Anti-quorum sensing activity of α-amidoamides against Agrobacterium tumefaciensNT1: Insights from molecular docking and dynamic investigations to synergistic approach of metronidazole release from gel formulations.

A unique approach is imperative for the development of drugs aimed at inhibiting various stages of infection, rather than solely focusing on bacterial viability. Among the array of unconventional targets explored for formulating novel antimicrobial medications, blocking the quorum-sensing (QS) system emerges as a highly effective and promising strategy against a variety of pathogenic microbes. In this investigation, we have successfully assessed nine α-aminoamides for their anti-QS activity using Agrobacterium tumefaciensNT1 as a biosensor strain. Among these compounds, three (2, 3and, 4) have been identified as potential anti-QS candidates. Molecular docking studies have further reinforced these findings, indicating that these compounds exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, we have assessed the ligand's stability within the protein's binding pocket using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MMGBSA analysis. Further, combination of antiquorum sensing properties with antibiotics viaself-assembly represents a promising approach to enhance antibacterial efficacy, overcome resistance, and mitigate the virulence of bacterial pathogens. The release study also reflects a slow and gradual release of the metronidazole at both pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, avoiding the peaks and troughs associated with more immediate release formulations.

Moringa oleifera seeds-removed ripened pods as alternative for papersheet production: antimicrobial activity and their phytoconstituents profile using HPLC.

In the present study, and for the waste valorization, Moringa oleifera seeds-removed ripened pods (SRRP) were used for papersheet production and for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Fibers were characterized by SEM-EDX patterns, while the phytoconstituents in ethanol extract was analyzed by HPLC. The inhibition percentage of fungal mycelial growth (IFMG) of the treated Melia azedarach wood with M. oleifera SRRP extract at the concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 µg/mL against the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium culmorum was calculated and compared with fluconazole (25 µg). The produced papersheet was treated with the ethanol extract (4000, 2000, and 1000 µg/mL) and assayed for its antibacterial activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia amylovora, and Pectobacterium atrosepticum by measuring the inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). According to chemical analysis of M. oleifera SRRP, benzene:alcohol extractives, holocellulose, lignin, and ash contents were 7.56, 64.94, 25.66 and 1.53%, respectively, while for the produced unbleached pulp, the screen pulp yield and the Kappa number were 39% and 25, respectively. The produced papersheet showed tensile index, tear index, burst index, and double fold number values of 58.8 N m/g, 3.38 mN m2/g, 3.86 kPa m2/g, and 10.66, respectively. SEM examination showed that the average fiber diameter was 16.39 µm, and the mass average of for elemental composition of C and O by EDX were, 44.21%, and 55.79%, respectively. The main phytoconstituents in the extract (mg/100 g extract) by HPLC were vanillic acid (5053.49), benzoic acid (262.98), naringenin (133.02), chlorogenic acid (66.16), and myricetin (56.27). After 14 days of incubation, M. oleifera SRRP extract-wood treated showed good IFMG against R. solani (36.88%) and F. culmorum (51.66%) compared to fluconazole, where it observed 42.96% and 53.70%, respectively. Moderate to significant antibacterial activity was found, where the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 500, 650, and 250 µg/mL against the growth of A. tumefaciens, E. amylovora, and P. atrosepticum respectively, which were lower than the positive control used (Tobramycin 10 µg/disc). In conclusion, M. oleifera SRRP showed promising properties as a raw material for pulp and paper production as well as for the extraction of bioactive compounds.

A Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens ExoR ortholog is not crucial for Brucella abortus virulence.

