[Toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids]. / Toxicologie des cannabinoïdes de synthèse.

Synthetic cannabinoids (CS), or synthetic endocannabinoid receptor agonists, were initially synthesized for basic research into exocannabinoid signaling pathways, as well as in clinical research for their analgesic properties. The use of CS for recreational purposes is a recent phenomenon, but one that has grown very quickly in recent years, since these molecules now represent the main category of new synthetic products (NPS). This literature review aims to bring together current data regarding the use and effects caused by CS in humans. The relationship between the structure and activity of these CSs, the pharmacology and adverse effects of these CSs and finally the different methods of analyzing CSs. A better understanding of this phenomenon is essential to raise awareness among stakeholders in the health field.

Cardiotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs: role of cannabinoid receptors.

Drug-induced cardiotoxicity has become one of the most common and detrimental health concerns, which causes significant loss to public health and drug resources. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have recently achieved great attention for their vital roles in the regulation of heart health and disease, with mounting evidence linking CBRs with the pathogenesis and progression of drug-induced cardiotoxicity. This review aims to summarize fundamental characteristics of two well-documented CBRs (CB1R and CB2R) from aspects of molecular structure, signaling and their functions in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, we describe the roles of CB1R and CB2R in the occurrence of cardiotoxicity induced by common drugs such as antipsychotics, anti-cancer drugs, marijuana, and some emerging synthetic cannabinoids. We highlight the 'yin-yang' relationship between CB1R and CB2R in drug-induced cardiotoxicity and propose future perspectives for CBR-based translational medicine toward cardiotoxicity curation and clinical monitoring.

[Protective effect of intervention with cannabinoid type-2 receptor agonist JWH133 on pulmonary fibrosis in mice].

Objective: JWH133, a cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist, was tested for its ability to protect mice from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: By using a random number generator, 24 C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into the control group, model group, JWH133 intervention group, and JWH133+a cannabinoid type-2 receptor antagonist (AM630) inhibitor group, with 6 mice in each group. A mouse pulmonary fibrosis model was established by tracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg/kg). Starting from the first day after modeling, the control group mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and the model group mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The JWH133 intervention group mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 ml of JWH133 (2.5 mg/kg, dissolved in physiological saline), and the JWH133+AM630 antagonistic group mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 ml of JWH133 (2.5 mg/kg) and AM630 (2.5 mg/kg). After 28 days, all mice were killed; the lung tissue was obtained, pathological changes were observed, and alveolar inflammation scores and Ashcroft scores were calculated. The content of type Ⅰ collagen in the lung tissue of the four groups of mice was measured using immunohistochemistry. The levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the serum of the four groups of mice were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in the lung tissue of the four groups of mice was measured. Western blotting was used to measure the protein expression levels of type Ⅲ collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), phosphorylated P-ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2), and phosphorylated ribosome S6 kinase type 1 (P-p90RSK) in the lung tissue of mice in the four groups. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression levels of collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, and α-SMA mRNA in the lung tissue of the four groups of mice. Results: Compared with the control group, the pathological changes in the lung tissue of the model group mice worsened, with an increase in alveolar inflammation score (3.833±0.408 vs. 0.833±0.408, P<0.05), an increase in Ashcroft score (7.333±0.516 vs. 2.000±0.633, P<0.05), an increase in type Ⅰ collagen absorbance value (0.065±0.008 vs. 0.018±0.006, P<0.05), an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, and an increase in hydroxyproline levels [(1.551±0.051) µg/mg vs. (0.974±0.060) µg/mg, P<0.05]. Compared with the model group, the JWH133 intervention group showed reduced pathological changes in lung tissue, decreased alveolar inflammation score (1.833±0.408, P<0.05), decreased Ashcroft score (4.167±0.753, P<0.05), decreased type Ⅰ collagen absorbance value (0.032±0.004, P<0.05), reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased hydroxyproline levels [(1.148±0.055) µg/mg, P<0.05]. Compared with the JWH133 intervention group, the JWH133+AM630 antagonistic group showed more severe pathological changes in the lung tissue of mice, increased alveolar inflammation score and Ashcroft score, increased type Ⅰ collagen absorbance value, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased hydroxyproline levels. Compared with the control group, the expression of α-SMA, type Ⅲ collagen, P-ERK1/2, and P-p90RSK proteins in the lung tissue of the model group mice increased, while the expression of type Ⅰ collagen, type Ⅲ collagen, and α-SMA mRNA increased. Compared with the model group, the protein expression of α-SMA (relative expression 0.60±0.17 vs. 1.34±0.19, P<0.05), type Ⅲ collagen (relative expression 0.52±0.09 vs. 1.35±0.14, P<0.05), P-ERK1/2 (relative expression 0.32±0.11 vs. 1.14±0.14, P<0.05), and P-p90RSK (relative expression 0.43±0.14 vs. 1.15±0.07, P<0.05) decreased in the JWH133 intervention group. The type Ⅰ collagen mRNA (2.190±0.362 vs. 5.078±0.792, P<0.05), type Ⅲ collagen mRNA (1.750±0.290 vs. 4.935±0.456, P<0.05), and α-SMA mRNA (1.588±0.060 vs. 5.192±0.506, P<0.05) decreased. Compared with the JWH133 intervention group, the JWH133+AM630 antagonistic group increased the expression of α-SMA, type Ⅲ collagen, P-ERK1/2, and P-p90RSK protein in the lung tissue of mice, and increased the expression of type Ⅲ collagen and α-SMA mRNA. Conclusion: In mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the cannabinoid type-2 receptor agonist JWH133 inhibited inflammation and improved extracellular matrix deposition, which alleviated lung fibrosis. The underlying mechanism of action may be related to the activation of the ERK1/2-RSK1 signaling pathway.

