Effects of One-Year Tofacitinib Therapy on Lipids and Adipokines in Association with Vascular Pathophysiology in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity, mortality and metabolic syndrome are associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A recent trial has suggested increased risk of major CV events (MACE) upon the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib compared with anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) therapy. In our study, we evaluated lipids and other metabolic markers in relation to vascular function and clinical markers in RA patients undergoing one-year tofacitinib therapy. Patients and methods: Thirty RA patients treated with either 5 mg or 10 mg bid tofacitinib were included in a 12-month follow-up study. Various lipids, paraoxonase (PON1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and adipokine levels, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, adipsin and chemerin were determined. In order to assess flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial pulse-wave velocity (PWV) ultrasonography were performed. Assessments were carried out at baseline, and 6 and 12 months after initiating treatment. Results: One-year tofacitinib therapy significantly increased TC, HDL, LDL, APOA, APOB, leptin, adipsin and TSP-1, while significantly decreasing Lp(a), chemerin, PON1 and MPO levels. TG, lipid indices (TC/HDL and LDL/HDL), adiponectin and resistin showed no significant changes. Numerous associations were found between lipids, adipokines, clinical markers and IMT, FMD and PWV (p < 0.05). Regression analysis suggested, among others, association of BMI with CRP and PWV (p < 0.05). Adipokines variably correlated with age, BMI, CRP, CCP, FMD, IMT and PWV, while MPO, PON1 and TSP-1 variably correlated with age, disease duration, BMI, RF and PWV (p < 0.05). Conclusions: JAK inhibition by tofacitinib exerts balanced effects on lipids and other metabolic markers in RA. Various correlations may exist between metabolic, clinical parameters and vascular pathophysiology during tofacitinib treatment. Complex assessment of lipids, metabolic factors together with clinical parameters and vascular pathophysiology may be utilized in clinical practice to determine and monitor the CV status of patients in relation with clinical response to JAK inhibition.

Relation of Serum Lipoprotein(a) Levels to Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein Profiles and Atherosclerotic Diseases in Japanese Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Familial Hypercholesterolemia Expert Forum (FAME) Study.

AIMS: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a plasma lipoprotein consisting of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle with apolipoprotein (Apo)(a), attached via a disulfide bond to Apo B100. Previous studies have shown that high Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). To date, limited data are available as to distribution of Lp(a) in FH and associations of Lp(a) with other lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease. Our study aimed to investigate serum Lp(a) levels in relation to other lipid profiles and clinical conditions in the national largest-ever cohort of Japanese FH patients. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of the Familial Hypercholesterolemia Expert Forum (FAME) Study that includes a Japanese nationwide cohort of FH patients. In 399 patients under treatment for heterozygous FH who had a baseline measurement of serum Lp(a), the present study examined the distribution of Lp(a) levels and associations of Lp(a) with other lipid profiles and clinical conditions including coronary artery disease (CAD). RESULTS: The distribution of Lp(a) was skewed to the right with a median of 20.8 mg/dL, showing a log-normal distribution. Serum Apo B and Apo E levels were positively associated with Lp(a) levels. Age-adjusted mean of Apo B was 8.77 mg/dL higher and that of Apo E was 0.39 mg/dL higher in the highest category (40+ mg/dL) of Lp(a) than in the lowest category (＜20 mg/dL). LDL-C levels did not show such an association with Lp(a) levels. A tendency towards a positive relationship between Lp(a) and prevalent CAD was observed in men. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated a distribution pattern of Lp(a) in Japanese FH patients and positive relationships of Lp(a) with Apo B and Apo E levels.

A phase 1, open label, dose escalation study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of MG1102 (apolipoprotein(a) Kringle V) in patients with solid tumors.

Purpose MG1102 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo models. The purpose of the study was to investigate the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, and preliminary antitumor efficacy of MG1102. Methods Patients with refractory solid tumors were eligible. Each patient received 1 dose of MG1102 followed by a 6-day rest period, during which they underwent PK assessments and safety monitoring. If the initial dose was tolerated, the patient continued with the 21-day treatment of MG1102 (5 days on, 2 days off for 3 weeks). Dose escalation was planned in 6 cohorts (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 mg/m2). Primary objectives included safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) assessment. Secondary objectives included assessment of PK, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy. Results A total of 16 patients were enrolled and 12 (75%) completed the study. The most common cancer type was colorectal cancer (n = 10). There was no dose limiting toxicity and the MTD was not reached at 192 mg/m2. The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders, including nausea (30.8%), abdominal pain (23.1%), constipation (23.1%), and dyspepsia (23.1%). The PK of MG1102 was slightly less than dose proportional from Cohorts 3 to 6. Among 13 response-evaluable patients, 1 unconfirmed partial response (PR) was seen (in the 48 mg/m2 cohort) and 4 patients had stable disease. Conclusions The safety profile of MG1102 was generally manageable and the toxicities resolved quickly. Potential antitumor activity was observed with 1 unconfirmed PR (60% size reduction).

Human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V inhibits ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization via suppression of fibronectin-mediated angiogenesis.

Retinal neovascularization is observed in progression of diabetic retinopathy. New vessels grow into the vitreous cavity in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, resulting in traction retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage. To overcome the catastrophic visual loss due to these complications, efforts have been focused on the treatment of retinal neovascularization. In this study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of recombinant human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) in an animal model of ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. rhLK8 induced no definite toxicity on endothelial cells and retinal tissues at the therapeutic dosage. Interestingly, rhLK8 showed antiangiogenic effect, particularly on fibronectin-mediated migration of endothelial cells. Further experiments demonstrated high binding affinity of rhLK8 to α3ß1 integrin, and suppression of it might be the mechanism of antiangiogenic effect of rhLK8. Furthermore, rhLK8 inhibited phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, resulting in suppression of activation of consequent p130CAS-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. Taken together, our data suggested the possible application of rhLK8 in the treatment of retinal neovascularization by suppression of fibronectin-mediated angiogenesis.

