Persistent basal ganglia involvement in aminoacylase-1 deficiency: expanding imaging findings and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Aminoacylase-1 deficiency (ACY1D) is an autosomal recessive rare inborn error of metabolism, which is caused by disease-causing variants in the ACY1. This disorder is characterized by increased urinary excretion of specific N-acetyl amino acids. Affected individuals demonstrate heterogeneous clinical manifestations which are primarily neurologic problems. In neuroimaging, corpus callosum hypoplasia, cerebellar vermis atrophy, and delayed myelination of cerebral white matter have been reported. AIMS: Finding disease-causing variant and expanding imaging findings in a patient with persistent basal ganglia involvement. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was performed in order to identify disease-causing variants in an affected 5-year-old male patient who presented with neurologic regression superimposed on neurodevelopmental delay following a febrile illness. He had inability to walk, cognitive impairment, speech delay, febrile-induced seizures, truncal hypotonia, moderate to severe generalized dystonia, and recurrent metabolic decompensation. RESULTS: All metabolic tests were normal except for a moderate metabolic acidosis following febrile illnesses. The results of serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ages 1 and 4.5 years revealed persistent bilateral and symmetric abnormal signals in basal ganglia mainly caudate and globus pallidus nuclei with progression over time in addition to a mild supratentorial atrophy. A homozygous missense variant [NM_000666.3: c.1057C>T; p.(Arg353Cys)] was identified in the ACY1, consistent with aminoacylase-1 deficiency. Variant confirmation in patient and segregation analysis in his family were performed using Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings expanded the phenotype spectrum of ACY1-related neurodegeneration by demonstrating persistent basal ganglia involvement and moderate to severe generalized dystonia.

Age-Dependent Increase in Schmidt-Lanterman Incisures and a Cadm4-Associated Membrane Skeletal Complex in Fatty Acid 2-hydroxylase Deficient Mice: a Mouse Model of Spastic Paraplegia SPG35.

PNS and CNS myelin contain large amounts of galactocerebroside and sulfatide with 2-hydroxylated fatty acids. The underlying hydroxylation reaction is catalyzed by fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H). Deficiency in this enzyme causes a complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia, SPG35, which is associated with leukodystrophy. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics of purified myelin isolated from sciatic nerves of Fa2h-deficient (Fa2h-/-) mice revealed an increase in the concentration of the three proteins Cadm4, Mpp6 (Pals2), and protein band 4.1G (Epb41l2) in 17-month-old, but not in young (4 to 6-month-old), Fa2h-/- mice. These proteins are known to form a complex, together with the protein Lin7, in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (SLIs). Accordingly, the number of SLIs was significantly increased in 17-month-old but not 4-month-old Fa2h-/- mice compared to age-matched wild-type mice. On the other hand, the relative increase in the SLI frequency was less pronounced than expected from Cadm4, Lin7, Mpp6 (Pals2), and band 4.1G (Epb41l2) protein levels. This suggests that the latter not only reflect the higher SLI frequency but that the concentration of the Cadm4 containing complex itself is increased in the SLIs or compact myelin of Fa2h-/- mice and may potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The proteome data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD030244.

ß-Ureidopropionase deficiency due to novel and rare UPB1 mutations affecting pre-mRNA splicing and protein structural integrity and catalytic activity.

ß-Ureidopropionase is the third enzyme of the pyrimidine degradation pathway and catalyses the conversion of N-carbamyl-ß-alanine and N-carbamyl-ß-aminoisobutyric acid to ß-alanine and ß-aminoisobutyric acid, ammonia and CO2. To date, only a limited number of genetically confirmed patients with a complete ß-ureidopropionase deficiency have been reported. Here, we report on the clinical, biochemical and molecular findings of 10 newly identified ß-ureidopropionase deficient individuals. Patients presented mainly with neurological abnormalities and markedly elevated levels of N-carbamyl-ß-alanine and N-carbamyl-ß-aminoisobutyric acid in urine. Analysis of UPB1, encoding ß-ureidopropionase, showed 5 novel missense variants and two novel splice-site variants. Functional expression of the UPB1 variants in mammalian cells showed that recombinant ß-ureidopropionase carrying the p.Ala120Ser, p.Thr129Met, p.Ser300Leu and p.Asn345Ile variant yielded no or significantly decreased ß-ureidopropionase activity. Analysis of the crystal structure of human ß-ureidopropionase indicated that the point mutations affect substrate binding or prevent the proper subunit association to larger oligomers and thus a fully functional ß-ureidopropionase. A minigene approach showed that the intronic variants c.[364 + 6 T > G] and c.[916 + 1_916 + 2dup] led to skipping of exon 3 and 8, respectively, in the process of UPB1 pre-mRNA splicing. The c.[899C > T] (p.Ser300Leu) variant was identified in two unrelated Swedish ß-ureidopropionase patients, indicating that ß-ureidopropionase deficiency may be more common than anticipated.

