion, or an incidental finding. Imaging features, original BI-RADS final assessment category, biopsy method, biopsy device and final pathologic diagnosis were documented. Cases with both ALH and LCIS were classified as LCIS for analysis. Reason for biopsy of BI-RADS 2-3 was patient or referring physician preference. Upgrade rates to malignancy were determined for all cases. RESULTS: In this study 73.7% (115/156) lesions were ALH and 26.3% (41/156) were LCIS+/-ALH. Surgical excision and imaging follow-up were performed in 71.2% (111/156) and 28.8% (45/156), respectively. Upgrade rates for ALH and LCIS were 0.0% (0/115) and 7.3% (3/41), respectively. Cancer developed at a site separate from core biopsy in 1.7% (2/115) ALH and 7.3% (3/41) LCIS cases. We found no association of upgrade rate with biopsy type, BI-RADS or target/part of target lesion versus incidental. CONCLUSION: Our study supports consideration of excision for LCIS, given 7.3% upgrade rate. Conversely, imaging surveillance might be appropriate following diagnosis of ALH alone.

B3 Lesions at Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy under Ultrasound or Mammography Guidance: A Single-Center Experience on 3634 Consecutive Biopsies.

The rate of upgrade to cancer for breast lesions with uncertain malignant potential (B3 lesions) diagnosed at needle biopsy is highly influenced by several factors, but large series are seldom available. We retrospectively assessed the upgrade rates of a consecutive series of B3 lesions diagnosed at ultrasound- or mammography-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) at an EUSOMA-certified Breast Unit over a 7-year timeframe. The upgrade rate was defined as the number of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer at pathology after excision or during follow-up divided by the total number of B3 lesions. All lesions were reviewed by one of four pathologists with a second opinion for discordant assessments of borderline cases. Excision or surveillance were defined by the multidisciplinary tumor board, with 6- and 12-month follow-up. Out of 3634 VABs (63% ultrasound-guided), 604 (17%) yielded a B3 lesion. After excision, 17/604 B3 lesions were finally upgraded to malignancy (2.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-4.5%), 10/17 (59%) being upgraded to DCIS and 7/17 (41%) to invasive carcinoma. No cases were upgraded during follow-up. B3a lesions showed a significantly lower upgrade rate (0.4%, 95% CI 0.1-2.1%) than B3b lesions (4.7%, 95% CI 2.9-7.5%, p = 0.001), that had a 22.0 adjusted odds ratio for upgrade (95% CI 2.1-232.3). No significant difference was found in upgrade rates according to imaging guidance or needle caliper. Surveillance-oriented management can be considered for B3a lesions, while surgical excision should be pursued for B3b lesions.

Analysis of 612 Benign Papillomas Diagnosed at Core Biopsy: Rate of Upgrade to Malignancy, Factors Associated With Upgrade, and a Proposal for Selective Surgical Excision.

BACKGROUND. Despite numerous published studies, management of benign papillomas without atypia remains controversial. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the malignancy upgrade rate of benign papillomas, identify risk factors for upgrade, and formulate criteria for selective surgery. METHODS. This retrospective study included benign papillomas without atypia diagnosed on percutaneous biopsy between December 1, 2000, and December 31, 2019. Papillomas that did not undergo surgical excision or at least 2 years of imaging and/or clinical follow-up were excluded. Clinical, imaging, and histopathologic features were extracted from the electronic medical record. Features associated with upgrade to malignancy were identified. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. RESULTS. The study included 612 benign papillomas in 543 women (mean age, 54.5 ± 12.1 [SD] years); 466 papillomas were excised, and 146 underwent imaging or clinical surveillance. The upgrade rate to malignancy was 2.3% (14/612). Upgrade rate was associated (p < .05) with radiology-pathology correlation (50.0% if discordant vs 2.1% if concordant), patient age (5.6% for 60 years and older vs 0.7% for younger than 60 years), presenting symptoms (6.7% if palpable mass or pathologic nipple discharge vs 1.3% if no symptoms), and lesion size (7.3% if ≥ 10 mm vs 0.6% if < 10 mm). Three of 14 upgraded papillomas were associated with four or more metachronous or concurrent peripheral papillomas. No incidental papilloma or papilloma reported as completely excised on core biopsy histopathologic analysis was upgraded. A predictive model combining radiology-pathology discordance, symptoms (palpable mass or nipple discharge), age 60 years old and older, size 10 mm or larger, and presence of four or more metachronous or concurrent peripheral papillomas achieved an AUC of 0.91, sensitivity of 79%, and spec-ificity of 89% for upgrade. Selective surgery based on presence of any of these five factors, although excluding from surgery incidental papillomas and papillomas reported as completely excised on histopathology, would have spared 294 of 612 lesions from routine excision and identified all 14 upgraded lesions. CONCLUSION. Benign nonatypical papillomas have a low malignancy upgrade rate; routine surgical excision may not be necessary. Selective excision is recommended for lesions satisfying any of the five criteria. Incidental papillomas or papillomas completely excised on histopathology may undergo imaging follow-up. CLINICAL IMPACT. The proposed criteria for selective surgery of benign papillomas on core biopsy would reduce surgeries without delaying diagnosis of malignancy.

