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1.
Oncologist ; 29(7): e941-e948, 2024 Jul 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38557816

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Unsafe opioid-related practices can lead to abuse, diversion, and accidental overdoses. In this study, we aimed to describe the patterns and beliefs regarding the storage, disposal, and use of opioids among Chinese patients with cancer in their home settings, which remain unclear. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hubei Province from October 2022 to June 2023. We collected information on the storage, disposal, and use of opioids among cancer pain inpatients in the oncology department. Logistic regression was used to estimate the factors associated with unsafe disposal and use of opioids. RESULTS: The survey included 221 patients with a median age of 62 years. Only 3.2% stored their opioids under lock and key, and 49.8% were unaware of proper disposal methods. Nearly one-fifth (19.5%) reported having received information on the safe storage (14.0%) and/or disposal (10.0%) of opioids. A total of 44.3% reported unsafe use by sharing (1.8%), losing (4.1%), or taking opioids at a higher dose than prescribed (42.5%). Patients who did not receive information on the safe disposal of opioids (OR = 4.57, P = .0423), had a history of alcohol use (OR = 1.91, P = .0399), and used opioids other than morphine (OR = 2.31, P = .0461) had higher odds of unsafe disposal practices. Individuals with an associate degree/bachelor's degree or above were less likely to dispose of (OR = 0.36, P = .0261) and use (OR = 0.31, P = .0127) opioids unsafely. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of Chinese patients with cancer exhibit unsafe practices in the storage, disposal, and use of opioids. The study highlights an urgent need for implementing routine education programs and drug "take-back" initiatives to improve opioid-related practices.


Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides , Neoplasias , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Analgésicos Opioides/efectos adversos , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , China/epidemiología , Anciano , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor en Cáncer/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
3.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 106(1): 17-20, 2021 11 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34758448

RESUMEN

The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected the ability of health systems to provide essential services globally. The Darfur region, located in the western part of Sudan, has been largely devastated by the war that began in 2003 and has been drawing considerable attention from the international community. The war, which erupted as a result of environmental, political, and economic factors, has led to tragic outcomes. Collapsing health-care infrastructures, health workforce shortages, lack of storage facilities for medicines and medical products, and inadequate access to health services are some of the effects of the war. After Sudan received the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine through the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access facility, significant challenges have been implicated in the delivery, storage, and use of the vaccine in the Darfur region. Lack of vaccine storage and transportation facilities, vaccination hesitancy, inequity in the distribution to health facilities, and shortage of health-care professionals resulting from insecurity and instability have added an extra layer of burden on local authorities and their ability to manage COVID-19 vaccinations in the region adequately. Addressing the impact of COVID-19 requires an effectively managed vaccination program. In the face of current challenges in Darfur, ensuring a fully vaccinated population might remain far-fetched and improbable if meaningful efforts are not put in place by all stakeholders and actors to address some of the challenges identified.


Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunación , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Fuerza Laboral en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Refrigeración/normas , Sudán , Transportes/normas , Vacunación/tendencias , Vacilación a la Vacunación/tendencias
4.
South Med J ; 114(7): 380-383, 2021 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34215887

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate caregivers' practice of prescription medication storage, particularly of opioid medications, as well as to provide educational materials to families about the opioid crisis. METHODS: Caregivers of patients in a pediatric emergency department were asked to participate in a survey about medication storage practices and beliefs, focusing on opioid medications. Data were collected through a survey documenting demographic data along with knowledge and behaviors of medication storage. Brief education about the US opioid crisis and safe storage was provided. RESULTS: In total, 233 families participated; 3 families declined; 11.5% of caregivers reported storing prescribed medications in a locked or latched place, although most store them "out of reach." Most believed their child or children's friends could not easily access their medications (81.8%). Families who did not keep their medications in locked or latched places had never thought about it (39.7%). In total, 33% of respondents were unaware of the opioid crisis; 87.4% of caregivers said they would use a medication lock box if given one. CONCLUSIONS: Many caregivers are not aware of the opioid crisis and do not keep opioid medications locked up. Half of the caregivers surveyed stated they "never thought about" locking up medications. Most parents would use a lock box if given to them. This opens the door to further study, education, and interventions.


