The Prevalence and Pattern of Admission Mortality among Acute Stroke Patients Managed at a Tertiary Hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Stroke ranks as the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, following ischemic heart disease, and is expected to maintain this position through 2030. This neurological ailment is profoundly impactful, imposing a significant burden on health and the economy. In 2019 alone, it was responsible for 6.6 million fatalities and the loss of 143 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across the globe. OBJECTIVES: This study highlighted the prevalence and pattern of admission mortality among acute stroke patients managed over 9 years in a private tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective hospital-based study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria from January 2014 to December 2022. Relevant data were extracted from the patients' case notes and the sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory parameters of acute stroke survivors were compared with those of their dead counterparts. RESULTS: Out of the 172 (males - 57%; females - 43%) patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 53 (30.81%) had haemorrhagic stroke while 119 (69.19%) had ischaemic stroke. The overall admission mortality rate was 15.12%, and it was more common in patients with haemorrhagic stroke, advancing age, severe hypertension, severe stroke, impairment of consciousness, renal dysfunction, hypernatremia, neutrophilic leucocytosis, and short admission duration. CONCLUSIONS: High mortality rates are linked to acute stroke admissions, particularly in cases involving haemorrhagic stroke, increasing age, severe hypertension, substantial stroke severity, impaired consciousness, renal dysfunction, hypernatremia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and brief admission duration.

CONTEXTE: L'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) est la deuxième cause de mortalité dans le monde, après la cardiopathie ischémique, et devrait conserver cette position jusqu'en 2030. Cette affection neurologique a un impact profond, imposant une charge significative sur la santé et l'économie. En 2019 seulement, elle a été responsable de 6,6 millions de décès et de la perte de 143 millions d'années de vie ajustées sur l'incapacité (DALYs) dans le monde. OBJECTIFS: Cette étude a mis en évidence la prévalence et le modèle de la mortalité à l'admission chez les patients victimes d'AVC aigu gérés pendant 9 ans dans un hôpital privé tertiaire à Abakaliki, Nigéria. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective en milieu hospitalier menée dans un hôpital tertiaire à Abakaliki, Nigéria, de janvier 2014 à décembre 2022. Les données pertinentes ont été extraites des dossiers des patients et les paramètres sociodémographiques, cliniques et de laboratoire des survivants d'un AVC aigu ont été comparés à ceux de leurs homologues décédés. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les 172 patients (hommes - 57 % ; femmes - 43 %) qui remplissaient les critères d'inclusion, 53 (30,81 %) avaient un AVC hémorragique tandis que 119 (69,19 %) avaient un AVC ischémique. Le taux global de mortalité à l'admission était de 15,12 % et était plus fréquent chez les patients ayant un AVC hémorragique, un âge avancé, une hypertension sévère, un AVC sévère, une altération de la conscience, une dysfoncti on rénal e, une hyper natrémie, une l eucocytose neutrophilique et une courte durée d'admission. CONCLUSIONS: Les taux de mortalité élevés sont liés aux admissions pour AVC aigu, en particulier dans les cas d'AVC hémorragique, d'âge avancé, d'hypertension sévère, de sévérité importante de l'AVC, d'altération de la conscience, de dysfonction rénale, d'hypernatrémie, de leucocytose neutrophilique et de courte durée d'admission. MOTS-CLÉS: Facteurs de risque, Mortalité à l'admission, AVC aigu, Étude rétrospective.

Incidence of stroke, subsequent clinical outcomes and health care resource utilization in people with type 2 diabetes: a real-world database study in France: "INSIST" study.

