Sistema organizativo para implementar el ejercicio de la atención farmacéutica hospitalaria en Santiago de Cuba / Organizational system for implementation of the pharmaceutical care practice at hospital in Santiago de Cuba province

INTRODUCCIÓN: a partir de 1990 se han desarrollado programas de Atención Farmacéutica en ambiente hospitalario, centrando su atención en el Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, sin embargo, la comunidad científica internacional farmacéutica visualiza problemáticas como la ausencia de un ejercicio sistematizado, continuo y permanente. OBJETIVO: diseñar un sistema organizativo para implementar el ejercicio de la atención farmacéutica como práctica profesional, en el ámbito hospitalario cubano, específicamente en la provincia Santiago de Cuba. MÉTODOS: para el diseño del sistema se aplicaron herramientas del método sistémico; se definieron: partes componentes, principios, estructura y representación gráfica, así como, características y enfoque. RESULTADOS: se propuso un sistema organizativo complejo, dinámico, probabilístico, adaptable e inestable, dependiente de la integración de factores interactuantes que son: sistema de relaciones esenciales, estructura, proceso y resultado; aplicable a cualquier actividad farmacéutica hospitalaria orientada a la clínica, bajo los conceptos de la atención farmacéutica. CONCLUSIONES: la implementación del sistema propuesto se podrá constituir en elevada contribución para la atención farmacéutica hospitalaria en Cuba, en la medida en que las recomendaciones puedan ser adoptadas por las autoridades sanitarias cubanas(AU)

INTRODUCTION: starting from 1990, several pharmaceutical care programs have been developed at the hospital setting, focused on the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of the patient. However, the international scientific community of pharmacists has envisaged some problems such as the lack of systematic, continuous and permanent implementation. OBJECTIVE: to design an organizational system to support the pharmaceutical care as a professional practice at the Cuban hospital settings, particularly in Santiago de Cuba province. METHODS: the systemic method tools were used for the system design and the components, the principles, the structure and the graphic presentation as well as the characteristics and the approach were all defined. RESULTS: acomplex, dynamic, probabilistic, adaptive and unstable system was put forward, which will depend on the integration of interacting factors as the following: System of essential relationships, Structure, Process and Result will be applicable to any clinic-oriented pharmaceutical activity at hospital under the concepts of the Pharmaceutical Care. CONCLUSIONS: the implementation of the suggested system could represent a significant contribution to the pharmaceutical care at hospital in Cuba as long as the Cuban health authorities adopt the recommendations made in this respect(AU)

[Drugs under temporary use authorisation: 50 years of French drug development]. / Les autorisations temporaires d' utilisation (ATU): 50 ans d' histoire de l' évolution de la réglementation des médicaments en France.

Drug under temporary use authorisation (authorisation temporaire d' utilisation - ATU) was created in 1994 in France. Before this date, various procedures controlled patients' use of imported drug and drug in process. The AIDS pandemy development in 80's and the need to control news drugs patients' use contributed to the ATU statement setting up. This regulatory statement allows companies to sell drugs without market drug authorisation (autorisation de mise sur le marché - AMM), the letter being done in adequation with good pharmaceutical quality and a satisfactory level of benefices/ risks ratio. It's a recent French drug evaluation evolution.

[Apothecaries in Dowai at the beginning of the 18th century]. / Les apothicaires douaisiens au début du XVIIIe siècle.

This article presents the rules and regulations governing the Corporation of Apothecaries in Douai at the beginning of the 18th century. The official statutes (ordonnances politiques) were drawn up by the municipal magistrates (échevins) shortly after Douai was annexed by France. They define the organisation of the training of candidates for the profession, the exams they had to take and the financial contributions that were due. They mention their relationship with doctors, surgeons and religious communities as well as their dealings with suppliers, retail and wholesale druggists and herbalists. Their widows'rights were guaranteed. A register, which gives summary accounts of the activities of the Corporation, shows how the rules were observed.

[The organization of pharmaceutical supply in Wielkopolska in the period from 1945 to 1998]. / Organizacja zaopatrzenia farmaceutycznego w Wielkopolsce w latach 1945-1998.

The Archive of the Poznan CEFARM, located in a three-story building at 15 Mostowa St. in Poznan, comprises a collection, difficult to assess in terms of its size, which documents the operations of pharmacies in Wielkopolska within nearly 50 years. A small part of this collection, i.e. only approximately 8-10 running meters of archives, constitutes the documents of management boards (which appear under different names) of entities which acted as a head-office for the pharmacies. Archives filed in portfolios and paginated documents are of diverse historical value. Numerous balance sheets indicating the execution of plans above the expected limits are less valuable. However, the minutes from the meetings of the boards of directors and the boards of the Trade Unions of the Medical Care Organization's employees as well as as post-audit reports of the Chief Board of Supervision are quite useful for a historian. The statistical data presenting the development of this entity and the reporting pharmacies sometimes Missing documents on the operations of the Independent and Autonomous Trade Union "Solidarity" from the periods 1980-1981 and 1989-1990 are a characteristic phenomenon. They were lost in unexplained circumstances. The organization of pharmaceutical supply in Poland in 1945-1998 is an interesting issue for research, since the State's political and economic system changed twice in this period. The abolition of private ownership in pharmacy and in the wholesale distribution of medicines, medical materials and sanitary goods in 1951 and the democratic changes commenced with the Round Table Negotiations in 1989 significantly influenced the system of pharmaceutical supply, which proves its strong dependence on politics. In 1945-1951 the system was characterised by excessive development of central and provincial administration, comprehensive reporting and, following the Soviet Union, the application of principles of central planning and central management. The establishment of the state's monopoly in the area of wholesale and retail distribution of medicines did not result in the considerable development of the network of pharmacies and increased availability of medicines expected by the society and proclaimed by the authorities. It was typical that the State-owned pharmaceutical wholesalers, existing in 1951-1989, aimed at indoctrinating their staff through a broad offer of social benefits available in a wider range for those persons who participated in welfare work and other profession unrelated activities of ideological nature.