Brucella is a facultative extracellular-intracellular pathogen that belongs to the Alphaproteobacteria class. Precise sensing of environmental changes and a proper response mediated by a gene expression regulatory network are essential for this pathogen to survive. The plant-related Alphaproteobacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens also alternate from a free to a host-associated life, where a regulatory invasion switch is needed for this transition. This switch is composed of a two-component regulatory system (TCS) and a global inhibitor, ExoR. In B. abortus, the BvrR/BvrS TCS is essential for intracellular survival. However, the presence of a TCS inhibitor, such as ExoR, in Brucella is still unknown. In this work, we identified a genomic sequence similar to S. meliloti exoR in the B. abortus 2308W genome, constructed an exoR mutant strain, and performed its characterization through ex vivo and in vivo assays. Our findings indicate that ExoR is related to the BvrR phosphorylation state, and is related to the expression of known BvrR/BrvS gene targets, such as virB8, vjbR, and omp25 when grown in rich medium or starving conditions. Despite this, the exoR mutant strain showed no significant differences as compared to the wild-type strain, related to resistance to polymyxin B or human non-immune serum, intracellular replication, or infectivity in a mice model. ExoR in B. abortus is related to BvrR/BvrS as observed in other Rhizobiales; however, its function seems different from that observed for its orthologs described in A. tumefaciens and S. meliloti.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Nuclear Transformation of a Biotechnologically Important Microalga-Euglena gracilis.

Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) is an attractive organism due to its evolutionary history and substantial potential to produce biochemicals of commercial importance. This study describes the establishment of an optimized protocol for the genetic transformation of E. gracilis mediated by Agrobacterium (A. tumefaciens). E. gracilis was found to be highly sensitive to hygromycin and zeocin, thus offering a set of resistance marker genes for the selection of transformants. A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) yielded hygromycin-resistant cells. However, hygromycin-resistant cells hosting the gus gene (encoding ß-glucuronidase (GUS)) were found to be GUS-negative, indicating that the gus gene had explicitly been silenced. To circumvent transgene silencing, GUS was expressed from the nuclear genome as transcriptional fusions with the hygromycin resistance gene (hptII) (encoding hygromycin phosphotransferase II) with the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)-derived 2A self-cleaving sequence placed between the coding sequences. ATMT of Euglena with the hptII-2A-gus gene yielded hygromycin-resistant, GUS-positive cells. The transformation was verified by PCR amplification of the T-DNA region genes, determination of GUS activity, and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Cocultivation factors optimization revealed that a higher number of transformants was obtained when A. tumefaciens LBA4404 (A600 = 1.0) and E. gracilis (A750 = 2.0) cultures were cocultured for 48 h at 19 °C in an organic medium (pH 6.5) containing 50 µM acetosyringone. Transformation efficiency of 8.26 ± 4.9% was achieved under the optimized cocultivation parameters. The molecular toolkits and method presented here can be used to bioengineer E. gracilis for producing high-value products and fundamental studies.

Optimization of Micropropagation and Genetic Transformation Protocols for Paulownia elongata : A Short Rotation Fast Growing Bioenergy Tree.

Various steps of micropropagation include selection of suitable explant, establishment of adventitious shoot induction cultures, proliferation, rooting, and acclimatization of the resulting plantlets. A systematic protocol is provided for the micropropagation and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of a fast growing, multipurpose tree, Paulownia elongata. Our studies show that optimum shoot induction is on half leaf with petiole explant on MS medium supplemented with 25 µM thidiazuron and 10 µM indole-3 acetic acid. Micropropagation protocols provided here are applicable to explants collected from the primed in vitro raised seedlings on MS medium containing 2.5 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or actively growing shoots collected from greenhouse or field growing plants. We also discuss a possible role of "Python" script guided protocol optimization for higher and consistent multiplication of shoots that can be very helpful for scaled up production in commercial settings. To facilitate future plant improvement and gene editing possibilities, an A. tumefaciens based genetic transformation protocol and molecular identification of transgenic plants using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) techniques have also been optimized.

Rational design of antimicrobial peptides targeting Gram-negative bacteria.

Membrane-targeting host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can kill or inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. However, the evolution of resistance among microbes poses a substantial barrier to the long-term utility of the host AMPs. Combining experiment and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that terminal carboxyl capping enhances both membrane insertion and antibacterial activity of an AMP called P1. Furthermore, we show that a bacterial strain with evolved resistance to this peptide becomes susceptible to P1 variants with either backbone capping or lysine-to-arginine substitutions. Our results suggest that cocktails of closely related AMPs may be useful in overcoming evolved resistance.