BACKGROUND: People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including stroke, yet existing real-world evidence (RWE) on the clinical and economic burden of stroke in this population is limited. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the clinical and economic burden of stroke among people with T2D in France. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective RWE study using data from the nationally representative subset of the French Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS) database. We assessed the incidence of stroke requiring hospitalization between 2012 and 2018 among T2D patients. Subsequent clinical outcomes including CVD, stroke recurrence, and mortality were estimated overall and according to stroke subtype (ischemic versus hemorrhagic). We also examined the treatment patterns for glucose-lowering agents and CVD agents, health care resource utilization and medical costs. RESULTS: Among 45,331 people with T2D without baseline history of stroke, 2090 (4.6%) had an incident stroke requiring hospitalization. The incidence of ischemic stroke per 1000 person-years was 4.9-times higher than hemorrhagic stroke (6.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.47-7.15] versus 1.38 [1.24-1.54]). During a median follow-up of 2.4 years (interquartile range 0.6; 4.4) from date of index stroke, the rate of CVD, stroke recurrence and mortality per 1000 person-years was higher among hemorrhagic stroke patients than ischemic stroke patients (CVD 130.9 [107.7-159.0] versus 126.4 [117.2-136.4]; stroke recurrence: 86.7 [66.4-113.4] versus 66.5 [59.2-74.6]; mortality 291.5 [259.1-327.9] versus 144.1 [134.3-154.6]). These differences were not statistically significant, except for mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.95 [95% CI 1.66-2.92]). The proportion of patients prescribed glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists increased from 4.2% at baseline to 6.6% during follow-up. The proportion of patients prescribed antihypertensives and statins only increased slightly following incident stroke (antihypertensives: 70.9% pre-stroke versus 76.7% post-stroke; statins: 24.1% pre-stroke versus 30.0% post-stroke). Overall, 68.8% of patients had a subsequent hospitalization. Median total medical costs were €12,199 (6846; 22,378). CONCLUSIONS: The high burden of stroke among people with T2D, along with the low proportion of patients receiving recommended treatments as per clinical guidelines, necessitates a strengthened and multidisciplinary approach to the CVD prevention and management in people with T2D.

Extreme Temperatures and Stroke Mortality: Evidence From a Multi-Country Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Extreme temperatures contribute significantly to global mortality. While previous studies on temperature and stroke-specific outcomes presented conflicting results, these studies were predominantly limited to single-city or single-country analyses. Their findings are difficult to synthesize due to variations in methodologies and exposure definitions. METHODS: Within the Multi-Country Multi-City Network, we built a new mortality database for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Applying a unified analysis protocol, we conducted a multinational case-crossover study on the relationship between extreme temperatures and stroke. In the first stage, we fitted a conditional quasi-Poisson regression for daily mortality counts with distributed lag nonlinear models for temperature exposure separately for each city. In the second stage, the cumulative risk from each city was pooled using mixed-effect meta-analyses, accounting for clustering of cities with similar features. We compared temperature-stroke associations across country-level gross domestic product per capita. We computed excess deaths in each city that are attributable to the 2.5% hottest and coldest of days based on each city's temperature distribution. RESULTS: We collected data for a total of 3 443 969 ischemic strokes and 2 454 267 hemorrhagic stroke deaths from 522 cities in 25 countries. For every 1000 ischemic stroke deaths, we found that extreme cold and hot days contributed 9.1 (95% empirical CI, 8.6-9.4) and 2.2 (95% empirical CI, 1.9-2.4) excess deaths, respectively. For every 1000 hemorrhagic stroke deaths, extreme cold and hot days contributed 11.2 (95% empirical CI, 10.9-11.4) and 0.7 (95% empirical CI, 0.5-0.8) excess deaths, respectively. We found that countries with low gross domestic product per capita were at higher risk of heat-related hemorrhagic stroke mortality than countries with high gross domestic product per capita (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both extreme cold and hot temperatures are associated with an increased risk of dying from ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. As climate change continues to exacerbate these extreme temperatures, interventional strategies are needed to mitigate impacts on stroke mortality, particularly in low-income countries.

Association of ambient ozone exposure and greenness exposure with hemorrhagic stroke mortality at different times: A cohort study in Shandong Province, China.

Evidence on the association between long-term ozone exposure and greenness exposure and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) is limited, with mixed results. One potential source of this inconsistency is the difference in exposure time metrics. This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient ozone, greenness, and mortality from HS using exposure metrics at different times. We also examined whether greenness exposure modified the relationship between ozone exposure and mortality due to HS. The study population consisted of 45771 participants aged ≥40 y residing in 20 counties in Shandong Province who were followed up from 2013 to 2019. Ozone exposure metrics (annual mean and warm season) and the normalized difference a measure of greenness exposure, were calculated. The relationship between environmental exposures (ozone and greenness exposures) and mortality from HS was assessed using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models, and the modification of greenness exposure was examined using stratified analysis with interaction terms. The person-years at the end of follow-up were 90,663. With full adjustments, the risk of death from hemorrhagic stroke increased by 5% per interquartile range increase in warm season ozone [hazard ratio =1.05; 95 % confidence interval: 1.01-1.08]. No clear association was observed between annual ozone and mortality HS. Both the annual and summer NDVI were found to reduce the risk of HS mortality. The relationships were influenced by age, sex, and residence (urban or rural). Furthermore, greenness exposure was shown to have a modifying effect on the relationship between ozone exposure and the occurrence of HS mortality (P for interaction = 0.001). Long-term exposure to warm season O3 was positively associated with HS mortality, while greenness exposure was inversely associated with HS mortality. Greenness exposure may mitigate the negative effects of warm season ozone exposure on HS mortality.