Potentiation of amyloid beta phagocytosis and amelioration of synaptic dysfunction upon FAAH deletion in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: The complex pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) hampers the development of effective treatments. Attempts to prevent neurodegeneration in AD have failed so far, highlighting the need for further clarification of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Neuroinflammation seems to play a crucial role in disease progression, although its specific contribution to AD pathogenesis remains elusive. We have previously shown that the modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) renders beneficial effects in a context of amyloidosis, which triggers neuroinflammation. In the 5xFAD model, the genetic inactivation of the enzyme that degrades anandamide (AEA), the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), was associated with a significant amelioration of the memory deficit. METHODS: In this work, we use electrophysiology, flow cytometry and molecular analysis to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the improvement associated to the increased endocannabinoid tone in the 5xFAD mouse- model. RESULTS: We demonstrate that the chronic enhancement of the endocannabinoid tone rescues hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the 5xFAD mouse model. At the CA3-CA1 synapse, both basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission are normalized upon FAAH genetic inactivation, in a CB1 receptor (CB1R)- and TRPV1 receptor-independent manner. Dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal neurons, which is notably decreased in 6-month-old 5xFAD animals, is also restored. Importantly, we reveal that the expression of microglial factors linked to phagocytic activity, such as TREM2 and CTSD, and other factors related to amyloid beta clearance and involved in neuron-glia crosstalk, such as complement component C3 and complement receptor C3AR, are specifically upregulated in 5xFAD/FAAH-/- animals. CONCLUSION: In summary, our findings support the therapeutic potential of modulating, rather than suppressing, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. In our model, the long-term enhancement of the endocannabinoid tone triggered augmented microglial activation and amyloid beta phagocytosis, and a consequent reversal in the neuronal phenotype associated to the disease.

GPR18 drives FAAH inhibition-induced neuroprotection against HIV-1 Tat-induced neurodegeneration.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to provoke microglial immune responses which likely play a paramount role in the development of chronic neuroinflammatory conditions and neuronal damage related to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In particular, HIV-1 Tat protein is a proinflammatory neurotoxin which predisposes neurons to synaptodendritic injury. Drugs targeting the degradative enzymes of endogenous cannabinoids have shown promise in reducing inflammation with minimal side effects in rodent models. Considering that markers of neuroinflammation can predict the extent of neuronal injury in HAND patients, we evaluated the neurotoxic effect of HIV-1 Tat-exposed microglia following blockade of fatty acid amid hydrolyze (FAAH), a catabolic enzyme responsible for degradation of endocannabinoids, e.g. anandamide (AEA). In the present study, cultured murine microglia were incubated with Tat and/or a FAAH inhibitor (PF3845). After 24 h, cells were imaged for morphological analysis and microglial conditioned media (MCM) was collected. Frontal cortex neuron cultures (DIV 7-11) were then exposed to MCM, and neurotoxicity was assessed via live cell calcium imaging and staining of actin positive dendritic structures. Results demonstrate a strong attenuation of microglial responses to Tat by PF3845 pretreatment, which is indicated by 1) microglial changes in morphology to a less proinflammatory phenotype using fractal analysis, 2) a decrease in release of neurotoxic cytokines/chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-9) using ELISA/multiplex assays, and 3) enhanced production of endocannabinoids (AEA) using LC/MS/MS. Additionally, PF3845's effects on Tat-induced microglial-mediated neurotoxicity, decreased dysregulation of neuronal intracellular calcium and prevented the loss of actin-positive staining and punctate structure in frontal cortex neuron cultures. Interestingly, these observed neuroprotective effects appeared to be independent of cannabinoid receptor activity (CB1R & CB2R). We found that a purported GPR18 antagonist, CID-85469571, blocked the neuroprotective effects of PF3845 in all experiments. Collectively, these experiments increase understanding of the role of FAAH inhibition and Tat in mediating microglial neurotoxicity in the HAND condition.