A LysR-type transcriptional regulator controls the expression of numerous small RNAs in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are universal posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression and hundreds of sRNAs are frequently found in each and every bacterium. In order to coordinate cellular processes in response to ambient conditions, many sRNAs are differentially expressed. Here, we asked how these small regulators are regulated using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a model system. Among the best-studied sRNAs in this plant pathogen are AbcR1 regulating numerous ABC transporters and PmaR, a regulator of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, motility, and ampicillin resistance. We report that the LysR-type regulator VtlR (also known as LsrB) controls expression of AbcR1 and PmaR. A vtlR/lsrB deletion strain showed growth defects, was sensitive to antibiotics and severely compromised in plant tumor formation. Transcriptome profiling by RNA-sequencing revealed more than 1,200 genes with altered expression in the mutant. Consistent with the function of VtlR/LsrB as regulator of AbcR1, many ABC transporter genes were affected. Interestingly, the transcription factor did not only control the expression of AbcR1 and PmaR. In the mutant, 102 sRNA genes were significantly up- or downregulated. Thus, our study uncovered VtlR/LsrB as the master regulator of numerous sRNAs. Thereby, the transcriptional regulator harnesses the regulatory power of sRNAs to orchestrate the expression of distinct sub-regulons.

Arsenate-Induced Changes in Bacterial Metabolite and Lipid Pools during Phosphate Stress.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens GW4 is a heterotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium with a high resistance to arsenic toxicity. It is now a model organism for studying the processes of arsenic detoxification and utilization. Previously, we demonstrated that under low-phosphate conditions, arsenate [As(V)] could enhance bacterial growth and be incorporated into biomolecules, including lipids. While the basic microbial As(V) resistance mechanisms have been characterized, global metabolic responses under low phosphate remain largely unknown. In the present work, the impacts of As(V) and low phosphate on intracellular metabolite and lipid profiles of GW4 were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) in combination with transcriptional assays and the analysis of intracellular ATP and NADH levels. Metabolite profiling revealed that oxidative stress response pathways were altered and suggested an increase in DNA repair. Changes in metabolite levels in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle along with increased ATP are consistent with As(V)-enhanced growth of A. tumefaciens GW4. Lipidomics analysis revealed that most glycerophospholipids decreased in abundance when As(V) was available. However, several glycerolipid classes increased, an outcome that is consistent with maximizing growth via a phosphate-sparing phenotype. Differentially regulated lipids included phosphotidylcholine and lysophospholipids, which have not been previously reported in A. tumefaciens The metabolites and lipids identified in this study deepen our understanding of the interplay between phosphate and arsenate on chemical and metabolic levels.IMPORTANCE Arsenic is widespread in the environment and is one of the most ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Parodoxically, the growth of certain bacteria is enhanced by arsenic when phosphate is limited. Arsenate and phosphate are chemically similar, and this behavior is believed to represent a phosphate-sparing phenotype in which arsenate is used in place of phosphate in certain biomolecules. The research presented here uses a global approach to track metabolic changes in an environmentally relevant bacterium during exposure to arsenate when phosphate is low. Our findings are relevant for understanding the environmental fate of arsenic as well as how human-associated microbiomes respond to this common toxin.

Exposure of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to agroinfiltration medium demonstrates cellular remodelling and may promote enhanced adaptability for molecular pharming.