Greenness mitigate cause-specific mortality associated with air pollutants in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients: An ecological health cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental risks to mortality of stroke. However, there exists a noteworthy knowledge gap concerning the different stroke subtypes, causes of death, the susceptibility of stroke patient, and the role of greenness in this context. METHODS: We analyzed data from an ecological health cohort, which included 334,261 patients aged ≥40 years with stroke (comprising 288,490 ischemic stroke and 45,771 hemorrhagic stroke) during the period 2013-2019. We used Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposure to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the associations of annual average fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) with both all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Additionally, we conducted analyses to examine the effect modification by greenness and identify potential susceptibility factors through subgroup analyses. RESULT: In multivariable-adjusted models, long-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.038, 95% CI: 1.029-1.047 for PM2.5; HR: 1.055, 95% CI: 1.026-1.085 for NO2, per 10 µg/m3, for ischemic stroke patients; similar for hemorrhagic stroke patients). Gradually increasing effect sizes were shown for CVD mortality and stroke mortality. The HRs of mortality were slightly weaker with high versus low vegetation exposure. Cumulative exposures increased the HRs of pollutant-related mortality, and greater greenness decreased this risk. Two subtypes of stroke patients exhibited diverse patterns of benefit. CONCLUSION: Increasing residential greenness attenuates the increased risk of mortality with different patterns due to chronic air pollutants for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, offering valuable insights for precise tertiary stroke prevention strategies.

High incidence of stroke and mortality in pediatric critical care patients with COVID-19 in Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric critical care patients with COVID-19 treated in Peru have higher mortality than those previously reported from other countries. Pediatric providers have reported a high number of patients without comorbidities presenting with hemorrhagic strokes associated with COVID-19. We present a study analyzing the factors associated with mortality in this setting. METHODS: Prospective case-control study that included patients <17 years old admitted to a pediatric critical care unit with a positive test confirming COVID-19. The primary outcome was mortality. Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were admitted to critical care. The mortality of our study is 21.3%. The mortality of patients with neurological presentation was 45.5%, which was significantly higher than the mortality of acute COVID-19 (26.7%) and MIS-C (4.8%), p 0.18. Other risk factors for mortality in our cohort were strokes and comorbidities. Only one patient presenting with hemorrhagic stroke had an undiagnosed comorbidity. CONCLUSION: Cerebrovascular events associated with COVID-19 in pediatric patients, including infants, must be recognized as one of the more severe presentations of this infection in pediatric patients. IMPACT: Pediatric patients with COVID-19 can present with hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes on presentation. Neurological presentation in pediatric patients with COVID-19 has high mortality. Mortality of pediatric patients with COVID-19 is associated with comorbidities. Pediatric presentation and outcomes of COVID-19 in different regions can be novel to previously described.

Association between blood pressure categories and cardiovascular disease mortality in China.

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure (BP) categories are useful to simplify preventions in public health, and diagnostic and treatment approaches in clinical practice. Updated evidence about the associations of BP categories with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and its subtypes is warranted. METHODS AND FINDINGS: About 0.5 million adults aged 30 to 79 years were recruited from 10 areas in China during 2004-2008. The present study included 430 977 participants without antihypertension treatment, cancer, or CVD at baseline. BP was measured at least twice in a single visit at baseline and CVD deaths during follow-up were collected via registries and the national health insurance databases. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the associations between BP categories and CVD mortality. Overall, 16.3% had prehypertension-low, 25.1% had prehypertension-high, 14.1% had isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), 1.9% had isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and 9.1% had systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH). During a median 10-year follow-up, 9660 CVD deaths were documented. Compared with normal, the hazard ratios (95% CI) of prehypertension-low, prehypertension-high, ISH, IDH, SDH for CVD were 1.10 (1.01-1.19), 1.32 (1.23-1.42), 2.04 (1.91-2.19), 2.20 (1.85-2.61), and 3.81 (3.54-4.09), respectively. All hypertension subtypes were related to the increased risk of CVD subtypes, with a stronger association for hemorrhagic stroke than for ischemic heart disease. The associations were stronger in younger than older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Prehypertension-high should be considered in CVD primary prevention given its high prevalence and increased CVD risk. All hypertension subtypes were independently associated with CVD and its subtypes mortality, though the strength of associations varied substantially.

