Phase II study of the novel antifolate agent pralatrexate in combination with the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin for the treatment of patients with mature T-cell lymphoma.

Previously, we conducted a Phase I study of the combination of pralatrexate and romidepsin in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) lymphomas and subsequently conducted a multicenter Phase II study in patients with untreated or R/R mature T cell lymphomas (MTCL). Patients received pralatrexate 25 mg/m2 and romidepsin 12 mg/m2 every 2 weeks. Fourteen patients were evaluable for efficacy. Overall response rate was 35.7% with CR in 14.3% and disease control in 50%. The mDOR was 8.2 months, mPFS was 3.6 months, and mOS was 20.2 months. Gastrointestinal side effects were most common in up to 33%; there was only one hematologic toxicity of grade 3 anemia. Combining results of MTCL patients from the Phase I and II studies (N = 28), the ORR was 53.5% with CR in 21.4%, disease control in67.8%, and DOR of 7.2 months. The combination was safe however does not out-perform other combination strategies.Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01947140).

Polymorphisms of potential drug resistant molecular markers in Plasmodium vivax from China-Myanmar border during 2008‒2017.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium vivax remains the predominant species at the China-Myanmar border, imposing a major challenge to the recent gains in regional malaria elimination. To closely supervise the emerging of drug resistance in this area, we surveyed the variations in genes potentially correlated with drug resistance in P. vivax parasite and the possible drug selection with time. METHODS: A total of 235 P. vivax samples were collected from patients suffering uncomplicated malaria at Yingjiang, Tengchong, and Longling counties, and Nabang port in China, Yunnan province, and Laiza sub-township in Myanmar, from 2008 to 2017. Five potential drug resistance genes were amplified utilizing nested-PCR and analyzed, including pvdhfr, pvdhps, pvmdr1, pvcrt-o, and pvk12. The Pearson's Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test were applied to determine the statistical frequency differences of mutations between categorical data. RESULTS: The pvdhfr F57I/L, S58R, T61M and S117T/N presented in 40.6%, 56.7%, 40.1%, and 56.0% of the sequenced P. vivax isolates, and these mutations significantly decreased with years. The haplotype formed by these quadruple mutations predominated in Yingjiang, Tengchong, Longling and Nabang. While a mutation H99S/R (56.6%) dominated in Laiza and increased with time. In pvdhps, the A383G prevailed in 69.2% of the samples, which remained the most prevalent haplotype. However, a significant decrease of its occurrence was also noticed over the time. The S382A/C and A553G existed in 8.4% and 30.8% of the isolates, respectively. In pvmdr1, the mutation Y976F occurred at a low frequency in 5/232 (2.2%), while T958M was fixed and F1076L was approaching fixed (72.4%). The K10 insertion was detected at an occurrence of 33.2% in pvcrt-o, whereas there was no significant difference among the sites or over the time. No mutation was identified in pvk12. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations related with resistance to antifolate drugs are prevalent in this area, while their frequencies decrease significantly with time, suggestive of increased susceptibility of P. vivax parasite to antifolate drugs. Resistance to chloroquine (CQ) is possibly emerging. However, since the molecular mechanisms underneath CQ resistance is yet to be better understood, close supervision of clinical drug efficiency and continuous function investigation is urgently needed to alarm drug resistance.

Toxicity of pemetrexed during renal impairment explained-Implications for safe treatment.

Pemetrexed is an important component of first line treatment in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. However, a limitation is the contraindication in patients with renal impairment due to hematological toxicity. Currently, it is unknown how to safely dose pemetrexed in these patients. The aim of our study was to elucidate the relationship between pemetrexed exposure and toxicity to support the development of a safe dosing regimen in patients with renal impairment. A population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis was performed based on phase II study results in three patients with renal dysfunction, supplemented with data from 106 patients in early clinical studies. Findings were externally validated with data of different pemetrexed dosing regimens. Alternative dosing regimens were evaluated using the developed model. We found that pemetrexed toxicity was driven by the time above a toxicity threshold concentration. The threshold for vitamin-supplemented patients was 0.110 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.092-0.146 mg/mL). It was observed that in patients with renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]: <45 mL/min) the approved dose of 500 mg/m2 would yield a high probability of severe neutropenia in the range of 51.0% to 92.6%. A pemetrexed dose of 20 mg for patients (eGFR: 20 mL/min) is shown to be neutropenic-equivalent to the approved dose in patients with adequate renal function (eGFR: 90 mL/min), but would result in an approximately 13-fold lower area under the concentration-time curve. The pemetrexed exposure-toxicity relationship is explained by a toxicity threshold and substantially different from previously thought. Without prophylaxis for toxicity, it is unlikely that a therapeutic dose can be safely administered to patients with renal impairment.

Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of a Single Oral Dose of Pyrimethamine in Healthy Male Subjects of Japanese and European Ancestry.

The pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine have been evaluated in various populations but have not been reported in subjects of Japanese ancestry following administration as a single-agent tablet. Furthermore, although pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics after a single dose of the single-agent tablet studied in Western countries have been reported, these studies are old, and the ancestry of the subjects was not specified. Consequently, this study investigated the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single oral 50-mg dose of pyrimethamine in healthy male subjects of Japanese and European ancestry. Seven subjects of each ancestry group were administered pyrimethamine, along with calcium folinate. After absorption, pyrimethamine was eliminated, with a mean half-life of 122.8 hours in Japanese subjects and 99.5 hours in European subjects. The mean Cmax and AUC0-t were 433.8 ng/mL and 59.63 µg·h/mL in Japanese subjects and 372.7 ng/mL and 42.83 µg·h/mL in European subjects. No safety concerns were reported during the study. Although pyrimethamine exposure was slightly higher in subjects of Japanese than of European ancestry, a considerable overlap in the range of parameter values was observed. Considering the range of pyrimethamine exposure reported previously, difference in exposure observed in this study would not be considered of note.

Changes in intracellular folate metabolism during high-dose methotrexate and Leucovorin rescue therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is an important anti-folate agent in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. Folinic acid rescue therapy (Leucovorin) is administered after MTX to reduce toxicity. Previous studies hypothesized that Leucovorin could 'rescue' both normal healthy cells and leukemic blasts from cell death. We assessed whether Leucovorin is able to restore red blood cell folate levels after MTX. METHODS: We prospectively determined erythrocyte folate levels (5-methyltetrahydrofolate (THF) and non-methyl THF) and serum folate levels in 67 children with ALL before start (T0) and after stop (T1) of HD-MTX and Leucovorin courses. RESULTS: Erythrocyte folate levels increased between T0 and T1 (mean ± SD: 416.7 ± 145.5 nmol/L and 641.2 ± 196.3 nmol/L respectively, p<0.001). This was due to an increase in 5-methyl THF levels (mean increase: 217.7 ± 209.5 nmol/L, p<0.001), whereas non-methyl THF levels did not change (median increase: 0.6 nmol/L [-9.9-11.1], p = 0.676). Serum folate levels increased between T0 and T1 (median increase: 29.2 nmol/L [32.9-74.0], p<0.001). Results were not significantly affected by age, sex, ALL immunophenotype and MTHFR c.677C>T genotype. CONCLUSION: Intracellular folate levels accumulate after HD-MTX and Leucovorin therapy in children with ALL, suggesting that Leucovorin restores the intracellular folate pool. Future studies are necessary to assess concomitant lower uptake of MTX.

Successful multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in a patient with severe hematological toxicity by methotrexate: case report and literature review / Diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas bem-sucedida em paciente com grave toxicidade hematológica por metotrexato: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

Abstract Methotrexate is an effective medication to control several diseases; however, it can be very toxic, being myelosuppression one of its main adverse effects, which increases in severity and frequency in patients with renal failure. We present the case of a 68-year-old man with chronic, end-stage renal disease associated with ANCA vasculitis, under treatment with peritoneal dialysis, who received the medication at a low dose, indicated by disease activity, which presented as a complication with severe pancytopenia with mucositis that improved with support measures and multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis. We reviewed 20 cases published to date of pancytopenia associated with methotrexate in patients on dialysis and found high morbidity and mortality, which is why its use in this type of patient is not recommended. However, when this complication occurs, a therapeutic option could be the use of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in addition to supportive therapy for drug-related toxicity, although it is recognized that studies are required to show the role of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in the removal of this medication.