Agroinfiltration is used to treat plants with modified strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for the purpose of transient in planta expression of genes transferred from the bacterium. These genes encode valuable recombinant proteins for therapeutic or industrial applications. Treatment of large quantities of plants for industrial-scale protein production exposes bacteria (harboring genes of interest) to agroinfiltration medium that is devoid of nutrients and carbon sources for prolonged periods of time (possibly upwards of 24 h). Such conditions may negatively influence bacterial viability, infectivity of plant cells, and target protein production. Here, we explored the role of timing in bacterial culture preparation for agroinfiltration using mass spectrometry-based proteomics to define changes in cellular processes. We observed distinct profiles associated with bacterial treatment conditions and exposure timing, including significant changes in proteins involved in pathogenesis, motility, and nutrient acquisition systems as the bacteria adapt to the new environment. These data suggest a progression towards increased cellular remodelling over time. In addition, we described changes in growth- and environment-specific processes over time, underscoring the interconnectivity of pathogenesis and chemotaxis-associated proteins with transport and metabolism. Overall, our results have important implications for the production of transiently expressed target protein products, as prolonged exposure to agroinfiltration medium suggests remodelling of the bacterial proteins towards enhanced infection of plant cells.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Deploys a Versatile Antibacterial Strategy To Increase Its Competitiveness.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread antibacterial weapon capable of secreting multiple effectors for inhibition of competitor cells. Most of the effectors in the system share the same purpose of target intoxication, but the rationale for maintaining various types of effectors in a species is not well studied. In this study, we showed that a peptidoglycan amidase effector in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Tae, cleaves d-Ala-meso-diaminopimelic acid (mDAP) and d-Glu bonds in peptidoglycan and is able to suppress the growth of Escherichia coli recipient cells. The growth suppression was effective only under the condition in which E. coli cells are actively growing. In contrast, the Tde DNase effectors in the strain possessed a dominant killing effect under carbon starvation. Microscopic analysis showed that Tde triggers cell elongation and DNA degradation, while Tae causes cell enlargement without DNA damage in E. coli recipient cells. In a rich medium, A. tumefaciens harboring only functional Tae was able to maintain competitiveness among E. coli and its own sibling cells. Growth suppression and the competitive advantage of A. tumefaciens were abrogated when recipient cells produced the Tae-specific immunity protein Tai. Given that Tae is highly conserved among A. tumefaciens strains, the combination of Tae and Tde effectors could allow A. tumefaciens to better compete with various competitors by increasing its survival during changing environmental conditions.IMPORTANCE The T6SS encodes multiple effectors with diverse functions, but little is known about the biological significance of harboring such a repertoire of effectors. We reported that the T6SS antibacterial activity of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be enhanced under carbon starvation or when recipient cell wall peptidoglycan is disturbed. This led to a newly discovered role for the T6SS peptidoglycan amidase Tae effector in providing a growth advantage dependent on the growth status of the target cell. This is in contrast to the Tde DNase effectors that are dominant during carbon starvation. Our study suggests that combining Tae and other effectors could allow A. tumefaciens to increase its competitiveness among changing environmental conditions.

Direct anti-biofilm effects of macrolides on Acinetobacter baumannii: comprehensive and comparative demonstration by a simple assay using microtiter plate combined with peg-lid.

Recently, opportunistic nosocomial infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. The pathogen often establishes biofilms that adhere to medical devices, causing chronic infections refractory to antimicrobial therapy. Clinical reports have indicated that some macrolide antibiotics are effective against chronic biofilm-related infections. In this study, we examined the direct anti-biofilm effects of seven macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, josamycin, spiramycin, fidaxomicin, and ivermectin) on A. baumannii using a simple and newly established in vitro assay system for the swift and serial spectrophotometric determinations of two biofilm-amount indexes of viability and biomass. These macrolides were found to possess direct anti-biofilm effects exerting specific anti-biofilm effects not exclusively depending on their bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects. The anti-biofilm effect of azithromycin was found to be the strongest, while those of fidaxomicin and ivermectin were weak and limited. These results provide insights into possible adjunctive chemotherapy with macrolides for A. baumannii infection. Common five macrolides also interfered with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL(pCF218) (pCF372) bioassay system of N-acyl homoserine lactones, providing insights into sample preparation for the bioassay, and putatively suggesting the actions of macrolides as remote signals in bacterial quorum sensing systems.

[The Microbiological Analysis of a Rhizobium radiobacter Outbreak After Intravitreal Injection]. / Intravitreal Enjeksiyon Sonrasi Ortaya Çikan Rhizobium radiobacter Salgininin Mikrobiyolojik Analizi.