Sex-related disparities in the incidence and outcomes of hemorrhagic stroke among type 2 diabetes patients: a propensity score matching analysis using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database for the period 2016-18.

BACKGROUND: To analyze incidence, use of therapeutic procedures, use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) and antiplatelet agents prior to hospitalization, and in-hospital outcomes among patients who were hospitalized with hemorrhagic stroke (HS) according to the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Spain (2016-2018) and to assess the role of sex differences among those with T2DM. METHODS: Using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database we estimated the incidence of HS hospitalizations in men and women aged ≥ 35 years with and without T2DM. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare population subgroups according to sex and the presence of T2DM. RESULTS: HS was coded in 31,425 men and 24,975 women, of whom 11,915 (21.12%) had T2DM. The adjusted incidence of HS was significantly higher in patients with T2DM (both sexes) than in non-T2DM individuals (IRR 1.15; 95% CI 1.12-1.17). The incidence of HS was higher in men with T2DM than in T2DM women (adjusted IRR 1.60; 95% CI 1.57-1.63). After PSM, men and women with T2DM have significantly less frequently received decompressive craniectomy than those without T2DM. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was higher among T2DM women than matched non-T2DM women (32.89% vs 30.83%; p = 0.037), with no differences among men. Decompressive craniectomy was significantly more common in men than in matched women with T2DM (5.81% vs. 3.33%; p < 0.001). IHM was higher among T2DM women than T2DM men (32.89% vs. 28.28%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders with multivariable logistic regression, women with T2DM had a 18% higher mortality risk than T2DM men (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.07-1.29). Use of OACs and antiplatelet agents prior to hospitalization were associated to higher IHM in men and women with and without T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM is associated with a higher incidence of HS and with less frequent use of decompressive craniectomy in both sexes, but with higher IHM only among women. Sex differences were detected in T2DM patients who had experienced HS, with higher incidence rates, more frequent decompressive craniectomy, and lower IHM in men than in women.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Common yet Disproportionately Deadly Stroke Subtype.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a medical emergency and is disproportionately associated with higher mortality and long-term disability compared with ischemic stroke. The phrase "time is brain" was derived for patients with large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke in which approximately 1.9 million neurons are lost every minute. Similarly, this statement holds true for ICH patients due to a high volume of neurons that are damaged at initial onset and during hematoma expansion. Most cases of spontaneous ICH pathophysiologically stem from chronic hypertension and rupture of small perforating vessels off of larger cerebral arteries supplying deep brain structures, with cerebral amyloid angiopathy being another cause for lobar hemorrhages in older patients. Optimal ICH medical management strategies include timely diagnosis, aggressive blood pressure control, correction of underlying coagulopathy defects if present, treatment of cerebral edema, and continuous assessment for possible surgical intervention. Current strategies in the surgical management of ICH include newly developed minimally invasive techniques for hematoma evacuation, with the goal of mitigating injury to fiber tracts while accessing the clot. We review evidence-based medical and surgical management of spontaneous ICH with the overall goal of reducing neurologic injury and optimizing functional outcome.

Random forest-based prediction of stroke outcome.