An abundant biliary metabolite derived from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids regulates triglycerides.

Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil reduce triglyceride levels in mammals, yet the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully clarified, despite the clinical use of omega-3 ethyl esters to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in humans. Here, we identified in bile a class of hypotriglyceridemic omega-3 fatty acid-derived N-acyl taurines (NATs) that, after dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, increased to concentrations similar to those of steroidal bile acids. The biliary docosahexaenoic acid-containing (DHA-containing) NAT C22:6 NAT was increased in human and mouse plasma after dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and potently inhibited intestinal triacylglycerol hydrolysis and lipid absorption. Supporting this observation, genetic elevation of endogenous NAT levels in mice impaired lipid absorption, whereas selective augmentation of C22:6 NAT levels protected against hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver. When administered pharmacologically, C22:6 NAT accumulated in bile and reduced high-fat diet-induced, but not sucrose-induced, hepatic lipid accumulation in mice, suggesting that C22:6 NAT is a negative feedback mediator that limits excess intestinal lipid absorption. Thus, biliary omega-3 NATs may contribute to the hypotriglyceridemic mechanism of action of fish oil and could influence the design of more potent omega-3 fatty acid-based therapeutics.

Tetracosahexaenoylethanolamide, a novel N-acylethanolamide, is elevated in ischemia and increases neuronal output.

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are endogenous lipid-signaling molecules derived from fatty acids that regulate numerous biological functions, including in the brain. Interestingly, NAEs are elevated in the absence of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and following CO2-induced ischemia/hypercapnia, suggesting a neuroprotective response. Tetracosahexaenoic acid (THA) is a product and precursor to DHA; however, the NAE product, tetracosahexaenoylethanolamide (THEA), has never been reported. Presently, THEA was chemically synthesized as an authentic standard to confirm THEA presence in biological tissues. Whole brains were collected and analyzed for unesterified THA, total THA, and THEA in wild-type and FAAH-KO mice that were euthanized by either head-focused microwave fixation, CO2 + microwave, or CO2 only. PPAR activity by transient transfection assay and ex vivo neuronal output in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens by patch clamp electrophysiology were determined following THEA exposure. THEA in the wild-type mice was nearly doubled (P < 0.05) following ischemia/hypercapnia (CO2 euthanization) and up to 12 times higher (P < 0.001) in the FAAH-KO compared with wild-type. THEA did not increase (P > 0.05) transcriptional activity of PPARs relative to control, but 100 nM of THEA increased (P < 0.001) neuronal output in MSNs of the nucleus accumbens. Here were identify a novel NAE, THEA, in the brain that is elevated upon ischemia/hypercapnia and by KO of the FAAH enzyme. While THEA did not activate PPAR, it augmented the excitability of MSNs in the nucleus accumbens. Overall, our results suggest that THEA is a novel NAE that is produced in the brain upon ischemia/hypercapnia and regulates neuronal excitation.

Antisense Oligonucleotide Reverses Leukodystrophy in Canavan Disease Mice.

Marked elevation in the brain concentration of N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) is a characteristic feature of Canavan disease, a vacuolar leukodystrophy resulting from deficiency of the oligodendroglial NAA-cleaving enzyme aspartoacylase. We now demonstrate that inhibiting NAA synthesis by intracisternal administration of a locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotide to young-adult aspartoacylase-deficient mice reverses their pre-existing ataxia and diminishes cerebellar and thalamic vacuolation and Purkinje cell dendritic atrophy. Ann Neurol 2020;87:480-485.

DDAH-1 via HIF-1 target genes improves cerebral ischemic tolerance after hypoxic preconditioning and middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion.

Dimethylarginine dimethylamino hydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) as an indirect regulator of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, its role in hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) and ischemic tolerance (IT) of ischemic stroke has still been unknown and needs to be elucidated. Herein, DDAH-1 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) rats underwent HPC and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. After 24 h, neurological severity scores, TTC staining and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate neurological damages. To explore the mechanism, the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) and its target genes were assessed by Western blot and RT-qPCR. NO and ADMA contents were also tested. In addition, supplementation of l-arginine to DDAH-1 KO rats was used to explore the role of DDAH-1 in regulating NO. After HPC the ischemic outcome improved in both KO and WT rats, while KO rats showed attenuated IT exhibiting less expression of HIF-1α and its target genes, lower NO but higher ADMA content. The supplement of l-arginine to KO rats partly alleviated neurological damages accompanied with higher expression of HIF-1α. To sum up, DDAH-1 could regulate the level of NO and enhance IT following HPC and MCAO model via activating the expression of HIF-1α and its target genes.

