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ABSTRACT: McClean, ZJ, Pasanen, K, Lun, V, Charest, J, Herzog, W, Werthner, P, Black, A, Vleuten, RV, Lacoste, E, and Jordan, MJ. A biopsychosocial model for understanding training load, fatigue, and musculoskeletal sport injury in university athletes: A scoping review. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1177-1188, 2024-The impact of musculoskeletal (MSK) injury on athlete health and performance has been studied extensively in youth sport and elite sport. Current research examining the relationship between training load, injury, and fatigue in university athletes is sparse. Furthermore, a range of contextual factors that influence the training load-fatigue-injury relationship exist, necessitating an integrative biopsychosocial model to address primary and secondary injury prevention research. The objectives of this review were (a) to review the scientific literature examining the relationship between training load, fatigue, and MSK injury in university athletes and (b) to use this review in conjunction with a transdisciplinary research team to identify biopsychosocial factors that influence MSK injury and develop an updated, holistic biopsychosocial model to inform injury prevention research and practice in university sport. Ten articles were identified for inclusion in this review. Key findings were an absence of injury surveillance methodology and contextual factors that can influence the training load-fatigue-MSK injury relationship. We highlight the inclusion of academic load, social load, and mental health load as key variables contributing to a multifactorial, gendered environmental, scientific inquiry on sport injury and reinjury in university sport. An integrative biopsychosocial model for MSK injury in university sport is presented that can be used to study the biological, psychological, and social factors that modulate injury and reinjury risk in university athletes. Finally, we provide an example of how causal inference can be used to maximize the utility of longitudinally collected observational data that is characteristic of sport performance research in university sport.
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Atletas , Traumatismos en Atletas , Modelos Biopsicosociales , Humanos , Traumatismos en Atletas/psicología , Universidades , Atletas/psicología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Fatiga/psicología , Sistema Musculoesquelético/lesionesRESUMEN
The 24 h responses to professional female netball-specific training were examined. British Superleague players (n = 14) undertook a 90-min on-court training session incorporating key movement, technical, and scenario-specific match-play drills. Perceptual (mood, fatigue, soreness), neuromuscular (countermovement jump peak power output [PPO], PPO relative to mass [PPOrel], jump height [JH]), endocrine (salivary cortisol [C], testosterone [T] concentrations) and biochemical (creatine kinase concentrations [CK]) markers were assessed at baseline (immediately before; Pre), and immediately, two and 24 hours after (+0h, +2h, +24h) training. Session (sRPE) and differential (dRPE) ratings of perceived exertion were recorded at +0h. Identification of clear between time-point differences were based on the 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean differences relative to baseline values not overlapping. At +0h, C (raw unit mean difference from baseline; 95% CI: 0.16; 0.06 to 0.25 µg·dl-1), T (32; 20 to 45 pgâ ml-1), CK (39; 28 to 50 u·L-1), PPOrel (2.4; 0.9 to 3.9 W·kg-1) and PPO (169; 52 to 286 W) increased. At +2h, fatigue (15; 7 to 24 AU), CK (49; 38 to 60 u·L-1), and soreness (14; 3 to 25 AU) increased, while T (-24; -37 to -11 pgâ ml-1) and mood (-20; -27 to -12 AU) reduced. At +24h, CK increased (25; 13 to 36 u·L-1) whereas PPOrel (-1.6; -3.2 to -0.1 W·kg-1) and JH (-0.02; -0.03 to -0.08 m) reduced. Responses were variable specific, and recovery of all variables did not occur within 24h. The residual effects of the prior stimulus should be accounted for in the planning of training for professional female netball players.