Gestational paracetamol exposure induces core behaviors of neurodevelopmental disorders in infant rats and modifies response to a cannabinoid agonist in females.

Paracetamol (PAR) is an over-the-counter analgesic/antipyretic used during pregnancy worldwide. Epidemiological studies have been associating gestational PAR exposure with neurobehavioral alterations in the progeny resembling autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. The endocannabinoid (eCB) dysfunction was previously hypothesized as one of the modes of action by which PAR may harm the developing nervous system. We aimed to evaluate possible effects of gestational exposure to PAR on male and female rat's offspring behavior and if an acute injection of WIN 55,212-2 (WIN, 0.3 mg/kg), a non-specific cannabinoid agonist, prior to behavioral tests, would induce different effects in PAR exposed and non-exposed animals. Pregnant Wistar rats were gavaged with PAR (350 mg/kg/day) or water from gestational day 6 until delivery. Nest-seeking, open field, apomorphine-induced stereotypy, marble burying and three-chamber tests were conducted in 10-, 24-, 25- or 30-days-old rats, respectively. PAR exposure resulted in increased apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior and time spent in the central area of the open field in exposed female pups. Additionally, it induced hyperactivity in the open field and increased marble burying behavior in both male and female pups. WIN injection modified the behavioral response only in the nest seeking test, and opposite effects were observed in control and PAR-exposed neonate females. Reported alterations are relevant for the neurodevelopmental disorders that have been associated with maternal PAR exposure and suggest that eCB dysfunction may play a role in the action by which PAR may harm the developing brain.

[Intoxications with synthetic cannabinoids]. / Intoxicaties met synthetische cannabinoïden.

Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists (SCRAs) are a group of New Psychoactive Substances. They are used recreationally to mimic the effects of THC in cannabis. However, THC is a partial agonist of the CB1-receptor and SCRAs are full agonists. Because of this specificity and potency serious adverse events may occur among which psychological, cardiovascular, and gastro-intestinal symptoms. Because of the low incidence in the Netherlands clinical information on SCRA intoxications is limited, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. In this clinical lesson, two cases of SCRA intoxications are described followed by treatment recommendations.