Resumo Apesar de sua toxicidade, o metotrexato é um medicamento eficaz no controle de várias doenças. A mielossupressão, um de seus principais efeitos adversos, aumenta em gravidade e frequência nos pacientes com insuficiência renal. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 68 anos de idade com doença renal terminal relacionada à vasculite associada ao ANCA em diálise peritoneal, que recebeu a medicação em dose baixa em função da atividade da doença e que teve como complicação pancitopenia grave com mucosite, tratada com medidas de suporte e diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas. Revisamos 20 casos publicados até o presente momento sobre pancitopenia associada a metotrexato em pacientes em diálise. Foi identificada alta morbidade e mortalidade, razão pela qual seu uso nesse tipo de paciente não é recomendado. No entanto, quando esta complicação ocorre, uma opção terapêutica pode ser o uso de diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas, além da terapia de suporte para toxicidade medicamentosa. Maiores estudos são necessários para demonstrar o papel da diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas na remoção desse medicamento.

Effectiveness of methotrexate in moderate to severe psoriasis patients: real-world registry data from the Swiss Dermatology Network for Targeted Therapies (SDNTT).

Methotrexate (MTX) is a frequently used anti-psoriatic drug that is commonly recommended in international psoriasis guidelines. It is effective in treating skin lesions, nail changes and psoriatic arthritis. In 2017 a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, commonly known as the METOP trial, was published assessing the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous administration of methotrexate. Because trial data do not always relate to real-life data with unselected patient populations, we wanted to determine whether the data obtained in the METOP-trial correspond to real-life registry data from our Swiss Dermatology Network for Targeted Therapies (SDNTT). Data of 449 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who participated in the SDNTT registry between 2011 and 1st of July 2017 were analyzed. Only patients receiving methotrexate s.c. were included. 66 patients under MTX were included into this study. Baseline PASI was 6.3 ± 3.8 (SDNTT) compared to 15.9 ± 5.9 in the METOP trial. In our cohort, only 18% of all patients reached PASI 75 after 12 weeks, 6% showed a complete remission (PASI 100) compared to 41% and 4% in the METOP trial after 16 weeks. 22.7% of all patients showed increased liver enzymes in either study and nausea was seen in 15% (SDNTT) versus 22% (METOP) of patients. No severe adverse events were observed in our cohort. Compared to the METOP-trial, the response rates seen our real-world cohort were distinctly lower.

Perspective on current and emerging drugs in the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.

No new drugs for treatment of toxoplasmosis have been approved in over 60 years, despite the burden of toxoplasmosis on human society. The small selection of effective drugs is limited by important side effects, often limiting patient use. This perspective highlights promising late-stage drug candidates in the treatment of toxoplasmosis. Presently, drugs target the tachyzoite form of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii responsible for the acute infection but do not eradicate the tissue cyst form underlying chronic infection. Pyrimethamine - the first-line and only approved drug for treatment of toxoplasmosis in the United States - inhibits parasite DNA synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Two novel DHFR inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity for parasite DHFR over human DHFR are in clinical-stage development. One of the most advanced and promising therapeutic targets, demonstrating potential to treat both acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, is the calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) which plays an essential role in the intracellular replicative cycle of the parasite, and has no direct mammalian homolog. Two CDPK1 inhibitor programs have identified potent and selective lead series, demonstrating acceptable systemic and CNS exposure, and in vivo efficacy in animal models of acute and chronic infection. Physicians need a better arsenal of parasiticidal drugs for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, particularly those active against tissue cysts.