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Afecto/fisiología , Atletas , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Baloncesto , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Adulto , Atletas/psicología , Rendimiento Atlético/psicología , Baloncesto/fisiología , Baloncesto/psicología , Creatina Quinasa/sangre , Fatiga/etiología , Fatiga/metabolismo , Fatiga/fisiopatología , Femenino , Hormonas/análisis , Hormonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Mialgia/etiología , Mialgia/metabolismo , Mialgia/fisiopatología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Testosterona/análisis , Testosterona/metabolismo , Reino Unido , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the use of injury prevention exercises and injury prevention exercise programs in Danish youth handball and investigate coach and player experiences, beliefs and attitudes of injury and their prevention. DESIGN: A mixed-methods design consisting of cross-sectional quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. METHODS: We surveyed 481 youth (14-18â¯years old) handball players and their 33 coaches about their use of injury prevention exercises, and attitudes towards injury and their prevention. Additionally, we interviewed five coaches and three players about barriers and motivational factors for implementing injury prevention programs. RESULTS: Players (71%) and almost all coaches reported performing injury prevention exercises for the shoulder, knee, and ankle. Yet few players (4%) and coaches (1%) reported performing the established full injury prevention programs systematically. Players were willing to implement programs to reduce injury risk (84% agreed) and enhance performance (88% agreed). Key factors influencing program uptake were lack of awareness of evidence-based injury prevention programs and lack of handball-specific exercises. Coaches and players identified continued education and training as vital facilitators in this setting, and all coaches agreed that injury prevention should be an essential part of coach education. CONCLUSIONS: While Danish youth handball players and coaches seemed to recognize the importance of injury prevention, the use of established programs was marginal. Experiences, beliefs, and attitudes about injury and injury prevention influenced program uptake and should be addressed through continued education and training in this context in combination with making the programs more handball specific.
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Atletas/psicología , Traumatismos en Atletas/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Mentores/psicología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/métodos , Adolescente , Estudios Transversales , Dinamarca , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de SaludRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to: (a) identify the acceptability profiles for three technology-based physical activity interventions (TbPAI) in obesity treatment (active video games, mobile applications, telehealth), (b) examine the issues of consistency or change in these profiles for the same individual across technologies, and (c) determine whether acceptability profiles are related to motivational factors. METHODS: Three hundred and twelve women (Mage = 30.7, SD = 7.1 years; MBMI = 34.5, SD = 7.8 kg/m²) using obesity services were recruited for this cross-sectional survey. They completed an online survey including sociodemographic data and measures related to physical activity: level, stage of change, motivation, and general causality orientations. The women read descriptions of the three technologies and rated their acceptability. We used a latent profile transition analysis (LPTA) approach. RESULTS: A 2-class model (high and low acceptability) best described the profiles for each technology. Intra-individual analysis revealed that the profiles exhibited both changes and stability across TbPAI. Women with high scores on impersonal orientation were more likely to be in the high acceptability telehealth profile, whereas those reporting high scores on control orientation were more likely to be in the high acceptability active video games profile. Women with high scores on control orientation and low scores on impersonal orientation were more likely to be in the high acceptability mobile applications profile. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that the causality orientations were factors related to the TbPAI acceptability profiles, suggesting that clinicians should consider these psychological characteristics in TbPAI counseling.
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Obesidad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano , Telemedicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Aplicaciones Móviles , Obesidad/psicología , Obesidad/terapia , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/métodos , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/estadística & datos numéricos , Juegos de Video , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study examined the effects of 12 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak), body composition and physical activity enjoyment in overweight young women. Sixty-six participants (age 21.2 ± 1.4 years, body mass index (BMI) 26.0 ± 3.0 kg·m-2, body fat percentage 39.0 ± 2.8%) were randomly assigned to non-exercise control (CON), thrice-weekly SIT (80 × 6 s "all-out" cycling interspersed with 9 s rest), and HIIT (4 min cycling at 90% VO2peak followed with 3 min recovery for ~ 60 min) or MICT (~ 65 min continuous cycling at 60% VO2peak) with equivalent mechanical work (200/300 KJ). Compared to the CON group, all three training groups had significant and similar improvements in VO2peak (~ +20%, d = 2.5-3.4), fat mass (~ -10%, d = 1.3-2.1) and body fat percentage (~ -5%, d = 1.0-1.1) after a 12-week intervention. Similar high levels of enjoyment were observed among groups for most (~70%) of the training sessions. The findings suggest that the three training regimes are equally enjoyable and could result in similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight/obese young women, but SIT is a more time-efficient strategy.