Rhizobium radiobacter, which is found in nature and causes tumorigenic plant diseases can lead to opportunistic infections, especially in people with underlying diseases. In our study, endophthalmitis that observed in ten patients caused by R.radiobacter bacteria after intravitreal ranibizumab injection in Ophthalmology Clinic were examined microbiologically. Vitreous fluid samples of 13 patients who received intravitreal ranibizumab injection were sent to the Microbiology Laboratory from Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Medicine's Ophthalmology Clinic for microbiological examination in December 21, 2016. Samples were examined under microscope after staining with Gram and cultured with 5% sheep blood agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. The culture plates were incubated for 18-24 hours at 37°C in 5% CO2. At the end of this period, catalase, oxidase, and urease tests were performed on the colonies. The identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests of microorganisms growing in vitreous fluid samples were performed using BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, USA), Vitek 2 Compact (BioMerieux, France), and Vitek MS (BioMerieux, France) systems. In addition, 16S rDNA sequence analysis was performed and the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method was used to determine the clonal relationship between the isolates. After growing in cultures (one day after the procedure), culture samples were collected from the objects, medical tools and equipment, hands of healthcare staff and a new injection solution in the area where the procedure was performed. R.radiobacter was isolated in 10 of the vitreous fluid samples of 13 patients, and no bacterial growth was detected in 3. The microorganisms were found to be gram-negative bacilli, non-fermenter, motile, catalase/oxidase/urease positive, in compliance with R.radiobacter. All isolates were identified as R.radiobacter by BD Phoenix (Becton Dickinson, USA), Vitek 2 Compact (BioMerieux, France), and Vitek MS (BioMerieux, France) (database v2.0) systems. R.radiobacter isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime and ceftazidime; susceptible to cefuroxime, cefepime, amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactam. The isolates were identified as R.radiobacter by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. PFGE showed that all isolates had the same band profile. R.radiobacter isolates with the same band profile likely revealed that the contamination was from the same source. However, the growth of R.radiobacter was not detected in the cultures made from the objects, medical instruments and supplies, the hands of healthcare professionals and the new injection solution in the area where the procedure was performed, and the source of the agent could not be determined. The results have shown that intravitreal injection procedure carries a risk for R.radiobacter infection. Disinfection and antisepsis conditions, before and during the procedure, is important for the prevention of such infections. This study is the first epidemic outbreak report of endophthalmitis caused by the same strain of R.radiobacter and the second article in which R.radiobacter was reported as the cause of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection.

Synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles using alginate, fucoidan and laminaran from brown algae as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

In this report, polysaccharides - alginate, fucoidan, laminaran - were isolated from marine algae Saccharina cichorioides and Fucus evanescens and their activity as a reducing and stabilizing agents in the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles was evaluated. The cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of obtained nanoparticles were also assessed. It was found that all tested polysaccharides could be used as a reducing agent; however, their catalytic activities varied significantly in the following range alginate < fucoidan < laminaran. Nanoparticles demonstrated cytotoxicity against rat C6 glioma cells. It was considerably higher for alginate- and laminaran-obtained nanosilver samples compared to fucoidan. Additionally, silver nanoparticles possessed considerable antibacterial properties more pronounced in fucoidan-obtained samples. Our data demonstrate that different algal polysaccharides can be used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with varying bioactivities.

Induction of competent cells for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Stable transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been successful, to date, only using biolistic-mediated transformation and shoot regeneration from meristem-containing embryo axes. In this study, using precultured embryo axes, and optimal co-cultivation conditions resulted in a successful transformation of the common bean cultivar Olathe using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was attained through the preculture of embryo axes for 12 weeks using induced competent cells for A. tumefaciens-mediated gene delivery. Using A. tumefaciens at a low optical density (OD) of 0.1 at a wavelength of 600 nm for infection and 4-day co-cultivation, compared to OD600 of 0.5, increased the survival rate of the inoculated explants from 23% to 45%. Selection using 0.5 mg L-1 glufosinate (GS) was effective to identify transformed cells when the bialaphos resistance (bar) gene under the constitutive 35S promoter was used as a selectable marker. After an 18-week selection period, 1.5% -2.5% inoculated explants, in three experiments with a total of 600 explants, produced GS-resistant plants through somatic embryogenesis. The expression of bar was confirmed in first- and second-generation seedlings of the two lines through reverse polymerase chain reaction. Presence of the bar gene was verified through genome sequencing of two selected transgenic lines. The induction of regenerable, competent cells is key for the successful transformation, and the protocols described may be useful for future transformation of additional Phaseolus germplasm.