[Intoxications with synthetic cannabinoids]. / Intoxicaties met synthetische cannabinoïden.

Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists (SCRAs) are a group of New Psychoactive Substances. They are used recreationally to mimic the effects of THC in cannabis. However, THC is a partial agonist of the CB1-receptor and SCRAs are full agonists. Because of this specificity and potency serious adverse events may occur among which psychological, cardiovascular, and gastro-intestinal symptoms. Because of the low incidence in the Netherlands clinical information on SCRA intoxications is limited, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. In this clinical lesson, two cases of SCRA intoxications are described followed by treatment recommendations.

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial of Cannabis in Adults with Tourette Syndrome.

Background: The number of effective evidence-based treatment options for patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) is limited. Emerging evidence shows cannabinoids as promising for the treatment of tics. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of single doses of three vaporized medical cannabis products and placebo in reducing tics in adults with TS. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, each participant received a vaporized single 0.25 g dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 10%, THC/cannabidiol (CBD) 9%/9%, CBD 13%, and placebo at 2-week intervals. Our primary outcome was the Modified Rush Video-Based Tic Rating Scale (MRVTRS), taken at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 h after dose administration. Secondary measures included the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS), Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I). Correlations between outcomes and cannabinoid plasma levels were calculated. Tolerability measures included open-ended and specific questions about adverse events (AEs). Results: Twelve adult patients with TS were randomized, with nine completing the study. There was no statistically significant effect of product on the MRVTRS. However, there was a significant effect of THC 10%, and to a lesser extent THC/CBD 9%9%, versus placebo on the PUTS, SUDS, and CGI-I. As well, there were significant correlations between plasma levels of THC and its metabolites, but not CBD, with MRVTRS, PUTS, and SUDS measures. There were more AEs from all cannabis products relative to placebo, and more AEs from THC 10% versus other cannabis products, particularly cognitive and psychomotor effects. Most participants correctly identified whether they had received cannabis or placebo. Conclusions: In this pilot randomized controlled trial of cannabis for tics in TS, there was no statistically significant difference on the MRVTRS for any of the cannabis products, although the THC 10% product was significantly better than placebo on the secondary outcome measures. Also, THC and metabolite plasma levels correlated with improvement on all measures. The THC 10% product resulted in the most AEs. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03247244.

Cannabidiol and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Interactions in Male and Female Rats With Persistent Inflammatory Pain.

Cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 2 of the primary constituents of cannabis, are used by some individuals to self-treat chronic pain. It is unclear whether the pain-relieving effects of CBD alone and in combination with THC are consistent across genders and among types of pain. The present study compared the effects of CBD and THC given alone and in combination in male and female rats with Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain. After induction of hindpaw inflammation, vehicle, CBD (0.05-2.5 mg/kg), THC (0.05-2.0 mg/kg), or a CBD:THC combination (3:1, 1:1, or 1:3 dose ratio) was administered i.p. twice daily for 3 days. Then on day 4, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, weight-bearing, and locomotor activity were assessed 0.5 to 4 hours after administration of the same dose combination. Hindpaw edema and open field (anxiety-like) behaviors were measured thereafter. THC alone was anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic, and decreased paw thickness, locomotion, and open field behaviors. CBD alone was anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic. When combined with THC, CBD tended to decrease THC effects on pain-related behaviors and exacerbate THC-induced anxiety-like behaviors, particularly in females. These results suggest that at the doses tested, CBD-THC combinations may be less beneficial than THC alone for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain. PERSPECTIVE: The present study compared CBD and THC effects alone and in combination in male and female rats with persistent inflammatory pain. This study could help clinicians who prescribe cannabis-based medicines for inflammatory pain conditions determine which cannabis constituents may be most beneficial.

The Effects of Cannabinoid Agonist, Heat Shock Protein 90 and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors on Increasing IL-13 and IL-31 Levels in Chronic Pruritus.