Asunto(s)
Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Sistemas de Medicación/clasificación , Adolescente , Preescolar , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/organización & administración , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Sistemas de Medicación/normas , Sistemas de Medicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina de Urgencia Pediátrica/instrumentación , Medicina de Urgencia Pediátrica/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
5.
PLoS One ; 16(7): e0253971, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34197544

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotics are commonly used for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. The potency of antibiotics can be affected by factors such as temperature, light, moisture, and storage conditions. Inappropriate storage and transportation of antibiotics may lead to loss of potency earlier than the expiry date. The aim of this study was to determine the potency and associated factors of commonly retailed antibiotics. METHOD: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on commonly retailed antibiotics in pharmacies that are available in Adama, Ethiopia from March 2018 to June 2018. This study focused on commonly ordered antibiotics such as amoxicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. Antibiotics to be tested were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Socio-demographic and related data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method as described in the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guideline. RESULTS: Mean inhibition zones of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone were 14.2 ± 4 mm, 30.9 ± 4.2 mm, 17.47 ± 3.83 mm, and 32.7±1.8 respectively. Out of 164 antibiotics tested, 61% passed the potency test. The potency of antibiotics varies across different countries in which 53.7% and 54.6 of antibiotics from India and Ethiopia passed the potency test. All ceftriaxone tested in this study passed the potency test. Factors such as air condition of pharmacy (X2 = 4.27; p = 0.039), source of all antibiotics (X2 = 5.41; p = 0.02), and source of amoxicillin (X2 = 4.73; p = 0.03) were significantly associated with potency of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: About 40% of antibiotics tested in the current study did not pass the potency test; this warrants further investigation to identify the magnitude of the problem and its causes at a large scale.


Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Antibacterianos/química , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Estudios Transversales , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Etiopía/epidemiología , Humanos , Farmacias/normas , Farmacéuticos/normas , Temperatura
8.
Bull World Health Organ ; 99(3): 174-175, 2021 Mar 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33716338

RESUMEN

After the record-breaking pace of vaccine development, vaccine roll-outs are getting off to a frustratingly slow start. Tatum Anderson reports.


Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19/provisión & distribución , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Salud Global , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2
10.
Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg ; 27(3): 151-158, 2021 03 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33620897

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the effect of opioid-specific counseling on postdischarge opioid consumption and opioid storage/disposal patterns after reconstructive pelvic surgery. METHODS: In this multicenter randomized-controlled trial, participants were randomized to standard generalized counseling or opioid-specific perioperative counseling. Opioid-specific counseling was provided at the preoperative and 2-week postoperative visits with educational handouts about the risks of opioids and U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommendations for appropriate opioid storage and disposal. The primary outcome was morphine milligram equivalent (MME) consumption between hospital discharge and 2 weeks postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included opioid storage 2 weeks postoperatively, opioid disposal 6 weeks postoperatively, and rate of opioid refills. RESULTS: Among 70 opioid-specific and 65 standard counseling participants, there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics, type of surgery, concomitant hysterectomy, or perioperative complications. For the primary outcome, there was no significant difference in median opioid consumption between the 2 arms. Median (interquartile range) postdischarge MME consumption for all participants was 15 mg (0-75). Forty percent of participants denied postdischarge MME consumption. For secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences in appropriate opioid storage between groups. The appropriate disposal rate of unused opioid tablets 6 weeks after surgery was higher among participants who received opioid-specific counseling. The rate of opioid refill was 7.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Opioid-specific counseling did not affect postdischarge consumption but increased the disposal rate of unused opioid tablets 6 weeks postoperatively. Opioid-specific counseling could minimize the potential for opioid misuse by reducing the number of unused opioid tablets in patients' possession after surgery.


Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Consejo/métodos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Anciano , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodo Posoperatorio , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/efectos adversos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/prevención & control
11.
Pharm Res ; 38(2): 361-367, 2021 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33404991

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Diazepam is utilized as a convulsion antidote following nerve gas attacks. As an emergency medicine, it requires storage at ambient temperatures which often doesn't meet manufacturers' requirements, leading to an early invalidation of the product. Current work investigated this issue. METHODS: Long-term stability of diazepam ampoules for injection stored in an ambient temperature of the Mediterranean climate for ~10 years vs storage at room temperature was studied. RESULTS: Diazepam assay and pH remained within pharmacopeial specifications irrespective of storage conditions. A major degradation product 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone (MACB) showed a clear trend of accumulation as a function of storage time, exceeding the permitted limit at ~2 years, irrespective of storage conditions. A strong correlation between the discoloration of the solutions and the concentration of MACB was obtained. Intravenous administration of MACB to rats at doses ~2200-fold higher than permissible specification levels caused neither mortality nor any toxicological nor post-mortem findings. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding the parameters tested: diazepam assay, MACB assay, and pH, storing ampoules of diazepam solution for injection in field conditions of high temperatures of the Mediterranean climate did not cause accelerated degradation as compared to room temperature. These findings open an option for the usage of expired ampoules in special scenarios.


Asunto(s)
Antídotos/química , Terrorismo Químico , Diazepam/química , Intoxicación por Gas/tratamiento farmacológico , Agentes Nerviosos/toxicidad , Animales , Antídotos/administración & dosificación , Benzofenonas/administración & dosificación , Benzofenonas/química , Benzofenonas/toxicidad , Diazepam/administración & dosificación , Diazepam/toxicidad , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Femenino , Intoxicación por Gas/etiología , Calor/efectos adversos , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Israel , Masculino , Modelos Animales , Ratas , Factores de Tiempo , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda
12.
PLoS One ; 16(1): e0245054, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33417602

RESUMEN

Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 calls for a reduction of the maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. The most important cause of maternal mortality is post-partum haemorrhage (PPH). Oxytocin injections and misoprostol tablets are medicines of first choice for the management of PPH in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Unfortunately, both substances are chemically unstable, and previous studies have revealed serious quality problems of these medicines in LMICs. The present study is the first report on their quality in Rwanda. From 40 randomly selected health facilities (hospitals, health centers, retail pharmacies and private clinics) in different parts of Rwanda, as well as from six wholesalers and government stores, oxytocin injections and misoprostol tablets were collected. Oxytocin storage temperatures in the health facilities were monitored for six months using temperature data loggers, and found to correctly follow the storage requirements stated by the manufacturers (2-8°C, or room temperature) with few minor deviations. Oxytocin injections (57 samples, representing seven batches of four brands) were tested for their oxytocin content and pH value according to the United States Pharmacopeia. Twenty-four samples from three European manufacturers passed all tests. However, all nine samples of one batch of a Chinese manufacturer showed an excessive content of oxytocin (range 117.2-121.5% of the declared amount). Another batch of the same manufacturer showed extreme variations of the concentration of the preservative benzyl alcohol. Misoprostol tablets (25 samples, representing ten batches of six brands) were tested for content and dissolution according to the International Pharmacopoeia. Fifteen samples passed, but all 10 samples of two brands from India failed with extreme deviations, containing only 42.5-48.7% of the stated amount of misoprostol. In conclusion, oxytocin quality in Rwanda was better than reported from other African countries. However, two extremely substandard brands of misoprostol tablets were found. The Rwandan authorities reacted quickly and efficiently, and recalled these substandard medicines from the market. For oxytocin and misoprostol, with their well-known problems of quality and stability, procurement should possibly be restricted to medicines which are WHO-prequalified or which have been manufactured in countries with stringent regulatory authorities.


Asunto(s)
Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Instituciones de Salud/normas , Oxitócicos/análisis , Oxitócicos/normas , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud/normas , Control de Calidad , Humanos , Oxitócicos/provisión & distribución , Rwanda
13.
Nat Commun ; 11(1): 5991, 2020 11 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33239625