ADMA elevation does not exacerbate development of diabetic nephropathy in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular disease is nowadays the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is significantly increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy. It has been suggested that asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthases (NOS), may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. ADMA is mainly metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1). The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that elevation of systemic ADMA levels by knocking out DDAH1 would exacerbate functional and structural glomerular abnormalities in a murine model of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in adult DDAH1 knock-out and wild type mice. Healthy mice served as controls. Mice were sacrificed after 20 weeks of diabetes. Plasma ADMA levels were assessed by isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry and albumin by ELISA. Kidneys were used for FACS analysis and were also stained for markers of inflammation, cell proliferation, glomerular cells and cell matrix. RESULTS: STZ led to development of diabetes mellitus in all injected animals. Deficiency of DDAH1 led to a significant increase in plasma ADMA levels in healthy and diabetic mice. The diabetic state itself did not influence systemic ADMA levels. Diabetic mice of both genotypes developed albuminuria and had increased glomerulosclerosis index. There were no changes in desmin expression, glomerular cell proliferation rate, matrix expansion and expression of Mac-2 antigen in the diabetic mice of both genotypes as compared to the healthy ones. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, STZ-induced diabetes led to the development of early features of diabetic nephropathy. Deficiency of DDAH1 and subsequent increase in systemic ADMA levels did not exacerbate these changes, indicating that ADMA is not the major mediator of diabetic nephropathy in this experiment model.

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 deficiency aggravates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary oxidative stress, pulmonary arterial hypertension and right heart failure in rats.

Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and right ventricular (RV) failure have a poor clinical outcome, but the mechanisms of PAH and RV failure development are not totally clear. PAH is associated with reduced NO bioavailability and increased endogenous NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH1) plays a critical role in ADMA degradation. Here we generated a novel DDAH1 deficiency rat strain using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, and studied the effect of DDAH1 dysfunction on monocrotaline-induced PAH, lung vascular remodeling and RV hypertrophy. DDAH1 knockout resulted in abolished DDAH1 expression in various tissues, and significant increases of plasma and lung ADMA content. DDAH1 knockout has no detectable effect on cardiac and lung structure, and LV function under control conditions in rats. However, DDAH1 knockout significantly aggravated monocrotaline-induced lung and RV oxidative stress, lung vascular remodeling and fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and RV hypertrophy in rats. DDAH1 KO resulted in significantly greater increases of plasma and lung ADMA content under control conditions. In the wild type rats monocrotaline resulted in significant increases of plasma and lung ADMA contents and reduction of lung eNOS protein content and these changes were more marked in DDAH1 KO rats. Together, our results demonstrated that DDAH1 plays an important role in attenuating monocrotaline-induced lung oxidative stress, pulmonary hypertension and RV hypertrophy in rats.

Clinical and genetic analysis of 7 Chinese patients with ß-ureidopropionase deficiency.

ß-Ureidopropionase (ßUP) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease caused by abnormal changes in the pyrimidine-degradation pathway. This study aimed to investigate the mutation of ß-ureidopropionase gene (UPB1) gene and clinical features of 7 Chinese patients with ßUP deficiency.We reported 7 Chinese patients with ßUP deficiency who were admitted at Tianjin Children's Hospital. Urine metabolomics was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then genetic testing of UPB1 was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.The patients presented with developmental delay, seizures, autism, abnormal magnetic resonance imaging, and significantly elevated levels of N-carbamyl-ß-alanine and N-carbamyl-ß-aminoisobutyric acid in urine. Subsequent analysis of UPB1 mutation revealed 2 novel missense mutations (c.851G>T and c.853G>A), 3 previously reported mutations including 2 missense mutations (c.977G>A and c.91G>A) and 1 splice site mutation (c.917-1 G>A).The results suggested that the UPB1 mutation may contribute to ßUP deficiency. The c.977G>A is the most common mutation in Chinese population.