BACKGROUND: Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor and cannabinoid agonists ameliorate dry skin-induced chronic itch. We have recently reported that cannabinoids, hsp90 and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in dry skin-induced itch. Here, we investigated the contribution of the Th2 cell signaling pathway to the antipruritic effect of the hsp90 inhibitor 17-Alilamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 on a dry skin-induced scratch. METHODS: Dry skin-induced chronic itching was created by topical application of AEW (acetone/diethyl ether/water). WIN 55,212-2 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), L-NAME (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and increasing doses of 17-AAG (1, 3 and 5 mg/kg,i.p.) were administered to Balb/c mice (for each group, n = 6). After these applications, skin tissues were taken from the nape region of all of the mice. Gene and protein expressions of IL-13 and IL-31 were evaluated in skin tissues by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: IL-13 and IL-31 mRNA expressions and immune positive cell counts were increased in the AEW applied groups. WIN 55,212-2 reduced both of the increased cytokines levels, while L-NAME decreased only the IL-13. 17-AAG dose-dependently reduced the increased cytokine levels. IL-13 and IL-31 levels significantly decreased following the co-administration of these agents. CONCLUSION: These results show that increased levels of IL-13 and IL-31 are associated with pruritus. Hsp90 inhibition and cannabinoid system activation may induce antipruritic effects through down-regulation of these cytokines.

Trends in hospital presentations following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure before and after implementation of the 2016 UK Psychoactive Substances Act.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The United Kingdom (UK) Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA), implemented on the 26th  May 2016, made the production, supply and sale of all non-exempted psychoactive substances illegal. The aim of this study was to measure trends in hospital presentations for severe toxicity following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) exposure before and after implementation of the PSA. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Thirty-four hospitals across the UK participating in the Identification of Novel Psychoactive Substances (IONA) study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 627 (79.9% male) consenting individuals who presented to participating hospitals between July 2015 and December 2019 with severe acute toxicity and suspected novel psychoactive substances exposure. MEASUREMENTS: Toxicological analyses of patient samples were conducted using liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. Time-series analysis was conducted on the monthly number of patients with and without analytically confirmed SCRA exposure using Poisson segmented regression. FINDINGS: SCRAs were detected in 35.7% (n = 224) of patients. After adjusting for seasonality and the number of active sites, models showed no clear evidence of an upward or downward trend in the number of SCRA exposure cases in the period before (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99-1.26; P = 0.068) or after (IRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-1.01; P = 0.202) the implementation of the PSA. There was also no clear evidence of an upward or downward trend in non-SCRA exposure cases before (IRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.98-1.27; P = 0.105) or after (IRR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.98-1.04; P = 0.478) implementation of the PSA. CONCLUSIONS: There is no clear evidence of an upward or downward trend in the number of patients presenting to UK hospitals with severe acute toxicity following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure since the implementation of the Psychoactive Substances Act.

Safety and Efficacy of Lenabasum, a Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonist, in Patients with Dermatomyositis with Refractory Skin Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options are limited for skin disease in dermatomyositis. Lenabasum is a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist that triggers the resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lenabasum in patients with refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis. DESIGN: This study was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study conducted from July 2015 to August 2017. POPULATION: The population included subjects aged ≥18 years with at least moderately active dermatomyositis skin activity by Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index activity ≥ 14 and failure or intolerance to hydroxychloroquine. INTERVENTION: Participants received 20 mg lenabasum daily for 28 days and then 20 mg twice per day for 56 days or placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was a change in Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index activity. Safety and other secondary efficacy assessments were performed till day 113. RESULTS: A total of 22 subjects were randomized to lenabasum (n = 11) or placebo (n = 11). No serious or severe adverse events were related to lenabasum, and no participants discontinued the study. The adjusted least-squares mean for Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index activity decreased more for lenabasum, and the difference was significant on day 113 (least-squares mean [standard error] difference = ‒6.5 [3.1], P = 0.038). Numerically greater improvements were seen in multiple secondary efficacy outcomes and biomarkers with lenabasum. CONCLUSION: Lenabasum treatment was well tolerated and was associated with greater improvement in Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index activity and multiple efficacy outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02466243.