Evaluation of crude saponins, methanolic extract and subsequent fractions from Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth: Potentials of anti-angiogenesis in egg and anti-tumorigenesis in potato.

Based on the ethnomedicinal use of Isodon rugosus the current study was designed to evaluate its crude saponins (Ir.Sp), and subsequent fractions for anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor potentials. Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was used in anti-angiogenic potentials with Dexamethasone as positive control. The antitumor activity was evaluated with potato disk method using Vincristine sulfate as positive control. Moreover, antibacterial activity was also conducted against A. tumefaciens. The highest anti-angiogenic effect was observed with Ir.Sp, i.e., 79.00±0.58% at concentration of 1000 µg/ml which drop drown to 48.67±1.20% at lowest tested concentration of 31.25 µg/ml with IC50 of 41 µg/ml. Similarly, in the anti-tumor activity the Ir. Chf revealed excellent inhibition of tumor with IC50 value of 60 µg/ml. All the samples (excluding Ir. Sp and Ir. Cr) were inactive against A. tumefaciens, which demonstrates that the samples which did not show any antibacterial activity are rich in certain bioactive principles which may be responsible for the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials. Our results conclude that the Ir.Sp, Ir.Chfmay be good targets for isolation of bioactive compounds responsible for the inhibition of excessive proliferation of cells and angiogenesis.

Regulation and function of the flavonoid-inducible efflux system, emrR-emrAB, in Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58.

The expression of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens emrAB operon, which encodes a membrane fusion protein and an inner membrane protein, is inducible by various flavonoids, including apigenin, genistein, luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin. Among these flavonoids, quercetin is the best inducer, followed by genistein. The emrR gene is divergently transcribed from the emrAB operon. The EmrR protein, which belongs to the TetR transcriptional regulator family, negatively regulates the expression of emrAB and of itself. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting showed that EmrR binds directly at two EmrR-binding sites in the emrR-emrAB intergenic region and that quercetin inhibits the DNA-binding activity of EmrR. Promoter-lacZ fusion analyses and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends were performed to map the emrR and emrAB promoters. Compared with the wild-type strain, the emrA mutant strain exhibited similar levels of resistance to the tested antibiotics. In contrast, disruption of emrR conferred protection against nalidixic acid and novobiocin, but it rendered A. tumefaciens sensitive to tetracycline and erythromycin. The emrR mutation also destabilized the outer membrane of A. tumefaciens, resulting in increased sensitivity to SDS and low pH. These findings demonstrate that proper regulation of emrR-emrAB is required for free-living A. tumefaciens to survive in deleterious environments in which toxic compounds are present. Nonetheless, A. tumefaciens strains that lack emrR or emrA still have the ability to cause tumors when infecting Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

Transcriptomics analysis defines global cellular response of Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A to arsenite exposure regulated through the histidine kinases PhoR and AioS.

In environments where arsenic and microbes coexist, microbes are the principal drivers of arsenic speciation, which directly affects bioavailability, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Speciation reactions influence arsenic behaviour in environmental systems, directly affecting human and agricultural exposures. Arsenite oxidation decreases arsenic toxicity and mobility in the environment, and therefore understanding its regulation and overall influence on cellular metabolism is of significant interest. The arsenite oxidase (AioBA) is regulated by a three-component signal transduction system AioXSR, which is in turn regulated by the phosphate stress response, with PhoR acting as the master regulator. Using RNA-sequencing, we characterized the global effects of arsenite on gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5A. To further elucidate regulatory controls, mutant strains for histidine kinases PhoR and AioS were employed, and illustrate that in addition to arsenic metabolism, a host of other functional responses are regulated in parallel. Impacted functions include arsenic and phosphate metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, solute transport systems and iron metabolism, in addition to others. These findings contribute significantly to the current understanding of the metabolic impact and genetic circuitry involved during arsenite exposure in bacteria. This informs how arsenic contamination will impact microbial activities involving several biogeochemical cycles in nature.