Complete Removal of the Lesion as a Guidance in the Management of Patients with Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

Background: Considering highly selected patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), active surveillance is a valid alternative to surgery. Our study aimed to show the reliability of post-biopsy complete lesion removal, documented by mammogram, as additional criterion to select these patients. Methods: A total of 2173 vacuum-assisted breast biopsies (VABBs) documented as DCIS were reviewed. Surgery was performed in all cases. We retrospectively collected the reports of post-VABB complete lesion removal and the histological results of the biopsy and surgery. We calculated the rate of upgrade of DCIS identified on VABB upon excision for patients with post-biopsy complete lesion removal and for those showing residual lesion. Results: We observed 2173 cases of DCIS: 408 classified as low-grade, 1262 as intermediate-grade, and 503 as high-grade. The overall upgrading rate to invasive carcinoma was 15.2% (330/2173). The upgrade rate was 8.2% in patients showing mammographically documented complete removal of the lesion and 19% in patients without complete removal. Conclusion: The absence of mammographically documented residual lesion following VABB was found to be associated with a lower upgrading rate of DCIS to invasive carcinoma on surgical excision and should be considered when deciding the proper management DCIS diagnosis.

Digital Mammography Has Persistently Increased High-Grade and Overall DCIS Detection Without Altering Upgrade Rate.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to evaluate whether digital mammography (DM) is associated with persistent increased detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or has altered the upgrade rate of DCIS to invasive cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An institutional review board-approved retrospective search identified DCIS diagnosed in women with mammographic calcifications between 2001 and 2014. Ipsilateral cancer within 2 years, masses, papillary DCIS, and patients with outside imaging were excluded, yielding 484 cases. Medical records were reviewed for mammographic calcifications, technique, and pathologic diagnosis. Mammograms were interpreted by radiologists certified by the Mammography Quality Standards Act. The institution transitioned from film-screen mammography (FSM) to exclusive DM by 2010. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square test. RESULTS. Of 484 DCIS cases, 158 (33%) were detected by FSM and 326 (67%) were detected by DM. The detection rate was higher with DM than FSM (1.4 and 0.7 per 1000, respectively; p < .001). The detection rate of high-grade DCIS doubled with DM compared with FSM (0.8 and 0.4 per 1000, respectively; p < .001). The prevalent peak of DM-detected DCIS was 2.7 per 1000 in 2008. Incident DM detection remained double FSM (1.4 vs 0.7 per 1000). Similar proportions of high-grade versus low- to intermediate-grade DCIS were detected with both modalities. There was no significant difference in the upgrade rate of DCIS to invasive cancer between DM (10%; 34/326) and FSM (10%; 15/158) (p = .74). High-grade DCIS led to 71% (35/49) of the upgrades to invasive cancer. CONCLUSION. DM was associated with a significant doubling in DCIS and high-grade DCIS detection, which persisted after prevalent peak. The majority of upgrades to invasive cancer arose from high-grade DCIS. DM was not associated with decreased upgrade to invasive cancer.

Atypical lobular hyperplasia on core needle biopsy: contemporary results from a large community hospital breast program.