Fourth generation of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: a summary on the latest insights.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: From few years, an emerging number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) entered the illicit market. NPS are designed to be similar to the effects of classical drugs of abuse, with increased effects and duration. Synthetic cannabinoids are cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), some of the most abused NPS. METHODS: We have herein briefly highlighted current relevant available information on the newest SCRAs generation, with relevant structural remarks as to the distinctive traits of such substances. RESULTS: Compared to the previous SCRAs generations, the structures of the last generation result in increased affinity for and efficacy at cannabinoid CB1 receptors, which are thought to be mainly responsible for the psychoactive effects of THC and its analogues. Accordingly, these more potent cannabimimetic effects may increase the number of adverse reactions such as neurological disorders, psychiatric episodes and deaths. In the last decade, more than a hundred SCRAs from different chemical classes emerged on the illicit web market. SCRAs have been thoroughly studied and the last generations include increasingly potent and toxic compounds, posing a potentially daunting health threat to consumers. CONCLUSIONS: From November 2017 to February 2021, at least 20 new "fourth-generation" SCRAs were formally reported to international drug agencies. Our understanding about the neurotoxicity of these compounds is still limited, due to the lack of global data, but their potency and their toxicity are likely higher than those of the previous generations.

Medial prefrontal cortex mechanisms of cannabidiol-induced aversive memory reconsolidation impairments.

Growing evidence indicates that cannabidiol (CBD), a substance present in the Cannabis sativa plant, has potential therapeutic value to regulate abnormal emotional memories associated with post-traumatic stress and drug use disorders. CBD can attenuate their valence after retrieval (i.e., during reconsolidation) or potentiate their suppression by extinction. Pharmacological research has now focused on elucidating how it acts. Systemic antagonism of cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors has often prevented the abovementioned effects of CBD. However, it is unknown in which brain regions CBD stimulates CB1 receptors and how it interferes with local activity-related plasticity to produce these effects. The present study addressed these questions considering the reconsolidation of contextual fear memories in rats. We focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which comprises the anterior cingulate (AC), prelimbic (PL), and infralimbic (IL) subregions, as local activity or plasticity has been associated with the process to-be-investigated. Animals that received post-retrieval systemic CBD treatment presented relatively fewer cells expressing Zif268/Egr1 protein, a proxy for synaptic plasticity related to reconsolidation, in the AC and PL. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the IL. Pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 into the AC, PL, or IL prevented the impairing effects of systemic CBD treatment on reconsolidation. CBD also caused reconsolidation impairments when injected directly into the AC or PL but not the IL. Together, these findings show complementary mechanisms through which CBD may hinder the reconsolidation of destabilized aversive memories along the dorsoventral axis of the mPFC.

Cannabidiol Interferes with Establishment of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Nausea Through a 5-HT1A Mechanism.

Introduction: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by intense nausea and vomiting brought on by the use of high-dose Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychotropic compound in cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychotropic compound found in cannabis, has been shown to interfere with some acute aversive effects of THC. In this study, we evaluated if CBD would interfere with THC-induced nausea through a 5-HT1A receptor mechanism as it has been shown to interfere with nausea produced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Since CHS has been attributed to a dysregulated stress response, we also evaluated if CBD would interfere with THC-induced increase in corticosterone (CORT). Materials and Methods: The potential of CBD (5 mg/kg, ip) to suppress THC-induced conditioned gaping (a measure of nausea) was evaluated in rats, as well as the potential of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY-100635 (WAY; 0.1 mg/kg, ip), to reverse the suppression of THC-induced conditioned gaping by CBD. Last, the effect of CBD (5 mg/kg, ip) on THC-induced increase in serum CORT concentration was evaluated. Results: Pretreatment with CBD (5 mg/kg, ip) interfered with the establishment of THC-induced conditioned gaping (p=0.007, relative to vehicle [VEH] pretreatment), and this was reversed by pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg WAY. This dose of WAY had no effect on gaping on its own. THC (10 mg/kg, ip) significantly increased serum CORT compared with VEH-treated rats (p=0.04). CBD (5 mg/kg, ip) pretreatment reversed the THC-induced increase in CORT. Conclusions: CBD attenuated THC-induced nausea as well as THC-induced elevation in CORT. The attenuation of THC-induced conditioned gaping by CBD was mediated by its action on 5-HT1A receptors, similar to that of LiCl-induced nausea.