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Composición Corporal , Capacidad Cardiovascular , Terapia por Ejercicio/psicología , Sobrepeso/terapia , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Placer , Adolescente , Pueblo Asiatico , Índice de Masa Corporal , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Sobrepeso/psicología , Consumo de Oxígeno , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/métodos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study aimed to identify the predictive capacity of wellness questionnaires on measures of training load using machine learning methods. The distributions of, and dose-response between, wellness and other load measures were also examined, offering insights into response patterns. Data (n= 14,109) were collated from an athlete management systems platform (Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia) and were split across three sports (cricket, rugby league and football) with data analysis conducted in R (Version 3.4.3). Wellness (sleep quality, readiness to train, general muscular soreness, fatigue, stress, mood, recovery rating and motivation) as the dependent variable, and sRPE, sRPE-TL and markers of external load (total distance and m.min-1) as independent variables were included for analysis. Classification and regression tree models showed high cross-validated error rates across all sports (i.e., > 0.89) and low model accuracy (i.e., < 5% of variance explained by each model) with similar results demonstrated using random forest models. These results suggest wellness items have limited predictive capacity in relation to internal and external load measures. This result was consistent despite varying statistical approaches (regression, classification and random forest models) and transformation of wellness scores. These findings indicate practitioners should exercise caution when interpreting and applying wellness responses.
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Estado de Salud , Aprendizaje Automático , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Deportes/fisiología , Deportes/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Afecto , Críquet/fisiología , Críquet/psicología , Árboles de Decisión , Fatiga/diagnóstico , Fútbol Americano/fisiología , Fútbol Americano/psicología , Sistemas de Información Geográfica , Humanos , Motivación , Mialgia/diagnóstico , Percepción/fisiología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Análisis de Regresión , Sueño/fisiología , Fútbol/fisiología , Fútbol/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/diagnóstico , Dispositivos Electrónicos VestiblesRESUMEN
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and enjoyment of five shared PAs in parent-child dyads. Method: Thirty-one parent-child dyads (mean±SD; age, parents: 38.0 ± 6.6 years, children: 5.9 ± 1.7 years) completed separate PA sessions, which included five standardized PAs (brisk walking, jumping games, dancing, body-weight exercises, and tag games) in random order for each dyad. Parent and child moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and accelerometer counts per minute (CPM) were measured using Actigraph GT9X activity monitors. The Visual Analog Scale was used to assess enjoyment of children and parents. Repeated measures ANOVAs and paired t-tests determined differences in PA within and between children and parents for the activities, respectively. Friedman Tests with post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests determined significant differences in enjoyment across the activities for children and parents and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared enjoyment between children and parents for each PA. Results: Jumping games resulted in the highest proportion of time spent in MVPA and highest overall CPM for children and parents (p < .05). Compared to parents, children spent proportionally more time in MVPA during jumping games, body-weight exercises, and tag games (all, p < .05). Tag games were the most enjoyable PA for children and parents (p < .05). Children enjoyed body-weight exercises more than parents (p < .05). Conclusions: Future indoor PA programs and research interventions that include parent-child dyads should consider implementing jumping games, body-weight exercises, and tag games during shared PA, which resulted in higher MVPA and enjoyment by both children and parents when compared to walking and dancing.
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Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Placer , Acelerometría , Niño , Preescolar , Baile/psicología , Femenino , Juegos Recreacionales/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Factores de Tiempo , Caminata/psicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate changes in firefighter recruits' select health and fitness measurements, from academy training to the early probationary firefighter period. METHODS: Firefighter recruits from two New England fire academies were followed up prospectively from enrollment at the academy to graduation after 15- to 16-wk training programs, and then for an average of 8 months as probationary firefighters. The participants' demographic, lifestyle, and mental health information was collected using a questionnaire. Body mass index, percent body fat, blood pressure, and push-ups were also measured at each time point. Furthermore, the academies tested the recruits on selected fitness measures (push-ups, pull-ups, and 1.5-mile running time) at academy entry, midtraining, and at graduation. RESULTS: Ninety-two recruits consented and were included in the analyses. The recruits' percent body fat significantly decreased (median, 21.0%-18.2%) from baseline to graduation, and push-up capacity significantly improved (median, 34-53 per minute) in the same period, along with pull-ups and 1.5-mile running time. However, the recruits' blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, increased significantly by an average of 3 mm Hg during the training. Those completing probationary follow-up (45/92 recruits) showed that most health/fitness improvements declined after graduation. From academy graduation to probationary follow-up, recruits' physical activity decreased and TV screen time increased significantly, leading to a lower healthy lifestyle score (median, 4-3). After multivariate adjustments, the recruits' diastolic blood pressure increased by 2 mm Hg per measuring time throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Fire academy training improved recruits' select health and fitness measurements, but the benefits dissipated as probationary firefighters, and blood pressures increased throughout the study period. Further interventions regarding blood pressure and to maintain training benefits after joining fire departments are warranted.