PURPOSE: The management of biopsy proven atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) is controversial. Although upgrade rates are low, excisional biopsy is often performed to rule out occult breast cancer. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed our experience with excisional biopsy for ALH diagnosed in the digital tomosynthesis era with radiographic concordance in the community hospital setting. This study included 93 consecutive patients diagnosed with pure ALH on core biopsy from January 2013-December 2017 who underwent subsequent excisional biopsy. Potential clinical, radiographic and pathologic predictors of upgrading were analyzed. RESULTS: At the time of excisional biopsy, five patients (5.4%) were upgraded to DCIS or invasive breast cancer. There was also a trend towards higher upgrade rates in patients with contralateral breast cancer (p = 0.06), biopsy performed by ultrasound or MRI (p = 0.07) and extensive ALH (p = 0.10). Other clinical, radiographic and pathologic variables were not predictive of upgrade rate (p > 0.1 for all). CONCLUSION: Patients with pure ALH with radiographic concordance have a low risk of pathologic upgrading on excisional biopsy. Potential predictors of upgrade rate warrant further analysis in a larger dataset.

Ultrasound Features and Rate of Upgrade to Malignancy in Atypical Apocrine Lesions of the Breast.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the ultrasound (US) features and rate of upgrade to malignancy in atypical apocrine lesions (AALs) of the breast, diagnosed on percutaneous needle biopsy. METHODS: This retrospective study included 17 AALs diagnosed by needle biopsy in 15 patients. For 16 of the 17 AALs, subsequent surgical excision (n = 14) or 8-gauge vacuum-assisted biopsy (n = 2) was performed. Ultrasound features were retrospectively analyzed according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon. RESULTS: Of 17 AALs, 13 (76.5%) were atypical apocrine hyperplasia; 3 (17.6%) were atypical apocrine adenosis; and 1 (5.9%) was combined atypical apocrine hyperplasia and atypical apocrine adenosis on needle biopsy. Subsequently, 4 of 16 AALs (25%) were upgraded to malignancy at surgical excision. On US imaging, all 17 lesions presented as masses, which were mainly irregular and noncircumscribed (n = 8) or oval/round and noncircumscribed (n = 7) with isoechogenicity or hypoechogenicity. Rarely, an AAL would show complex cystic and solid echogenicity (n = 1) or appear as a hypoechoic mass with oval shape and a circumscribed margin (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Atypical apocrine lesions of the breast often showed suspicious malignant features on US imaging. Given the high upgrade rate (25%), the diagnosis of an AAL by needle biopsy warrants subsequent surgical excision.

Sentinel lymph node positivity in patients undergoing mastectomies for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

Current guidelines recommend sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for patients undergoing mastectomy for a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We examined the factors associated with sentinel lymph node positivity for patients undergoing mastectomy for a diagnosis of DCIS on preoperative core biopsy (PCB). The Institutional Breast Cancer Database was queried for patients with PCB demonstrating pure DCIS followed by mastectomy and SLNB from 2010 to 2018. Patients were divided according to final pathology (DCIS or invasive cancer). Clinico-pathologic variables were analyzed using Pearson's chi-squared, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum and logistic regression. Of 3145 patients, 168(5%) had pure DCIS on PCB and underwent mastectomy with SLNB. On final mastectomy pathology, 120(71%) patients had DCIS with 0 positive sentinel lymph nodes (PSLNs) and 48(29%) patients had invasive carcinoma with 5(10%) cases of ≥1 PSLNs. Factors positively associated with upstaging to invasive cancer in univariate analysis included age (P = .0289), palpability (P < .0001), extent of disease on imaging (P = .0121), mass on preoperative imaging (P = .0003), multifocality (P = .0231) and multicentricity (P = .0395). In multivariate analysis, palpability (P = .0080), extent of disease on imaging (P = .0074) and mass on preoperative imaging (P = .0245) remained significant (Table 2). In a subset of patients undergoing mastectomy for DCIS with limited disease on preoperative evaluation, SLNB may be omitted as the risk of upstaging is low. However, patients who present with clinical findings of palpability, large extent of disease on imaging and mass on preoperative imaging have a meaningful risk of upstaging to invasive cancer, and SLNB remains important for management.

Papilloma diagnosed on core biopsies has a low upgrade rate.

CONTEXT: Surgical excision of benign intraductal papillomas (IDP) diagnosed on core needle biopsy (CNB) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To examine the upgrade rate of IDPs diagnosed at core needle biopsy to carcinoma at surgical excision. DESIGN: We identified 188 consecutive IDPs diagnosed at CNB from 2011 to 2016 with subsequent surgical excision. Radiologic, clinical, and histologic features were evaluated and correlated with upgrade rate at surgical excision. RESULTS: Two of the 188 IDPs (1.1%) were upgraded to ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma at excision. Features associated with upgrade rate include patient age (P = .03), largest size of papilloma on a single core at CNB (P = .04), and the presence of additional masses noted at ultrasound (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a low 1.1% upgrade rate of surgically excised benign, concordant papillomas with no atypia or concurrent ipsilateral malignancy originally diagnosed on core biopsy. This data suggests that observation may be appropriate for radiologic-pathologic concordant benign IDPs diagnosed at CNB.