QTc prolongation in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome patients exposed to antiemetics: A retrospective chart review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of QT prolongation in patients treated for Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) in the emergency department. METHODS: This was a retrospective comprehensive chart review of patients in the University of Colorado Health Emergency Department. Charts were identified by ICD9/10 codes from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2014 for cannabis use and data were manually abstracted. We performed chi-square and odds ratios, stratified by drug, to determine differences in medication induced QTc prolongation and performed logistic regression to predict prolongation greater than 500 ms. We captured adverse events from medications as a secondary outcome. RESULTS: We found 282 cases of CHS during the study period. There were no significant differences between the median post-medication QTc value stratified by drug when all medications were analyzed simultaneously. A multiple logistic regression model showed that only a potassium below 3.0 mmol/L predicted QT prolongation greater than 500 msec. CONCLUSION: Anti-emetics used to treat CHS did not result in significant QTC prolongation in this cohort.

Acute effects of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on autonomic cardiac activity and their relation to subjective and anxiogenic effects.

Cannabis is the most commonly used psychotropic drug in the United States, after alcohol. Despite its apparent sedative and calming effects, cannabis and its main psychoactive constituent, ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can produce serious adverse effects including tachycardia and anxiety. These effects can be especially pronounced in women, who remain underrepresented in clinical cannabinoid research. The present study is one of the first to characterize the effects of single doses of oral THC on autonomic nervous system function in healthy adult women. Occasional female cannabis users participated in three laboratory sessions in which they received oral THC (7.5 and 15 mg) and placebo. Autonomic measures included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pre-ejection period (PEP) a measure of cardiac sympathetic functioning, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) a measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. Autonomic responses were examined in relation to subjective drug effects. THC dose-dependently increased HR, decreased HF-HRV, and increased ratings of feeling a drug effect, cannabis-like intoxication, and anxiety. Although the drug did not significantly affect BP or PEP, HR was negatively related to both PEP and HF-HRV. HF-HRV, the measure of parasympathetic activity, was significantly negatively related to subjective measures of cannabis intoxication (but not anxiety) at the 15 mg dose only. PEP was not significantly related to any subjective measure. These results extend our knowledge of the autonomic effects of THC in relation to subjective drug experience. This and future studies will help us to understand risk factors related to cannabis use.

Clinical withdrawal symptom profile of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and comparison of effects with high potency cannabis.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) may be used as an alternative to natural cannabis; however, they may carry a greater risk of problematic use and withdrawal. This study aimed to characterise the withdrawal symptom profile of SCRAs and compare their profile of effect with high-potency herbal cannabis. Global Drug Survey data (2015 and 2016) were used to access a clinically relevant sample of people reporting use of SCRAs >10 times in the past 12-months, a previous SCRA quit attempt, and lifetime use of high-potency herbal cannabis. Participants completed an 11-item SCRA withdrawal symptom checklist and compared SCRAs and high-potency herbal cannabis on their onset and duration of effects, speed of the development of tolerance, severity of withdrawal, and difficulty with dose titration. Participants (n = 284) reported experiencing a mean of 4.4 (95% CI: 4.1, 4.8) withdrawal symptoms after not using SCRAs for >1 day; most frequently reported were sleep issues (59.2%), irritability (55.6%), and low mood (54.2%). Withdrawal symptoms were significantly associated with frequency (>51 vs. 11-50 times per year: IRR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.77, p = 0.005) and quantity (grams per session: IRR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.22, p = 0.001) of SCRA use. Compared to high-potency herbal cannabis, SCRAs were rated as having a faster onset and shorter duration of effects, faster development of tolerance, and more severe withdrawal (p's < 0.001). In conclusion, SCRA withdrawal symptoms are more likely to occur after greater SCRA exposure. The effects of SCRA indicate a more severe withdrawal syndrome and a greater risk of problematic use than natural cannabis.