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Bomberos/educación , Estado de Salud , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Adiposidad , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hipertensión/etiología , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , New England , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/métodos , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Carrera/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Sport science and medicine practitioners are interested in the relationships between training load, injury, and illness. The extent to which training preparedness is associated with workload-related injury and illness risk is debated. Therefore, this study applied multi-level mixed effect logistic regression to investigate time-dependent (±7- and ±28-day) relationships between training preparedness (fatigue, mood, motivation, soreness, stress, sleep duration, and quality), training load, injury, and illness in 536 elite and pre-elite female netball athletes. Absolute risk (AR ± 95% CI) of sustaining an injury (0.98 ± 0.06%, n = 1122 injuries, N = 254 athletes) or illness (1.09 ± 0.10%, n = 2881, N = 432 athletes) was calculated. All training preparedness variables combined resulted in an absolute risk of 0.88%-5.88% and 0.87%-20% for injury and illness, respectively. Injury and illness had significant (P < .05) bidirectional (ie, both increased and decreased) associations with physical (soreness) and physiological (sleep duration and quality), while illness also had negative (mood, motivation) and positive (stress) associations with psychological training preparedness variables. Low sleep duration in the 48-h period prior was associated (P = .005) with increased injury risk (OR = 0.91 ± 0.03; AR = 4.00%), while "very poor" sleep quality (OR = 0.59 ± 0.02; AR = 7.83%) or extremes of too little (<5 hours, OR = 1.01 ± 0.03; AR = 3.13%-14.29%) and too much (>10 hours, OR = 1.01 ± 0.03; AR = 2.61%-10.98%) sleep had bidirectional associations (P < .001) with an increased illness risk. Changes in training preparedness variables demonstrated bidirectional associations with injury and illness. These outcomes suggest that sport science and medicine practitioners should monitor sleep, physical, and psychological recovery status, to aid early detection and intervention regarding injury and illness symptomology.
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Traumatismos en Atletas/fisiopatología , Traumatismos en Atletas/psicología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Adolescente , Afecto , Traumatismos en Atletas/complicaciones , Fatiga/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Motivación , Mialgia/fisiopatología , Análisis de Componente Principal , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Sueño/fisiología , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This study examined the perceived talent development environment (TDE) of youth track and field athletes within the Caribbean region and explores the relationship with their subjective wellbeing and burnout levels. A sample of 400 Caribbean youth track and field athletes (male = 198, and female = 202; age 13-20 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Athletes responded to a survey which included the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5), the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Structural equation modelling showed that a positive and supportive TDE was associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower athlete burnout. Moreover, gender and hours of training moderated relationships of athletes' perceptions of their development environment with wellbeing and burnout levels respectively. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the support network and athlete wellbeing, while holistic quality preparation was negatively associated with athlete burnout. Development environments perceived as supportive and geared towards a holistic athlete-centred approach were associated with better athlete wellbeing and lower burnout.
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Aptitud , Atletas/psicología , Agotamiento Psicológico/psicología , Medio Social , Atletismo/psicología , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Atletas/clasificación , Agotamiento Psicológico/epidemiología , Región del Caribe/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Salud Mental , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Tiempo , Atletismo/clasificación , Atletismo/fisiología , Indias Occidentales/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The purpose of the current study was twofold (a) to examine elite female athletes' experiences of their menstrual cycle, with a focus upon the impact on training and competition performance and (b) the openness of conversation pertaining to the menstrual cycle with coaching and support staff. Following receipt of institutional ethical approval, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 elite female athletes (25.5 ± 4.7 years) from multiple sports. Results revealed athletes' experiencing a natural menstrual cycle reported physical symptoms alongside mood disturbances and reduced motivation to train. The decision to actively control the menstrual cycle was often triggered by a desire to reduce the effect on competition, to lessen anxieties about making required weight or reduce distraction to manage during competition. Athletes indicated an openness to talk about the menstrual cycle to other females, however, there was variation in the comfort athletes experienced regarding talking to male coaches. Overall, the findings highlight the need to educate elite athletes and coaches on the menstrual cycle, considering it in the same light as other physiological functions in sport to improve health, well-being, and performance. Furthermore, providing education on how to construct positive conversations, equipping individuals with the correct terminology, and confidence to talk about the menstrual cycle will reduce some reservations identified through improved knowledge and understanding.