Chemical Composition and in vivo Efficacy of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L. in the Suppression of Crown Gall Disease on Tomato Plants.

This study was undertaken to determine the antibacterial efficacy of the essential oil (EO) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), in vitro and in vivo, against the phytopathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens). The EO composition of M. piperita L. was investigated by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with 26 identified volatile constituents. The major constituents were menthol (33.59%) and iso-menthone (33.00%). This EO exerted a bactericidal activity against multiple strains of Agrobacterium species with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.01 to 12.50 mg/mL. In planta experiments, M. piperita EO, tested at concentration of 200 mg/mL, completely inhibited the formation of tumors on tomato plants inoculated with pathogenic strain A. tumefaciens ATCC 23308T. These results suggest that M. piperita EO could be used to control plant bacterial disease caused by A. tumefaciens.

Antioxidant, gene expression and metabolomics fingerprint analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana treated by foliar spraying of ZnSe quantum dots and their growth inhibition of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Nanotechnology, new fascinating field of science, is bringing many application's options. However, it is necessary to understand their potential environmental risk and toxicity. Zinc selenide quantum dots (ZnSe QDs) are getting valuable due to wide industrial usage, mainly as cadmium free diodes or stabilizing ligand. Thanks to unique properties, they could also open the possibilities of application in the agriculture. Their effects on living organisms, including plants, are still unknown. Therefore, the attention of this work was given to antioxidant response of Arabidopsis thaliana to 100 and 250 µM ZnSe QDs foliar feeding. ZnSe QDs treatment had no statistically significant differences in morphology but led to increased antioxidant response in the leaves at the level of gene expression and production secondary antioxidant metabolites. Concurrently, analysis of growth properties of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was done. 250 µM ZnSe solution inhibited the Agrobacterium tumefaciens viability by 60%. This is the first mention about effect ZnSe QDs on the plants. Although QDs induced oxidative stress, the apply treatment dose of ZnSe QDs did not have significant toxic effect on the plants and even no morphological changes were observed. However, the same amount of ZnSe QD induced an inhibitory effect on Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The biotroph Agrobacterium tumefaciens thrives in tumors by exploiting a wide spectrum of plant host metabolites.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a niche-constructing biotroph that exploits host plant metabolites. We combined metabolomics, transposon-sequencing (Tn-seq), transcriptomics, and reverse genetics to characterize A. tumefaciens pathways involved in the exploitation of resources from the Solanum lycopersicum host plant. Metabolomics of healthy stems and plant tumors revealed the common (e.g. sucrose, glutamate) and enriched (e.g. opines, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), pyruvate) metabolites that A. tumefaciens could use as nutrients. Tn-seq and transcriptomics pinpointed the genes that are crucial and/or upregulated when the pathogen grew on either sucrose (pgi, kdgA, pycA, cisY) or GHB (blcAB, pckA, eno, gpsA) as a carbon source. While sucrose assimilation involved the Entner-Doudoroff and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathways, GHB degradation required the blc genes, TCA cycle, and gluconeogenesis. The tumor-enriched metabolite pyruvate is at the node connecting these pathways. Using reverse genetics, we showed that the blc, pckA, and pycA loci were important for aggressiveness (tumor weight), proliferation (bacterial charge), and/or fitness (competition between the constructed mutants and wild-type) of A. tumefaciens in plant tumors. This work highlighted how a biotroph mobilizes its central metabolism for exploiting a wide diversity of resources in a plant host. It further shows the complementarity of functional genome-wide scans by transcriptomics and Tn-seq to decipher the lifestyle of a plant pathogen.