Fourth Generation of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: A Review on the Latest Insights.

BACKGROUND: Over the past few years, an emerging number of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) entered the illicit market. NPSs are designed to resemble the effects of classical drugs of abuse, reinforcing their effects and duration. Among the most abused NPS, synthetic cannabinoids are cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) that mimic the effect of the main psychotropic phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). METHODS: We herein reviewed the international literature to provide available information on the newest SCRAs generation. RESULTS: Compared to the previous SCRAs generations, the structures of the last generation result in increased affinity for and efficacy at cannabinoid CB1 receptors, which are thought to be mainly responsible for the psychoactive effects of THC and its analogues. Accordingly, these more potent cannabimimetic effects may increase the number of adverse reactions such as neurological disorders (e.g., psychosis, agitation, irritability, paranoia, confusion, and anxiety), psychiatric episodes (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, self-harm), other physical conditions (e.g., tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever) and deaths. In the last decade, more than a hundred SCRAs from different chemical classes emerged on the illicit web market. SCRAs have been thoroughly studied: they were physico-chemically characterized, and pharmaco-toxicological characteristics were investigated. The last SCRAs generations include increasingly potent and toxic compounds, posing a potential health threat to consumers. CONCLUSION: From November 2017 to February 2021, at least 20 new "fourth-generation" SCRAs were formally reported to international drug agencies. Our understanding of the neurotoxicity of these compounds is still limited due to the lack of global data, but their potency and their toxicity are likely higher than those of the previous generations.

The Effects of the Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin, Cannabinoid Agonist WIN 55,212-2, and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride on the Serotonin and Dry Skin-Induced Itch.

INTRODUCTION: In many types of itch, the interaction between immune system cells, keratinocytes, and sensory nerves involved in the transmission of itch is quite complex. Especially for patients with chronic itching, current treatments are insufficient, and their quality of life deteriorates significantly. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2, and nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) in pruritus. METHODS: We created a serotonin (5-HT)-induced (50 µg/µL/mouse, i.d.) acute and acetone-ether-water (AEW)-induced chronic itching models. 17-AAG (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]), WIN 55,212-2 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and L-NAME (1 mg/kg, i.p.) were applied to Balb/c mice. RESULTS: We found that 17-AAG suppressed the scratches of mice, depending on the dose. The itch behavior was reduced by WIN 55,212-2, but L-NAME showed no antipruritic effect at the administered dose. The combined application of these agents in both pruritus models showed synergism in terms of the antipruritic effect. Our results showed that NO did not play a role in the antipruritic effect of WIN 55,212-2 and 17-AAG. Increased plasma IgE levels with AEW treatment decreased with the administration of 17-AAG (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and WIN 55,212-2. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that Hsp90 may play a role in the peripheral pathway of pruritus, and cannabinoid agonists and Hsp90 inhibitors can be used together in the treatment of pruritus.

Metabolic Consequences of Gestational Cannabinoid Exposure.

Up to 20% of pregnant women ages 18-24 consume cannabis during pregnancy. Moreover, clinical studies indicate that cannabis consumption during pregnancy leads to fetal growth restriction (FGR), which is associated with an increased risk of obesity, type II diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease in the offspring. This is of great concern considering that the concentration of Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a major psychoactive component of cannabis, has doubled over the last decade and can readily cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation, with the potential to negatively impact fetal development via the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. Cannabis exposure in utero could also lead to FGR via placental insufficiency. In this review, we aim to examine current pre-clinical and clinical findings on the direct effects of exposure to cannabis and its constituents on fetal development as well as indirect effects, namely placental insufficiency, on postnatal metabolic diseases.