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Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Rendimiento Atlético/psicología , Conducta Competitiva/fisiología , Ciclo Menstrual , Percepción , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Adulto , Afecto , Comunicación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tutoría , Motivación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The purpose of this secondary analysis study was to examine the affective and social cognitive responses to low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) over a progressive two-week supervised intervention for individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes. Ninety-nine adults that were low-active and overweight were randomized into one of two exercise conditions and had affective and social cognitive measures assessed before, during, and after intervention. Increases over time in post-exercise enjoyment, attitudes towards exercise, and intentions to exercise were noted for both HIIT and MICT conditions (ps <.05). The patterns of change in acute affective responses over the two-week intervention were consistent for both conditions, with participants in MICT reporting more positive in-task affect and affective attitudes throughout (ps <.001). Positive correlational relationships between affective and social cognitive responses were revealed throughout the intervention (ps <.05), highlighting the relationship between reflexive responses and reflective cognitions. Research is warranted to determine whether findings are a consequence of familiarization with exercise, whether such findings are translatable to real-world environments and non-progressive exercise protocols, and whether these reflexive responses and reflective cognitions are predictive of future exercise behaviour for individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Terapia por Ejercicio/psicología , Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad/psicología , Sobrepeso/terapia , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Cognición Social , Adulto , Afecto/fisiología , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Consejo Dirigido , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Intención , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cooperación del Paciente , Percepción/fisiología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Placer/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Describe the self-reported prevalence and nature of Olympic-career injury and general health and current residual symptoms in a self-selected sample of retired Olympians. METHODS: 3357 retired Olympians from 131 countries completed a cross-sectional online survey, distributed by direct email through World Olympians Association and National Olympian Associations databases. The survey captured Olympic sport exposure, significant training and competition injury history (lasting >1 month), general health (eg, depression) during the athlete's career, and current musculoskeletal pain and functional limitations. RESULTS: 55% were men (44% women, 1% unknown), representing 57 sports (42 Summer, 15 Winter), aged 44.7 years (range 16-97). A total of 3746 injuries were self-reported by 2116 Olympians. This equated, 63.0% (women 68.1%, men 59.2%) reporting at least one significant injury during their Olympic career. Injury prevalence was highest in handball (82.2%) and lowest in shooting (40.0%) for Summer Olympians; and highest in alpine skiing (82.4%) and lowest in biathlon (40.0%) for Winter Olympians. The knee was the most frequently injured anatomical region (20.6%, 120 median days severity), followed by the lumbar spine (13.1%, 100 days) and shoulder/clavicle (12.9%, 92 days). 6.6% of Olympians said they had experienced depression during their career. One-third of retired Olympians reported current pain (32.4%) and functional limitations (35.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Almost two-thirds of Olympians who completed the survey reported at least one Olympic-career significant injury. The knee, lumbar spine and shoulder/clavicle were the most commonly injured anatomical locations. One-third of this sample of Olympians attributed current pain and functional limitations to Olympic-career injury.
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Traumatismos en Atletas/epidemiología , Conducta Competitiva/fisiología , Estado de Salud , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Traumatismos en Atletas/complicaciones , Traumatismos en Atletas/etiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Prevalencia , Volver al Deporte/psicología , Autoinforme , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The high incidence of injury during swim training and the increasing demands of the sports make monitoring of the swimmer's training load a key concept requiring further investigation. Research has previously introduced numerous methods for the purposes of monitoring the swimmer's training load, but a narrative review discussing the strengths and limitations of each method is lacking. Consequently, this narrative review aims to summarize the monitoring strategies that have been applied in research on competitive swimmers. This knowledge can assist professionals in the field in choosing which method is appropriate in their particular setting. The results from this study showed that external training load was predominantly obtained through real-life observation of the swimmers' training volume. However, research has investigated a number of internal load monitoring tools, including blood lactate, training heart rate, and perceived effort of training. To date, blood lactate markers are still considered most accurate and especially recommended at higher levels of competitive swimming or for those at greater risk of injury. Further, mood state profiling has been suggested as an early indicator of overtraining and may be applied at the lower competitive levels of swimming. Professionals in the field should consider the individual, the aim of the current training phase, and additional logistical issues when determining the appropriate monitoring strategy in their setting.