[Identification of a novel mutation of UPB1 gene in a Chinese family affected with beta-ureidopropinoase deficiency].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular etiology for a Chinese family affected with beta-ureidopropinoase deficiency. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples of family members. All exons and flanking intron regions of the UPB1 gene were amplified by PCR and detected by direct sequencing. The pathogenicity of identified mutation was analyzed using Polyphen2 and SIFT software. RESULTS: Compound heterozygous mutations of the UPB1 gene, including c.853G>A (p.A285T) and c.917-1G>A, were discovered in the proband, which were inherited respectively from his mother and father. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that this novel mutation was damaging. CONCLUSION: The compound heterozygous mutations of the UPB1 gene probably underlie the beta-ureidopropinoase deficiency in the infant. Discovery of c.853G>A also enriched the mutation spectrum of the UPB1 gene.

Cardiomyocyte dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase1 attenuates left-ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: involvement in oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a risk factor for heart diseases. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) enzymes are key proteins for ADMA degradation. Endothelial DDAH1 is a vital regulator of angiogenesis. DDAH1 is also expressed in cardiomyocytes. However, the role of DDAH1 in cardiomyocytes needs further clarification. Herein, we used an inducible cardiac-specific DDAH1 knockdown mouse (cardiac DDAH1-/-) to investigate the role of cardiomyocyte DDAH1 in left-ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). DDAH1flox/flox and α-MHCMerCreMer mice were used to generate cardiac DDAH1-/- mice. Deletion of DDAH1 in cardiomyocytes was confirmed by Western blotting. No significant differences were observed in plasma ADMA levels and LV function between cardiac DDAH1-/- mice and control mice. Cardiac DDAH1-/- mice showed aggravated LV remodeling 4 weeks after AMI, as demonstrated by a large infarct area and impaired LV function. The rate of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and level of oxidative stress were higher in the LV tissue of cardiac DDAH1-/- mice than in that of control mice. However, treatment of cardiomyocytes with exogenous ADMA had no effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels or apoptosis sensitivity. Cardiac DDAH1-/- LV tissue showed downregulated superoxide dismutase2 (SOD2) expression, and treatment of DDAH1-/- cardiomyocytes with the SOD mimic tempol significantly attenuated apoptosis and ROS levels under hypoxic conditions. Tempol administration also attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac DDAH1-/- LV tissue and partially alleviated LV remodeling after AMI. DDAH1 in cardiomyocytes plays a vital role in attenuating LV remodeling after AMI by regulating intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis sensitivity via a SOD2-dependent pathway.

Four years follow up of ACY1 deficient patient and pedigree study.

Aminoacylase 1 deficiency (ACY1D) is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by increased urinary excretion of N-acetylated amino acids. Clinical phenotypes of 15 known patients with ACY1 deficiency have been described up to now. Findings are greatly variable, ranging from normality to relevant neurological and psychiatric impairments, but clinical follow up has been rarely reported. To partially fill this gap, we present a detailed clinical description and the outcome four years post-diagnosis of a patient already described, with mild intellectual disability, language delay, autistic traits and compound heterozygous mutations in ACY1.

Brain Nat8l Knockdown Suppresses Spongiform Leukodystrophy in an Aspartoacylase-Deficient Canavan Disease Mouse Model.

Canavan disease, a leukodystrophy caused by loss-of-function ASPA mutations, is characterized by brain dysmyelination, vacuolation, and astrogliosis ("spongiform leukodystrophy"). ASPA encodes aspartoacylase, an oligodendroglial enzyme that cleaves the abundant brain amino acid N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) to L-aspartate and acetate. Aspartoacylase deficiency results in a 50% or greater elevation in brain NAA concentration ([NAAB]). Prior studies showed that homozygous constitutive knockout of Nat8l, the gene encoding the neuronal NAA synthesizing enzyme N-acetyltransferase 8-like, prevents aspartoacylase-deficient mice from developing spongiform leukodystrophy. We now report that brain Nat8l knockdown elicited by intracerebroventricular/intracisternal administration of an adeno-associated viral vector carrying a short hairpin Nat8l inhibitory RNA to neonatal aspartoacylase-deficient AspaNur7/Nur7 mice lowers [NAAB] and suppresses development of spongiform leukodystrophy.