We research into the clinical, biochemical and neuroimaging factors associated with the outcome of stroke patients to generate a predictive model using machine learning techniques for prediction of mortality and morbidity 3-months after admission. The dataset consisted of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) admitted to Stroke Unit of a European Tertiary Hospital prospectively registered. We identified the main variables for machine learning Random Forest (RF), generating a predictive model that can estimate patient mortality/morbidity according to the following groups: (1) IS + ICH, (2) IS, and (3) ICH. A total of 6022 patients were included: 4922 (mean age 71.9 ± 13.8 years) with IS and 1100 (mean age 73.3 ± 13.1 years) with ICH. NIHSS at 24, 48 h and axillary temperature at admission were the most important variables to consider for evolution of patients at 3-months. IS + ICH group was the most stable for mortality prediction [0.904 ± 0.025 of area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC)]. IS group presented similar results, although variability between experiments was slightly higher (0.909 ± 0.032 of AUC). ICH group was the one in which RF had more problems to make adequate predictions (0.9837 vs. 0.7104 of AUC). There were no major differences between IS and IS + ICH groups according to morbidity prediction (0.738 and 0.755 of AUC) but, after checking normality with a Shapiro Wilk test with the null hypothesis that the data follow a normal distribution, it was rejected with W = 0.93546 (p-value < 2.2e-16). Conditions required for a parametric test do not hold, and we performed a paired Wilcoxon Test assuming the null hypothesis that all the groups have the same performance. The null hypothesis was rejected with a value < 2.2e-16, so there are statistical differences between IS and ICH groups. In conclusion, machine learning algorithms RF can be effectively used in stroke patients for long-term outcome prediction of mortality and morbidity.

Defining Minor Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The minor stroke concept has not been analyzed in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. Our purpose was to determine the optimal cut point on the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for defining a minor ICH (mICH) in patients with primary ICH. METHODS: An ICH was considered minor if associated with a favorable 3-month outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2). For supratentorial ICH, the discovery cohort consisted of 478 patients prospectively admitted at University Hospital del Mar. Association between NIHSS at admission and 3-month outcome was evaluated with area under the curve-receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROC) and Youden's index to identify the optimal NIHSS cutoff point to define mICH. External validation was performed in a cohort of 242 supratentorial ICH patients from University Hospital Sant Pau. For infratentorial location, patients from both hospitals (n = 85) were analyzed together. RESULTS: The best -NIHSS cutoff point defining supratentorial-mICH was 6 (AUC-ROC = 0.815 [0.774-0.857] in the discovery cohort and AUC-ROC = 0.819 [0.756-0.882] in the external validation cohort). For infratentorial ICH, the best cutoff point was 4 (AUC-ROC = 0.771 [0.664-0.877]). Using these cutoff points, 40.5% of all primary ICH cases were mICH. Of these, 70.2% were living independently at 3-month follow-up (72% for supratentorial ICH and 56.1% for infratentorial ICH) and 6.5% had died (5.3% for supratentorial ICH, and 14.6% for infratentorial ICH). For patients identified as non-mICH, good 3-month outcome was observed in 11.3% of cases; mortality was 51%. CONCLUSIONS: The definition of mICH using the NIHSS cutoff point of 6 for supratentorial ICH and 4 for infratentorial ICH is useful to identify good outcome in ICH patients.

Stroke Mortality Outcomes in Uganda.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke outcome data in Uganda is lacking. The objective of this study was to capture 30-day mortality outcomes in patients presenting with acute and subacute stroke to Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. METHODS: A prospective study enrolling consecutive adults presenting to MRRH with abrupt onset of focal neurologic deficits suspicious for stroke, from August 2014 to March 2015. All patients had head computed tomography (CT) confirmation of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Data was collected on mortality, morbidity, risk factors, and imaging characteristics. RESULTS: Investigators screened 134 potential subjects and enrolled 108 patients. Sixty-two percent had ischemic and 38% hemorrhagic stroke. The mean age of all patients was 62.5 (SD 17.4), and 52% were female. More patients had hypertension in the hemorrhagic stroke group than in the ischemic stroke group (53% vs. 32%, p = 0.0376). Thirty-day mortality was 38.1% (p = 0.0472), and significant risk factors were National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, female sex, anemia, and HIV infection. A one unit increase of the NIHSS on admission increased the risk of death at 30 days by 6%. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke had statistically higher NIHSS scores (p = 0.0408) on admission compared to patients with ischemic stroke, and also had statistically higher Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at discharge (p = 0.0063), and mRS score change from baseline (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights an overall 30-day stroke mortality of 38.1% in southwestern Uganda, and identifies NIHSS at admission, female sex, anemia, and HIV infection as predictors of mortality.