A single center retrospective analysis of a protocol for high-dose methotrexate and leucovorin rescue administration.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate has a wide dosing range. High-dose methotrexate is a dose of 1000 mg/m2 or greater. In the 1970s, the incidence of mortality associated with High-dose methotrexate ranged from 4.6 to 6%. In 2012, the University of Maryland Medical Center implemented a standardized high-dose methotrexate protocol. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the institution followed recommendations based on the Bleyer nomogram for the administration of high-dose methotrexate more closely after the implementation of the protocol. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, 37 patients received 119 cycles of high-dose methotrexate before the protocol implementation (1 January 2009 through 31 December 2010) and 45 patients received 106 cycles of high-dose methotrexate after protocol implementation (1 January 2013 through 31 December 2014). Patient characteristics, protocol data, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Protocol implementation significantly reduced the deviation of methotrexate level timing at 24, 48, and 72 h: median 7.47 vs. 1.46 h, 7.23 vs. 1.35 h, and 7.00 vs. 1.52 h before and after implementation, respectively (p < 0.0001 for each). The protocol significantly reduced deviation of the first dose of leucovorin administration: median 5.2 vs. 0.675 h before and after implementation, respectively (p<0.0001). After protocol implementation, there was an increase in the use of leucovorin prescriptions written appropriately for patients discharged before methotrexate levels reached a value of ≤0.05 µmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a protocol for the administration of high-dose methotrexate improved the adherence to consensus recommendations. Further analysis is needed to assess clinical pharmacist involvement and the cost savings implications within this protocol.

Successful multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in a patient with severe hematological toxicity by methotrexate: case report and literature review.

Methotrexate is an effective medication to control several diseases; however, it can be very toxic, being myelosuppression one of its main adverse effects, which increases in severity and frequency in patients with renal failure. We present the case of a 68-year-old man with chronic, end-stage renal disease associated with ANCA vasculitis, under treatment with peritoneal dialysis, who received the medication at a low dose, indicated by disease activity, which presented as a complication with severe pancytopenia with mucositis that improved with support measures and multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis. We reviewed 20 cases published to date of pancytopenia associated with methotrexate in patients on dialysis and found high morbidity and mortality, which is why its use in this type of patient is not recommended. However, when this complication occurs, a therapeutic option could be the use of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in addition to supportive therapy for drug-related toxicity, although it is recognized that studies are required to show the role of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in the removal of this medication.

Medicines associated with folate-homocysteine-methionine pathway disruption.

Folate is vital for cell development and growth. It is involved in one-carbon transfer reactions essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It also acts in conjunction with cobalamin (vitamin B12) as a fundamental cofactor in the remethylation cycle that converts homocysteine to methionine. A deficiency in folate or vitamin B12 can lead to elevated homocysteine level, which has been identified as an independent risk factor in several health-related conditions. Adequate folate levels are essential in women of childbearing age and in pregnant women, and folate deficiency is associated with several congenital malformations. Low folate levels can be caused by dietary deficiencies, a genetic predisposition or treatment with medicines that affect folate concentration. Women who are pregnant or of child-bearing age commonly use medicines, so it is important to identify the basic biochemical mechanisms by which medicines interfere with the folate-homocysteine-methionine pathway. This review focuses on prescription medicines associated with folate disruption. It also summarizes their undesirable/toxic effects. Recommendations regarding folate supplementation during medical therapy are also reviewed.

Iclaprim: a differentiated option for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections.

INTRODUCTION: Iclaprim is a selective bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Although there are alternative options for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), iclaprim is differentiated from other available antibiotics. Areas covered: Iclaprim is under clinical development for ABSSSI. This review summarizes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, microbiology, clinical development program, and the differentiation of iclaprim from other antibiotics. Expert commentary: Iclaprim has a different mechanism of action (DHFR inhibitor) compared to most other antibiotics, is active and rapidly bactericidal against Gram-positive pathogens including antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and suppresses bacterial exotoxins (alpha hemolysin, Panton Valentine leukocidin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1). Compared to trimethoprim, iclaprim has lower MIC90s, can be given without a sulfonamide, overcomes select trimethoprim resistance, and does not cause hyperkalemia. Iclaprim is administered as a fixed dose, does not require dose adjustment in renally-impaired or obese patients, and was not associated with nephrotoxicity in the Phase 3 pivotal REVIVE studies. Iclaprim represents a novel, alternative option for the treatment of severe skin and skin structure infections due to Gram-positive bacteria, particularly in patients at risk of acute kidney injury.