Structural requirements for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides.

Recently, attention has been focused on pharmacological treatments that increase HDL cholesterol to prevent coronary artery disease. Despite three decades of extensive research of human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of HDL, the molecular basis for its antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory functions remain elusive. Another protein component of HDL, apoA-II, has structural features similar to those of apoA-I but does not possess atheroprotective properties. To understand the molecular basis for the effectiveness of apoA-I, we used model synthetic peptides. We designed analogs of the class A amphipathic helical motif in apoA-I that is responsible for solubilizing phospholipids. None of these analogs has sequence homology to apoA-I, but all are similar in their lipid-associating structural motifs. Although all of these peptide analogs interact with phospholipids to form peptide:lipid complexes, the biological properties of these analogs are different. Physical-chemical and NMR studies of these peptides have enabled the delineation of structural requirements for atheroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in these peptides. It has been shown that peptides that interact strongly with lipid acyl chains do not have antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast, peptides that associate close to the lipid head group (and hence do not interact strongly with the lipid acyl chain) are antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory. Understanding the structure and function of apoA-I and HDL through studies of the amphipathic helix motif may lead to peptide-based therapies for inhibiting atherosclerosis and other related inflammatory lipid disorders.

[A synthetic peptide selected by bioinformatics inhibits mouse corneal neovascularization].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the active anti-angiogenic region in the amino acid sequence of human apolipoprotein (a) [apo (a)] kringle V (KV), and to evaluate the role of this synthetic peptide on VEGF-induced angiogenesis of mouse cornea in vivo. METHODS: The characterization of the structure and biological activity of the amino acid sequence of apo (a) KV was analyzed using the bioinformatic methods which included sequence alignment, analysis of antigenicity, surface accessibility and hydrophilicity, and then a peptides was selected. The peptide was synthesized with a high efficiency solid-phase method. Corneal neovascularization was induced with a pellet containing 160 ng vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a mouse corneal micropocket model. 40 C57BL/6 mice (40 eyes) were divided randomly into 4 groups (10 eyes per group). Four kinds of pellets were made containing 160 ng VEGF plus the dose range of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 microg synthetic peptide for control group, group A, group B and group C, respectively. Neovascularization was observed biomicroscopically on day 7 after the operation, and the corneas were then examined histologically. RESULTS: The result of bioinformatic analysis showed that the peptide contained a majority of conservative residues and possessed fine properties of antigenicity, surface accessibility and hydrophilicity. The synthetic peptide at the doses of 1.0 microg and 1.5 microg showed significant inhibition of mouse corneal neovascularization induced by VEGF in the parameters of vessel length, clock hours and area compared with the control group on day 7 after the operation (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the two doses (1.0 microg and 1.5 microg peptide) in the inhibition of the neovascularization. The dose of 0.5 microg peptide did not show any significant inhibition of the neovascularization compared with the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The peptide, selected from the amino acid sequence of apo (a) KV by bioinformatics, appears to inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal micropocket assay in vivo, therefore, the study suggest that this amino acid sequence may locate at the active anti-angiogenic region of apo (a) KV.

Stimulation of fecal steroid excretion after infusion of recombinant proapolipoprotein A-I. Potential reverse cholesterol transport in humans.

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I is the major protein component of HDL, a cholesterol transport particle that protects against atherosclerosis. Apo A-I is believed to promote reverse cholesterol transport, transferring cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for subsequent elimination. To test this hypothesis in humans, we measured fecal steroid excretion before and after the intravenous infusion of human proapo A-I (precursor of apo A-I) liposome complexes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia w re studied under standardized conditions. The fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols was determined for 9 days before and 9 days after an intravenous infusion of recombinant human proapo A-I (4 g protein) liposome complexes. Plasma apoA-I and HDL cholesterol levels increased transiently (mean peak concentrations were 64% and 35% above baseline, respectively) during the first 24 hours. Mean lipoprotein lipid and apolipoprotein levels were not different during the 2 collecting periods, however. Serum lathosterol, a precursor of cholesterol whose concentration reflects the rate of cholesterol synthesis in vivo, was also unchanged. The fecal excretion of cholesterol (neutral sterols and bile acids) increased in all subjects (mean increase, +39% and +30%, respectively), corresponding to the removal of approximately 500 mg/d excess cholesterol after infusion. Control infusions with only liposomes in 2 of the patients did not influence lipoprotein pattern or cholesterol excretion. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of proapoA-I liposomes in humans promotes net cholesterol excretion from the body, implying a stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport. This mechanism may prove useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

[The inhibitory effect of apolipoproteins in HDL on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits].

The main apolipoproteins in HDL are known to be apo A1, A2, and A4. Apolipoprotein (mainly apo A1) were isolated and purified from about 100 liters of rabbit's serum for the purpose of studying their inhibitory effect on the development of atheromatous plaques in rabbits. Data indicated that lipid content in aortic intima: lipid deposition in intima morphologically; area of atheromatous lesion involved and the severity of atheromatous lesions obtained were much lower in animals of the experimental group after intravenous administration of apolipoproteins isolated from HDL for 8 to 12 weeks than those in animals of the cholesterol control groups in two successive experiments. In accordance with data obtained from epidemiological and experimental surveys. HDL level was known to be correlated reversely with the incidence of atherosclerosis. Data of these experiments confirmed that apolipoproteins (mainly apoA1) in HDL are the main factors of this inhibitory effect. This result provides a scientific basis for the measurement of preparation of certain apolipoproteins (apo A1 and possibly A1) by high bio-technology for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in the near future.