RESUMEN

Spoiled perishable products, such as food and drugs exposed to inappropriate temperature, cause million illnesses every year. Risks range from intoxication due to pathogen-contaminated edibles, to suboptimal potency of temperature-sensitive vaccines. High-performance and low-cost indicators are needed, based on conformable materials whose properties change continuously and irreversibly depending on the experienced time-temperature profile. However, these systems can be limited by unclear reading, especially for colour-blind people, and are often difficult to be encoded with a tailored response to detect excess temperature over varying temporal profiles. Here we report on optically-programmed, non-colorimetric indicators based on nano-textured non-wovens encoded by their cross-linking degree. This combination allows a desired time-temperature response to be achieved, to address different perishable products. The devices operate by visual contrast with ambient light, which is explained by backscattering calculations for the complex fibrous material. Optical nanomaterials with photo-encoded thermal properties might establish new design rules for intelligent labels.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Medicamentos/prevención & control , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Calor/efectos adversos , Nanoestructuras/química , Embalaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Almacenamiento de Alimentos/normas , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/normas , Indicadores y Reactivos/química
15.
Am J Health Syst Pharm ; 77(24): 2107-2111, 2020 Dec 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33091102

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Results of a study to quantify rates of identification of expired medications in automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) are reported. METHODS: A pre-post analysis was conducted to determine the effect of various types of ADC audits on rates of finding expired medications in ADCs. For the experimental phase of the study, 4 ADCs at the main campus of an academic medical center were randomly assigned to receive one of 4 interventions: (1) monthly audits of all ADC pockets, (2) monthly audits of matrix (open pocket) drawers only, (3) monthly audits of unassigned pockets only, and (4) no additional intervention. RESULTS: At baseline, rates of finding expired medication doses in the 4 ADCs ranged from 0.4% to 0.7%. During the 3-month experimental period, rates of finding expired medication doses ranged from 0.1% to 0.3%. During a final audit 1 month later, the ADC targeted for monthly audits of all pockets was found to contain no expired doses, with an overall improvement in expired-dose rates for all audited ADCs observed over the course of the 4-month study. The average time to perform a full audit for an ADC with about 340 pockets was 1 hour, or 15 seconds per pocket. The average time to perform matrix drawer-only audits averaged around 45 minutes, or 11 seconds per pocket. The average time to perform audits of unassigned matrix drawers averaged 30 minutes, or 10 seconds per pocket. CONCLUSION: Auditing of all ADC pockets on a monthly basis appears to be an effective method of reducing the rate of identification of expired medications in ADC pockets.


Asunto(s)
Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Sistemas de Medicación en Hospital/normas , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Servicio de Farmacia en Hospital/normas , Centros Médicos Académicos , Automatización , Humanos , Factores de Tiempo
16.
AAPS PharmSciTech ; 21(7): 247, 2020 Aug 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32862255

RESUMEN

Norepinephrine is a potent α-sympathomimetic drug which plays an important role in the acute treatment of hypotension and shock. Commercially available norepinephrine solutions contain sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) as an antioxidant. However, prefilled cyclic olefin polymer syringes are not compatible with sodium metabisulfite. The aim of this study was to develop a new formulation of 0.1-mg/mL norepinephrine solution without sodium metabisulfite which is chemically stable and sterile and can be stored in prefilled polymer syringes. Formulation studies were performed with 0.1-mg/mL norepinephrine solution with 0, 0.05, or 0.1% ascorbic acid added as antioxidant. The syringes were filled under nitrogen gassing, stored at 20 ± 5°C, and protected from daylight. Based on the formulation test results, the final formulation was defined and stability testing at 20 ± 5°C was performed measuring norepinephrine concentration, pH, clarity, color of the solution, subvisible particles, and sterility at time intervals up to 12 months. The norepinephrine concentrations at t = 22 weeks were 100.4%, 95.4%, and 92.2% for the formulations with no ascorbic acid and with 0.05% and 0.10% ascorbic acid, respectively. Three batches for the stability study were produced containing norepinephrine, sodium edetate, sodium chloride, and water for injections filled under nitrogen gassing and stored at 20 ± 5°C. Norepinephrine concentrations were respectively 98.8%, 98.6%, and 99.3% for batches 1, 2, and 3 at t = 12 months. It can be concluded that norepinephrine (0.1 mg/mL) solution without metabisulfite is stable for at least 12 months at room temperature when protected from daylight.