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Protection Against stroke in Patients with type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Renal Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence indicates that treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) may favorably affect the risk of stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis considered data from cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) regarding the effect of SGLT2i treatment on stroke risk in T2DM patients with an emphasis on patients with impaired renal function. SELECTION CRITERIA: Double-blind randomized trials (RCTs) representing CVOTs were included if they compared SGLT2i add-on therapy with placebo, and reported stroke among primary or secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Six eligible multicenter RCTs were included. The pooled analysis of 5 RCTs (n = 40,393) showed a neutral effect on the risk of total stroke from treatment with SGLT2i vs. placebo (hazard ratio, HR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.74-1.09, p = 0.29, I2 = 58%). Subgroup analysis (4 RCTs) involving patients with impaired renal function (n = 17,072) demonstrated a significant benefit in favor of SGLT2i (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54-0.82, p<0.0001, I2 = 8%). The pooled analysis of 2 RCTs (n = 14,543) showed a significant reduction in the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in T2DM patients (HR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.25-0.83, p = 0.01; I2 = 0). No differences were noticed regarding the risk of ischemic stroke (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.85-1.12, p = 0.69; I2 = 0), non-fatal stroke (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.83-1.16, p = 0.79, I2 = 28%), and fatal stroke (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.50-1.17, p = 0.22, I2 = 0). CONCLUSIONS: Available data suggest that SGLT2i reduce the risk of total stroke in patients with T2DM and impaired renal function. Based on the findings of two RCTs, these drugs may offer a protection against hemorrhagic stroke.

Evolution Over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients With Neurologic Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p < 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p < 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease.

Nationwide Trends in Incidence and Mortality of Stroke Among Younger and Older Adults in Denmark.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent to which the incidence and mortality of a first-time stroke among younger and older adults changed from 2005 to 2018 in Denmark using nationwide registries. METHODS: We used the Danish Stroke Registry and the Danish National Patient Registry to identify patients 18 to 49 years of age (younger adults) and those ≥50 years of age (older adults) with a first-time ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. We computed age-standardized incidence rates and 30-day and 1-year mortality risks separately for younger and older adults and according to smaller age groups, stroke subtype, sex, and severity (Scandinavian Stroke Scale score). Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were computed to assess temporal trends. RESULTS: We identified 8,680 younger adults and 105,240 older adults with an ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage. The incidence rate per 100,000 person-years of ischemic stroke (20.8 in 2005 and 21.9 in 2018, AAPC -0.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) -1.5 to 0.3]) and intracerebral hemorrhage (2.2 in 2005 and 2.5 in 2018, AAPC 0.6 [95% CI -1.0 to 2.3]) remained steady in younger adults. In older adults, rates of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage declined, particularly in those ≥70 years of age. Rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage declined, but more so in younger than older adults. Stroke mortality declined over time in both age groups, attributable largely to declines in the mortality after severe strokes. Most trends were similar for men and women. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage was steady in younger adults from 2005 to 2018, while it dropped in adults >70 years of age. Stroke mortality declined during this time.

Average Lifespan Shortened due to Stroke in Canada: A Nationwide Descriptive Study From 1990 to 2015.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are challenges in comparability when using existing life lost measures to examine long-term trends in premature mortality. To address this important issue, we have developed a novel measure termed average lifespan shortened (ALSS). In the present study, we used the ALSS measure to describe temporal changes in premature mortality due to stroke in the Canadian population from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: Mortality data for stroke were obtained from the World Health Organization mortality database. Years of life lost was calculated using Canadian life tables. ALSS was calculated as the ratio of years of life lost in relation to the expected lifespan. RESULTS: Over a 25-year timeframe, the age-standardized rates adjusted to the World Standard Population for deaths from all strokes and stroke types substantially decreased in both sexes. The ALSS measure indicated that men who died of stroke lost 12.1% of their lifespan in 1990 and 11.4% in 2015, whereas these values among women were 11.1% and 10.0%, respectively. Patients with subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke lost the largest portion whereby both sexes lost about one-third of their lifespan in 1990 and one-fourth in 2015. Men with intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke lost around 18% of their lifespan in 1990 and 14% in 2015 as compared to women who lost about 16% and 12% over the same timeframe. The loss of lifespan for patients with ischemic stroke and other stroke types combined was relatively stable at about 10% throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a modest improvement in lifespan among patients with stroke in Canada between 1990 and 2015. Our novel ALSS measure provides intuitive interpretation of temporal changes in lifespan among patients with stroke and helps to enhance our understanding of the burden of strokes in the Canadian population.