Safety of Same-Day Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Patients Receiving Pemetrexed for the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer or Pleural Mesothelioma: A Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pemetrexed is a folate analog inhibitor for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation before initiating pemetrexed is necessary because of high rates of cytopenias without supplementation. However, the timing of supplementation has not been thoroughly investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective study investigating patients receiving pemetrexed from January 1, 2012, to June 30, 2015, who received same-day vitamin B12 supplementation versus ≥ 1 day before pemetrexed. The objective was to evaluate safety outcomes in patients who received vitamin B12 on the same day as pemetrexed (group A) versus vitamin B12 ≥ 1 day (group B) before pemetrexed. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-one patients met the inclusion criteria: 137 patients in group A (same-day administration of vitamin B12) and 144 patients in group B (median time of vitamin B12 administration before pemetrexed, 7 days; range, 1-42 days). Mean changes in hematologic indices from cycle (C) 1 to C2 or C2 to C3 did not differ significantly between groups. There were no significant differences in clinical events between C1 and C2 or C2 and C3 requiring supportive care. There was a significant difference noted in treatment delay in C3 [28/114 (24.6%) group A vs. 14/118 (11.9%) group B, P = .0164]. In group A, significant predictors of delay in C3 were baseline hemoglobin (mean 13.3 g/dL vs. 12.4 g/dL, P = .0137) and ANC (mean 6 × 109/L vs. 5 × 109/L, P = .0003). CONCLUSION: Same-day vitamin B12 and pemetrexed administration is a safe practice in NSCLC and malignant pleural mesothelioma patients.

Adverse Reactions in Antifolate-Treated Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis.

This study seeks to define factors affecting the development of adverse reactions to intensive therapy of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis with antifolate agents (pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine) and antibiotics followed by secondary antifolate prophylaxis. The study was of retrospective and observational nature. Medical files were reviewed of 551 patients suffering from ocular toxoplasmosis during 1994-2013. All patients were treated with the same protocol: 3-week intensive pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine plus antibiotic/steroid therapy. Three hundred and fourteen out of the 551 patients qualified for the subsequent 6-month long secondary antifolate prophylaxis. The type and occurrence rate of adverse reactions were taken into account. The probability of an adverse reaction during the intensive therapy phase was 33.4%. Hypertransaminasemia was the most common event observed in 24.6% of the patients, but it assumed a severe character in just 0.9%, with male gender and age over 25 years being the predisposing factors. Less common adverse effects included thrombocytopenia (8.3%), hypersensitivity skin reactions (3.0%), and abdominal pain (1.4%). The adverse effects of secondary antifolate prophylaxis, most commonly hypersensitivity skin reactions and hypertransaminasemia, followed by thrombocytopenia and abdominal pain, were observed in 4.9% of the patients. Ten of them (2.7%) had to discontinue the treatment while eight others continued with pyrimethamine alone without further adverse effects, which suggests that discontinuation of the sulfonamide decreased the propensity for adverse reactions. The treatment strategy in these patients differed from previous reports in that it used lower doses of pyrimethamine/sulfonamide, with no folinic acid supplementation. Nonetheless, the rate and severity of adverse events were no greater than those noticed with traditional regimens, with higher antifolate doses and folinic acid supplementation. We conclude that the dose and drug-mitigated treatment strategy we employed deserves consideration as a promising alternative to traditional treatments for ocular toxoplasmosis.

Potential for Cost Saving with Iclaprim Owing to Avoidance of Vancomycin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Vancomycin is the most prescribed antibiotic for hospitalized adults with skin and skin structure infections. Vancomycin is associated with acute kidney injury. Iclaprim is an antibiotic under development for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and is not associated with acute kidney injury. This economic model sought to determine the potential cost saving with iclaprim owing to avoidance of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury among hospitalized patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital cost-minimization model was developed to estimate the overall cost impact of replacing empiric vancomycin with iclaprim among hospitalized adult patients with skin and skin structure infections. The structural model included: vancomycin acquisition; vancomycin assay; incidence of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury; excess hospital length of stay if acute kidney injury occurred; frequency/cost of specialty physician consults after occurrence of acute kidney injury; and probability/cost of acute dialysis as a result of acute kidney injury. Iclaprim treatment duration was 7 days and iclaprim acquisition cost was varied to determine the upper end of the daily iclaprim price that still conferred cost savings relative to vancomycin. Duration of hospitalization for iclaprim was assumed to be the same as patients with no acute kidney injury. RESULTS: Based on the overall acute kidney injury rate (9.2%), the neutral acquisition price threshold for iclaprim vs. vancomycin was US$1373.47/regimen. Across various subpopulations where acute kidney injury risk ranged between 9.2 and 16.7%, the daily iclaprim acquisition cost that still conferred cost savings was up to US$300/day. CONCLUSIONS: Iclaprim has the potential to reduce the economic burden of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in hospitalized patients at risk for vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury when iclaprim acquisition is US$300/day or less.