Asunto(s)
Alquenos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Norepinefrina/química , Esterilización/métodos , Jeringas , Alquenos/análisis , Antioxidantes/análisis , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Inyecciones , Norepinefrina/análisis , Soluciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Soluciones Farmacéuticas/química , Jeringas/normas
18.
Yale J Biol Med ; 93(2): 265-275, 2020 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32607087

RESUMEN

Hydrastis canadensis, commonly known as goldenseal, is a botanical native to the southeastern United States that has been used for the treatment of infection. The activity of goldenseal is often attributed to the presence of alkaloids (cyclic, nitrogen-containing compounds) present within its roots. Chemical components of botanical supplements like goldenseal may face degradation if not stored properly. The purpose of the research was to analyze the stability of known and unknown metabolites of H. canadensis during exposure to different storage conditions using mass spectrometry. Three abundant metabolites of H. canadensis, berberine, canadine, and hydrastine, were chosen for targeted analysis, and the stability of unknown metabolites was evaluated using untargeted metabolomics. The analysis and evaluation of H. canadensis samples were performed utilizing LC-MS and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The research project focused on identifying the chemical changes in the metabolite content of H. canadensis under different temperature conditions (40°C ± 5°C, 20°C ± 5°C , and 4°C ± 5°C), different light:dark (hr:hr) cycles (16:8, 12:12, and 0:24), and different sample conditions (powdered roots versus whole roots) over a six month period. The results of this 6-month study revealed that the storage conditions evaluated had no significant effects on the chemical composition of H. canadensis roots. Hence, as long as H. canadensis roots are stored within the storage conditions tested in the study, no significant changes in chemical compositions of metabolites are expected.


Asunto(s)
Alcaloides de Berberina , Almacenaje de Medicamentos , Hydrastis , Preparaciones de Plantas , Bencilisoquinolinas/análisis , Berberina/análogos & derivados , Berberina/análisis , Alcaloides de Berberina/análisis , Alcaloides de Berberina/farmacología , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Humanos , Infecciones/tratamiento farmacológico , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Preparaciones de Plantas/química , Preparaciones de Plantas/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/química , Análisis de Componente Principal/métodos
19.
Prim Care ; 47(3): 407-418, 2020 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32718439

RESUMEN

Providing vaccines places a significant logistical and financial burden on an office but is important in providing care to patients. Start the process by finding a vaccine champion, choosing a primary and backup vaccine coordinator, and creating a team in the office to promote and administer vaccines. Follow best practices when storing and monitoring vaccines. Create office policies for ordering vaccines in a fiscally sound manner, accepting deliveries, and managing inventory. Have backup processes in place to avoid preventable errors when administering vaccines. In addition, bill vaccine administration codes appropriately to collect the full reimbursement that is due.


Asunto(s)
Grupo de Atención al Paciente/organización & administración , Atención Primaria de Salud/organización & administración , Vacunas/administración & dosificación , Movimiento Anti-Vacunación/psicología , Documentación , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/métodos , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Capacitación en Servicio/organización & administración , Políticas , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Atención Primaria de Salud/normas , Relaciones Profesional-Paciente , Flujo de Trabajo
20.
Curr Drug Saf ; 15(3): 167-172, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32589562

RESUMEN

Pharmaceuticals are beneficial to humankind and emerged as crucial arms to treat/manage multiple disease pathogenesis in the present era. In analogous, these medicines/ medical devices should be used cautiously as they possess a potential threat to induce multiple undesired effects that may be related to human health or the environment. Daunting effects may arise due to the improper disposal of unused/expired medicines. Hence, to minimize such harm, there should be adequate knowledge and practice among the population regarding the safe disposal of unused/expired medicines or related pharmaceutical devices. The lack of approved information regarding safe disposal of such substances may invite serious concerns like environmental pollution, which may induce immediate health hazards to the present population and upcoming future generations. There are numerous ways to dispose of, or manage the unused and expired pharmaceutical substances. Sharing the medicines among siblings, friends, and family members are never free from serious health risks. Storing the unused and expired medicines in the home increases the risk of intentional or accidental ingestion of such substances and may create a health emergency. Disposing medicines like household and municipal waste may lead to environmental pollution and harm to humans and animals. The present review finds the multiple unsafe ways of disposal of unutilized medications/tools. Furthermore, it also summarizes the disposal pattern of unutilized medications among the few developed and undeveloped nations.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/química , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Eliminación de Residuos/métodos , Animales , Almacenaje de Medicamentos/normas , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Contaminación Ambiental/efectos adversos , Humanos , Eliminación de Residuos/normas
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