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Conducta Competitiva/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/métodos , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Natación/fisiología , Afecto/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Percepción/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Factores de Riesgo , Natación/lesiones , Natación/psicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to examine the trajectories of athlete burnout across a 2-month period characterized by high physical, psychological, and social demands to explore (1) whether several subgroups of athletes representing distinct burnout trajectories emerged from the analyses and (2) whether athlete burnout symptoms (reduced accomplishment, sport devaluation, and exhaustion) developed in tandem or whether some burnout dimensions predicted downstream changes in other dimensions (causal ordering model). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-nine table tennis players in intensive training centers completed a self-reported athlete burnout measure across 3 time points within a 2-month period characterized by high demands. Data were analyzed through latent class growth analysis. RESULTS: Results of latent class growth analysis showed 3 distinct trajectories for each athlete burnout dimension, indicating not only linear or quadratic change but also stability in longitudinal athlete burnout perceptions. Results also suggested that the 3 dimensions of athlete burnout did not develop in tandem. Rather, the likelihood of belonging to particular emerging trajectories of sport devaluation and physical/emotional exhaustion was significantly influenced by the athletes' perception of reduced accomplishment assessed at Time 1. Thus, reduced accomplishment predicted downstream changes in the 2 other athlete burnout dimensions. CONCLUSION: As a whole, these results highlighted that the multinomial heterogeneity in longitudinal athlete burnout symptoms needs to be accounted for in future research.
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Agotamiento Profesional , Tenis/psicología , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Análisis de Clases Latentes , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , AutoinformeRESUMEN
Campbell, PG, Stewart, IB, Sirotic, AC, and Minett, GM. Title: The effect of overreaching on neuromuscular performance and wellness responses in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1530-1538, 2020-This study seeks to evaluate the effect of periodized fluctuations in training load on wellness and psychological questionnaires, perceived exertion, performance, and neuromuscular measures in team-sport athletes. Thirteen amateur Australian rules football athletes completed 6 weeks of periodized training, consisting of 2-week normal training (NT), intensified training (IT), and taper training (TT). Training sessions were quantified using global positioning system devices, heart-rate, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), with wellness (general soreness, sleep quality/quantity, readiness to train, fatigue, stress, mood, and motivation) questionnaires collected daily. Psychological (Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes) and physical performance (countermovement jump, cycle ergometer peak power, 30-m sprint, and 2-km time trial) markers were measured after each training period. Perceived (sRPE) and mechanical loading were higher for IT than NT, and IT than TT (p < 0.03; d = 0.65-25.34). Cycle ergometer peak power, 30-m sprint, 2-km time trial, and countermovement jump height showed reductions in performance after IT compared to initial testing (p < 0.02; d = 0.51-1.46), with subsequent increases in performance after TT (p < 0.04; d = 0.66-2.27). Average wellness was higher during NT compared to IT (p = 0.005; d = 1.11). Readiness to train did not significantly differ from NT to IT or TT (p < 0.55; d = <0.59); however, readiness to train did improve during TT after the IT (p = 0.01; d = 1.05). The disturbances in performance, perceptual, and mood states may indicate a state of functional overreaching. The findings suggest that an averaged wellness score may be useful in potentially identifying overreaching. However, despite the popularity of wellness in monitoring systems, these measures overall demonstrated a limited capacity to differentiate between periodized fluctuations in load.