Methotrexate causes persistent deficits in memory and executive function in a juvenile animal model.

Methotrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor widely employed in curative treatment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, methotrexate administration is also associated with persistent cognitive deficits among long-term childhood cancer survivors. Animal models of methotrexate-induced cognitive deficits have primarily utilized adult animals. The purpose of present study is to investigate the neurotoxicity of methotrexate in juvenile rats and its relevant mechanisms. The doses and schedule of systemic and intrathecal methotrexate, given from post-natal age 3-7 weeks, were chosen to model the effects of repeated methotrexate dosing on the developing brains of young children with ALL. This methotrexate regimen had no visible acute toxicity and no effect on growth. At 15 weeks of age (8 weeks after the last methotrexate dose) both spatial pattern memory and visual recognition memory were impaired. In addition, methotrexate-treated animals demonstrated impaired performance in the set-shifting assay, indicating decreased cognitive flexibility. Histopathological analysis demonstrated decreased cell proliferation in methotrexate-treated animals compared to controls, as well as changes in length and thickness of the corpus callosum. Moreover, methotrexate suppressed microglia activation and RANTES production. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that a clinically relevant regimen of systemic and intrathecal methotrexate induces persistent deficits in spatial pattern memory, visual recognition memory and executive function, lasting at least 8 weeks after the last injection. The mechanisms behind methotrexate-induced deficits are likely multifactorial and may relate to suppression of neurogenesis, alterations in neuroinflammation and microglial activation, and structural changes in the corpus callosum.

Ameliorating effect of kisspeptin-10 on methotrexate-induced sperm damages and testicular oxidative stress in rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the kisspeptin-10 (Kiss) administration on the damages in testicular oxidant-antioxidant system, reproductive organ weights and some spermatological characteristics resulted from methotrexate (MTX) exposure. Group 1 (n:6) received saline only; group 2 (n:6) received 50 nmol/kg kisspeptin-10 for 10 days; group 3 (n:10) received single-dose methotrexate 20 mg/kg; and group 4 (n:10) received MTX 20 mg/kg single dose and, after 3 days, received kisspeptin-10, 50 nmol/kg, lasted for 10 days by intraperitoneal injection. At the end of the study, malondialdehyde levels were found to have increased following the application of MTX while showing a significant reduction in group 4 with Kiss administration. With respect to the spermatological parameters, administering MTX decreased motility and increased the rates of abnormal spermatozoa in group 2, while improvements were observed in group 4 in the form of increased motility in the spermatozoa and fewer abnormal spermatozoa. In addition, Kiss treatment provided statistically significant increases in the absolute weight of the seminal vesicles and the relative weights of the right cauda epididymis and seminal vesicles resulting from MTX administration. MTX administration damaged some spermatological parameters and increased oxidative stress when compared to the control group. However, Kiss treatment was observed to mitigate these adverse effects as demonstrated by the improvements in coadministration of Kiss and MTX when compared to the MTX group. It is concluded that Kiss treatment may reduce MTX-induced reproductive toxicity as a potential antioxidant compound.

Iclaprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor antibiotic in Phase III of clinical development: a review of its pharmacology, microbiology and clinical efficacy and safety.

Iclaprim is under clinical development for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) and nosocomial pneumonia most often due to Gram-positive bacteria, including infections due to drug-resistant bacteria. In two recent Phase III studies of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, intravenous iclaprim 80 mg every 12 h was noninferior to dose-adjusted vancomycin. Additional studies are planned for patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Iclaprim represents an alternative for the treatment of severe skin and pulmonary infections due to Gram-positive bacteria.