Non-histopathological parameters associated with upgrade of breast tumours yielding a core biopsy report of histological grade 2 ductal no special type to grade 3 on excision.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to identify clinical, radiological and immuno-histochemical factors that may help predict upgrade of invasive ductal cancers of no special type (IDC-NST) with a core biopsy grade of 2 to grade 3 on final histology. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of ultrasound visible solid masses was used to identify lesions yielding a core biopsy result of IDC-NST grade 2 who underwent immediate surgery yielding a grade 2 or grade 3 tumour. Associations were sought between the source of patient (screening/symptomatic), core biopsy receptor status and imaging findings and the grade of the excision specimen tumour. Statistical analysis, which included the chi-squared test, ROC curves and Cox regression analysis, was used to compare upgrade vs no upgrade for each factor. RESULTS: 463 IDC-NST breast cancers of core biopsy grade 2 gave 344 grade 2 and 119 grade 3 tumours at excision. Factors significantly associated with upgrade were large ultrasound (US) size, hyperechogencity, stiffness at shearwave elastography (SWE), calcification on mammography and oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negativity. Patient source, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status, ultrasound (US) distal effect and mammographic spiculation were not significantly associated with chance of upgrade. On multivariate analysis, only US size maintained statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Oncologists and surgeons should be aware that lesions with a core biopsy diagnosis of grade 2 IDC-NST measuring over 15 mm on US have a 37% chance of being grade 3 on excision and this should be considered when deciding pre-operative management.

Recommendations for excision following core needle biopsy of the breast: a contemporary evaluation of the literature.

Pathologists frequently encounter non-malignant histological findings in percutaneous core needle biopsies (CNBs). Standards for the management of patients with lesions such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, and lobular carcinoma in situ, as well as other benign lesions, are not well defined, and recommendations for surgical biopsy or continued clinical and radiological follow-up are inconsistent. The frequency with which these lesions are 'upgraded' to carcinoma in excision specimens is widely variable in the literature. Many CNB studies lack careful radiological-pathological correlation, clear criteria for excision, and clinical follow-up for patients on whom excision was not performed. This review of the recent literature emphasizes studies with radiological-pathological correlation, with the goal of developing a contemporary, evidence-based approach to the management of non-malignant lesions of the breast diagnosed on CNB. The data supporting an emerging consensus on which lesions may not require excision are highlighted. The management of non-malignant lesions diagnosed on magnetic resonance imaging-guided CNB is also discussed.

Outcomes of benign breast papillomas diagnosed at image-guided vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy.

PURPOSE: To determine the upgrade rate of benign papillomas diagnosed at image-guided vacuum-assisted core needle biopsy (VACNB) and to compare our results with the summarized literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A database search was performed to identify patients older than 18 years of age with benign papillomas diagnosed at VACNB between 2004 and 2013. A total of 199 papillomas in 184 patients were identified. Clinical, imaging, and pathological features for each were analyzed. Patients who were subsequently diagnosed with malignancy at the site of papilloma, either at surgical excision or upon imaging follow-up, were compared with those not upgraded. Upgrade was defined as a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). RESULTS: Of 199 papillomas, 110 (55.3%) were diagnosed at ultrasound-guided VACNB, 78 (39.2%) were diagnosed at stereotactic-guided VACNB, and 11 (5.5%) were diagnosed at magnetic resonance imaging-guided VACNB. Surgical excision was performed for 89 (44.7%), and the remaining 110 (55.3%) underwent imaging follow-up. Two patients were subsequently diagnosed with invasive carcinoma and 4 were found with DCIS. The upgrade rate across both groups was 3% (6 of 199). Masses with calcifications (P=.001) and smaller needle gauge at VACNB (P=.02) had a significant association with upgrade. CONCLUSION: Benign papillomas diagnosed with VACNB demonstrated a 3% upgrade rate to malignancy, which is similar to the 2.9% upgrade rate calculated by compiling applicable published literature. Conservative management with imaging follow-up as opposed to surgical excision may be appropriate in cases where an initial diagnosis of benign papilloma is made with VACNB. Benign papillomas associated with calcifications on imaging should be considered for surgical excision given their increased association with malignancy.