Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud del Niño/historia , Política de Salud/historia , Servicios de Salud Materna/historia , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Niño , Servicios de Salud del Niño/legislación & jurisprudencia , Protección a la Infancia/historia , Protección a la Infancia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Lactante , Servicios de Salud Materna/legislación & jurisprudencia , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/historia , Médicos , Racismo/historia , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud/historia , Tuberculosis/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Philadelphia , Médicos/historia , Tuberculosis/etnología , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/historiaRESUMEN
This paper describes one possible origin point for fraudulent behavior within the American pharmaceutical industry. We argue that during the late nineteenth century therapeutic reformers sought to promote both laboratory science and increasingly systematized forms of clinical experiment as a new basis for therapeutic knowledge. This process was intertwined with a transformation in the ethical framework in which medical science took place, one in which monopoly status was replaced by clinical utility as the primary arbiter of pharmaceutical legitimacy. This new framework fundamentally altered the set of epistemic virtues-a phrase we draw from the philosophical field of virtue epistemology-considered necessary to conduct reliable scientific inquiry regarding drugs. In doing so, it also made possible new forms of fraud in which newly emergent epistemic virtues were violated. To make this argument, we focus on the efforts of Francis E. Stewart and George S. Davis of Parke, Davis & Company. Therapeutic reformers within the pharmaceutical industry, such as Stewart and Davis, were an important part of the broader normative and epistemic transformation we describe in that they sought to promote laboratory science and systematized clinical trials toward the twin goals of improving pharmaceutical science and promoting their own commercial interests. Yet, as we suggest, Parke, Davis & Company also serves as an example of a company that violated the very norms that Stewart and Davis helped introduce. We thus seek to describe one possible origin point for the widespread fraudulent practices that now characterize the pharmaceutical industry. We also seek to describe an origin point for why we conceptualize such practices as fraudulent in the first place.
Asunto(s)
Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/historia , Industria Farmacéutica/historia , Fraude/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Discusiones Bioéticas/historia , Industria Farmacéutica/ética , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Fraude/ética , Regulación Gubernamental , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Conocimiento , Legislación de Medicamentos/ética , Legislación de Medicamentos/historia , Medicamentos sin Prescripción/historia , Charlatanería/historia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The Council on Rural Health (1945-1975) of the American Medical Association (AMA) collaborated with domestic health care organizations in the mid-20th century to improve access to health care in rural areas. This council promoted health and farm safety education, public health measures, insurance plans, and construction of health facilities. It also lobbied state and county medical societies to form rural health committees. AMA archive materials document these activities and demonstrate physicians' involvement and investment in the communities they served.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud Comunitaria/historia , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/historia , Organizaciones/historia , Servicios de Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Granjas , Educación en Salud , Instituciones de Salud , Historia del Siglo XX , Seguro de Salud , Salud Pública , Sociedades Médicas/historia , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
American Medical Association/historia , Educación Médica Continua/historia , Educación Médica Continua/normas , Medicina Integrativa/educación , Acreditación/normas , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/educación , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Legislación de Medicamentos/historia , Patentes como Asunto/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Legislación de Medicamentos/ética , Política Organizacional , Patentes como Asunto/ética , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos/ética , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos/historia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Common narratives about the mid-century American medical profession's stunning rise forget a key element: political repression. During the 1940s and 1950s, the American Medical Association (AMA) and its allies sought to eliminate those who questioned American medicine's status quo, in particular opposition to national health insurance (NHI) and condoning of racism within its ranks. One casualty was the Association for Internes and Medical Students (AIMS), which into the 1940s, was the most prominent vehicle for medical student and trainee political organizing in the United Status. This article tells the story of its rapid demise in the era of McCarthyism at the hands of an AMA campaign to besmirch AIMS's name, and in the process, destroy it.
Asunto(s)
Política , Sociedades Médicas/historia , Estudiantes de Medicina/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Disentimientos y Disputas , Historia del Siglo XX , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Professor Samuel David Gross (1805-1884) is considered as one of the founders of American surgery. He was a skillful surgeon who could excellently perform a lithotomy, an amputation, and a cataract surgery. He introduced many new surgical techniques and designed new surgical and medical instruments. He expertise was not limited to surgery alone; he also published studies concerning internal medicine, pathology, experimental physiology, and pharmacology. His most important treatise was his 2-volume work, A System of Surgery, Pathological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Operative (1861), which was a standard reference book in surgery in the United States during the second half of 19th century. Gross received many honors during his life. He was active in the operating room until his death.
Asunto(s)
Cirugía General/historia , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Medicina Interna/historia , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the founding of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery in 1859 and how it represented, on a national basis, the beginnings of organized surgery and the formal start of the professionalization and specialization of surgery in the United States. BACKGROUND: The broad social process of organization, professionalization, and specialization that began for various disciplines in America in the mid-19th century was a reaction to emerging economic, political, and scientific influences including industrialization, urbanization, and technology. For surgeons or, at least, those men who performed surgical operations, the efforts toward group organization provided a means to promote their skills and restrict competition. METHODS: An analysis of the published literature, and unpublished documents relating to the creation of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery. RESULTS: During the 1850s and through the 1870s, a time when surgery was still not considered a separate branch of medicine, the organization of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery provided the much needed encouragement to surgeons in their quest for professional and specialty recognition. CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery in 1859 helped shape the nationwide future of the craft, in particular, surgery's rise as a specialty and profession.
Asunto(s)
American Medical Association/historia , Práctica Profesional/historia , Especialidades Quirúrgicas/historia , American Medical Association/organización & administración , Historia del Siglo XIX , Práctica Profesional/organización & administración , Especialidades Quirúrgicas/organización & administración , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The attitudes of physicians and drug manufacturers in the US toward patenting pharmaceuticals changed dramatically from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth. Formerly, physicians and reputable manufacturers argued that pharmaceutical patents prioritized profit over the advancement of medical science. Reputable manufactures refused to patent their goods and most physicians shunned patented products. However, moving into the early twentieth century, physicians and drug manufacturers grew increasingly comfortable with the idea of pharmaceutical patents. In 1912, for example, the American Medical Association dropped the prohibition on physicians holding medical patents. Shifts in wider patenting cultures therefore transformed the ethical sensibilities of physicians.
Asunto(s)
Ética Médica/historia , Patentes como Asunto/historia , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/historia , American Medical Association/historia , Comercio/ética , Comercio/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Patentes como Asunto/ética , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/economía , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In the early 20th century, the American Medical Association (AMA), specifically its Section on Ophthalmology, played a central role in the founding of America's first medical specialty board, the American Board of Ophthalmology. With the American Ophthalmological Society and the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, the AMA's contributions to the formation of the American Board of Ophthalmology led to the establishment of sound educational standards for practicing ophthalmologists and helped to advance the culture of medical excellence within the profession that is synonymous with board certification today.