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Fútbol Americano/fisiología , Estado de Salud , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Esfuerzo Físico , Adolescente , Adulto , Afecto , Australia , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Fatiga/etiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Motivación , Mialgia/etiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/efectos adversos , Sueño , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
CONTEXT: The skill sets of athletic trainers (ATs) provide a unique contribution to the US military's optimization of physical readiness, and these positions are becoming more prevalent. However, knowledge regarding the job characteristics of, and ATs' preparation for, employment in a military setting is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the position and clinician characteristics of ATs working with military members and document their perceptions of working in the military setting. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Online survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 53 ATs who currently or formerly worked in the military setting. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A Web-based survey with closed- and open-ended questions was distributed via e-mail and social media. Closed-ended data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, and open-ended questions were evaluated for common themes using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Respondents were primarily males (n = 31, 58.5%), had a master's degree (n = 42, 79.2%), and were not current or former service members (n = 46, 86.8%). Positions were primarily full time (n = 50, 94.3%), contracted with an independent company (n = 27, 50.9%), and within the Army (n = 24, 45.3%). The ATs were highly satisfied with their workload and ability to apply their skill set. Qualitative analysis revealed 3 themes: (1) the context of clinical practice in the military (eg, rewarding, job scope, military environment), (2) the importance of clinical and interpersonal skills, and (3) the existence of multiple barriers (eg, hiring, military culture, lack of recognition). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, ATs working in the military setting were well-qualified practitioners who were very satisfied with their current positions, yet they also reported barriers, such as working within the military culture and lack of recognition of their skill set. Although ATs indicated a neutral belief that professional degree preparation was sufficient for this clinical practice setting, the qualitative themes provided additional career-preparation advice for individuals interested in this setting.
Asunto(s)
Empleo , Personal Militar , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Satisfacción en el Trabajo , Masculino , Cultura Organizacional , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Salarios y Beneficios , Habilidades Sociales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Carga de TrabajoRESUMEN
Identifying the external training load variables which influence subjective internal response will help reduce the mismatch between coach-intended and athlete-perceived training intensity. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce external training load measures into distinct principal components (PCs), plot internal training response (quantified via session Rating of Perceived Exertion [sRPE]) against the identified PCs and investigate how the prescription of PCs influences subjective internal training response. Twenty-nine school to international level youth athletes wore microtechnology units for field-based training sessions. SRPE was collected post-session and assigned to the microtechnology unit data for the corresponding training session. 198 rugby union, 145 field hockey and 142 soccer observations were analysed. The external training variables were reduced to two PCs for each sport cumulatively explaining 91%, 96% and 91% of sRPE variance in rugby union, field hockey and soccer, respectively. However, when internal response was plotted against the PCs, the lack of separation between low-, moderate- and high-intensity training sessions precluded further analysis as the prescription of the PCs do not appear to distinguish subjective session intensity. A coach may therefore wish to consider the multitude of physiological, psychological and environmental factors which influence sRPE alongside external training load prescription.
Asunto(s)
Percepción/fisiología , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/psicología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Deportes Juveniles/psicología , Adolescente , Femenino , Monitores de Ejercicio , Fútbol Americano/psicología , Hockey/psicología , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Acondicionamiento Físico Humano/fisiología , Análisis de Componente Principal , Estudios Prospectivos , Fútbol/psicología , Deportes Juveniles/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Exercise after breast cancer diagnosis and treatment improves cancer-related outcomes, although the mechanisms involved are not clear. This study evaluated the impact of exercise on body composition, strength, endurance, quality of life (QOL), fatigue, and endocrine and inflammatory biomarkers in breast cancer survivors participating in a highly monitored, clinically supervised, moderate-intensity exercise program. The association of hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers with the observed physiological changes was assessed. METHODS: Female breast cancer survivors (BCS; n = 46) who engaged in a goal-oriented 14-week triathlon exercise training program were compared to an untrained control group of female BCS (n = 16). Psychosocial metrics, QOL, cancer-related fatigue, and exercise self-efficacy were evaluated via pre- and post-exercise intervention questionnaires. Serum estradiol and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP), sTNFR1a, estradiol, leptin, and adiponectin) were measured prior to the exercise training program start and after the completion of the goal triathlon. RESULTS: After exercise training, the exercise group had lower BMI and arm circumferences. Greater positive change was noted in the trained group for QOL, fatigue, and self-efficacy questionnaires. Functional endurance improved in the trained but not the control group. Knee and elbow strength were not different between the groups, except that knee flexion at 180 degreesâsec-1 was higher in trained. The only significantly different biomarker was adiponectin, which decreased in the trained group. CONCLUSIONS: Group triathlon exercise training may be beneficial to BCS by significantly improving their psychosocial measures, functional endurance, and BMI.