Lipid levels and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke: A dose-response meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hemorrhagic stroke (HS) could damage human health and impose heavy social and economic burden around the world. An accumulating number of studies revealed the effect of lipid levels on HS, whereas the results were inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between lipid levels and HS. METHODS AND RESULTS: We searched the databases for relative cohort studies, which were published before April 2020. We pooled adjusted effect size and performed the dose-response analysis by random-effect model. 31 eligible studies with 2,291,643 participants and 12,147 hemorrhagic stroke cases were included. An inverse association was observed between the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and total cholesterol (TC) (RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.64-0.82) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53-0.89). Additionally, in dose-response analysis, the non-linear trend was also found between TC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and risk of HS. When the level of TC and HDL-C was about 6 and 1.3 mmol/L separately, the risk of HS was decreased to the lowest. And we found a linear trend that for every 1 mmol/L triglyceride (TG) increase, the risk of HS decreased by 7%. CONCLUSION: TC and LDL-C were both inversely related to the risk of HS. In dose-response analysis of TG, we also found the inverse linear trend. Furthermore, the non-linear trend suggested the level of TC and HDL-C was about 6 and 1.3 mmol/L separately could lead to the lowest risk of HS.

Early predictive blood markers of hemorrhagic stroke - influence of cytoflavin therapy.

Examination of the patterns of free-radical processes (FRP) and changes of the early screening markers to predict the course of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and applied pathophysiologically based therapy can be of great practical importance. This study aimed to determine early changes in the parameters of oxidative stress and routine biochemistry blood tests in patients with HS and to assess their relationship with clinical outcome. The effects of early applied cytoflavin were also investigated. The prospective study included 151 patients with HS. Forty-eight percent of patients in the standard conservative therapy were given cytoflavin antioxidant energy therapy from the first day of hospitalization. The neurological status, neuroimaging, biochemical blood tests and FRP were assessed on days 1, 5, 10, and 20 of hospitalization. In patients with HS, an imbalance of all stages of FRP was detected proportionately to the severity of HS. The malondialdehyde concentration above 5.3 µmol/L, the number of leukocytes above 15 800, glucose above 11.9 mmol/L, lactate dehydrogenase above 574 IU/L, and lactate above 2.5 mmol/L, detected on the first day, predetermined a high risk of death. Additional cytoflavin treatment allowed stabilizing the clinical laboratory picture of HS, improved the treatment results, and reduced hospital mortality rate.

SMASH-U classification: a tool for aetiology-oriented management of patients with acute haemorrhagic stroke.

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is responsible for disproportionately high morbidity and mortality rates. The most used ICH classification system is based on the anatomical site. We used SMASH-U, an aetiological based classification system for ICH by predefined criteria: structural vascular lesions (S), medication (M), amyloid angiopathy (A), systemic disease (S), hypertension (H), or undetermined (U). We aimed to correlate SMASH-U classification of our patients to the intra-hospital mortality rates. We performed a single centre retrospective study at the Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia (Italy) including consecutive patients between January 2009 and July 2017 assigned with 431 ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases-9). We classified the included patients using SMASH-U criteria, and we analysed the association between SMASH-U aetiology and ICH risk factors to the outcome defined as intra-hospital mortality, using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The higher intra-hospital mortality rate was detected in the systemic disease (36.1%), medication (31.5%), and undetermined (29.4%) groups. At multivariable analysis, medication and systemic disease groups resulted associated with the outcome (odds ratio 3.47; 95% CI 1.15-10.46; P = 0.02 and 3.64; 95% CI 1.47-9.01; P = 0.005, respectively). Furthermore, age and high NIHSS at admission resulted significantly associated with intra-hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.01; 95% CI 1-1.03; P = 0.04 and 1.12; 95% CI 1.03-1.22; P = 0.008, respectively). In our retrospective study, the aetiology-oriented classification system SMASH-U showed to be potentially predictive of intra-hospital mortality of acute haemorrhagic stroke patients and it may support clinicians in the acute ICH management.

Acute Cerebrovascular Disorders and Vasculopathies Associated with Significant Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Admitted to The Intensive Care Unit in The New York Epicenter.

The current Coronavirus pandemic due to the novel SARS-Cov-2 virus has proven to have systemic and multi-organ involvement with high acuity neurological conditions including acute ischemic strokes. We present a case series of consecutive COVID-19 patients with cerebrovascular disease treated at our institution including 3 cases of cerebral artery dissection including subarachnoid hemorrhage. Knowledge of the varied presentations including dissections will help treating clinicians at the bedside monitor and manage these complications preemptively.