Cardiomyocyte dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH1) plays an important role in attenuating ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases that limits nitric oxide bioavailability. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH1) exerts a critical role for ADMA degradation and plays an important role in NO signaling. In the heart, DDAH1 is observed in endothelial cells and in the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes. While NO signaling is important for cardiac adaptation to stress, DDAH1 impact on cardiomyocyte homeostasis is not clear. Here we used the MerCreMer-LoxP model to specifically disrupt cardiomyocyte DDAH1 expression in adult mice to determine the physiological impact of cardiomyocyte DDAH1 under basal conditions and during hypertrophic stress imposed by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Under control conditions, cardiomyocyte-specific DDAH1 knockout (cDDAH KO) had no detectable effect on plasma ADMA and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy or function in adult or aging mice. In response to TAC, DDAH1 levels were elevated 2.5-fold in WT mice, which exhibited no change in LV or plasma ADMA content and moderate LV hypertrophy and LV dysfunction. In contrast, cDDAH1 KO mice exposed to TAC showed no increase in LV DDAH1 expression, slightly increased LV tissue ADMA levels, no increase in plasma ADMA, but significantly exacerbated LV hypertrophy, fibrosis, nitrotyrosine production, and LV dysfunction. These findings indicate cardiomyocyte DDAH1 activity is dispensable for cardiac function under basal conditions, but plays an important role in attenuating cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling under stress conditions, possibly through locally confined regulation of subcellular ADMA and NO signaling.

Targeting Fatty-Acid Amide Hydrolase with Prodrugs for CNS-Selective Therapy.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be a substantial impediment to achieving therapeutic levels of drugs in the CNS. Certain chemical functionality such as the carboxylic acid is a general liability for BBB permeability preventing significant CNS distribution of a drug from a systemic dose. Here, we report a strategy for CNS-selective distribution of the carboxylic acid containing thyromimetic sobetirome using prodrugs targeted to fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which is expressed in the brain. Two amide prodrugs of sobetirome were shown to be efficient substrates of FAAH with Vmax/KM values comparable to the natural endocannabinoid FAAH substrate anandamide. In mice, a systemic dose of sobetirome prodrug leads to a substantial ∼60-fold increase in brain distribution (Kp) of sobetirome compared to an equimolar systemic dose of the parent drug. The increased delivery of sobetirome to the brain from the prodrug was diminished by both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of FAAH in vivo. The increased brain exposure of sobetirome arising from the prodrug corresponds to ∼30-fold increased potency in brain target engagement compared to the parent drug. These results suggest that FAAH-targeted prodrugs can considerably increase drug exposure to the CNS with a concomitant decrease in systemic drug levels generating a desirable distribution profile for CNS acting drugs.

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) regulates hypercapnia/ischemia-induced increases in n-acylethanolamines in mouse brain.

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are endogenous lipid ligands for several receptors including cannabinoid receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), which regulate numerous physiological functions. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is largely responsible for the degradation of NAEs. However, at high concentrations of ethanolamines and unesterified fatty acids, FAAH can also catalyze the reverse reaction, producing NAEs. Several brain insults such as ischemia and hypoxia increase brain unesterified fatty acids. Because FAAH can catalyze the synthesis of NAE, we aimed to test whether FAAH was necessary for CO2 -induced hypercapnia/ischemia increases in NAE. To test this, we examined levels of NAEs, 1- and 2-arachidonoylglycerols as well as their corresponding fatty acid precursors in wild-type and mice lacking FAAH (FAAH-KO) with three Kill methods: (i) head-focused, high-energy microwave irradiation (microwave), (ii) 5 min CO2 followed by microwave irradiation (CO2 + microwave), and (iii) 5 min CO2 only (CO2 ). Both CO2 -induced groups increased, to a similar extent, brain levels of unesterified oleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acid and 1- and 2-arachidonoylglycerols compared to the microwave group in both wild-type and FAAH-KO mice. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), and docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) levels were about 8-, 7-, and 2.5-fold higher, respectively, in the FAAH-KO mice compared with the wild-type mice. Interestingly, the concentrations of OEA, AEA, and DHEA increased 2.5- to 4-fold in response to both CO2 -induced groups in wild-type mice, but DHEA increased only in the CO2 group in FAAH-KO mice. Our study demonstrates that FAAH is necessary for CO2 - induced increases in OEA and AEA but not DHEA. Targeting brain FAAH could impair the production of NAEs in response to brain injuries.