Emerging Adults Mirror Infants' Emotions and Yawns.

Infants' nonverbal expressions-a broad smile or a sharp cry-are powerful at eliciting reactions. Although parents' reactions to their own infants' expressions are relatively well understood, here we studied whether adults more generally exhibit behavioral and physiological reactions to unfamiliar infants producing various expressions. We recruited U.S. emerging adults (N = 84) prior to parenthood, 18-25 years old, 68% women, ethnically (20% Hispanic/Latino) and racially (7% Asian, 13% Black, 1% Middle Eastern, 70% White, 8% multiracial) diverse. They observed four 80-s audio-video clips of unfamiliar 2- to 6-month-olds crying, smiling, yawning, and sitting calmly (emotionally neutral control). Each compilation video depicted 9 different infants (36 clips total). We found adults mirrored behaviorally and physiologically: more positive facial expressions to infants smiling, and more negative facial expressions and pupil dilation-indicating increases in arousal-to infants crying. Adults also yawned more and had more pupil dilation when observing infants yawning. Together, these findings suggest that even nonparent emerging adults are highly sensitive to unfamiliar infants' expressions, which they naturally "catch" (i.e., behaviorally and physiologically mirror), even without instructions. Such sensitivity may have-over the course of humans' evolutionary history-been selected for, to facilitate adults' processing of preverbal infants' expressions to meet their needs.

More than a simple fixed action pattern: Yawning in drills.

In the last decade, increasing attention has been devoted to exploring some aspects of yawning in non-human animals. With their chin red mark, bony paranasal swellings, male large brains and long canines, drills (Mandrillus leucophaeus) offer a robust model for testing hypotheses on the phenomenon. We identified two yawn variants (covered, YCT and uncovered teeth, YUCT) which differ in terms of recruitment of muscular action units (AUs). We tested the effects of several variables (sex, dominance rank, context) on the duration of the yawn and the probability of YCT or YUCT occurrence. We found that males performed longer and more YUCT than females. These findings support the Brain Cooling Hypothesis suggesting that those species showing large brains tend to display larger and longer yawns. We also tested the State Changing Hypothesis predicting the presence of a temporal association of yawning and ongoing behavioral transitions. A sequential analysis revealed that after 30 s following a yawn, drills were significantly more likely to change their behavioral state. Through the observation of yawning, conspecifics might gain knowledge of impending state changes. Seeing other's yawns increased the probability of a similar response in the observers, thus suggesting the presence of yawn contagion in drills. Although the dataset needs to be expanded, our findings indicate that yawning is variable in drills, it can be associated with subjects' state changes, and the imminent shifts can be perceived/processed by conspecifics.

The sound of yawns makes geladas yawn.

Yawning is undeniably contagious and hard to resist. Interestingly, in our species, even the mere sound of a yawn can trigger this contagious response, especially when the yawner is someone familiar. Together with humans, one other mammal species is known to produce loud and distinct vocalisations while yawning, Theropithecus gelada. Geladas are known for their complex social interactions and rich vocal communication, making them intriguing subjects for studying yawning behaviour. To explore the contagious effect of yawn sounds on geladas, we conducted playback experiments in a zoo-housed colony with animals living in two groups. We exposed them to yawn sounds (Test) or affiliative grunts (Control) produced by males from either their own group or the other one. The results were remarkable, as simply hearing yawn sounds led to yawn contagion in geladas, with multiple responses observed when the yawns came from members of their own group. This finding adds a significant contribution to the research on mimicry and behavioural contagion in primates. Moreover, it raises intriguing questions about the involvement of sensory modalities beyond visual perception in these phenomena.

Exploring the incidence and etiopathogenesis of pathological yawning as adverse side effect of psychotropic drugs.

INTRODUCTION: Yawning is a normal, stereotyped physiological event in humans and animal kingdom. When excessive (>3 per 15 minutes), it is termed as pathological yawning (PY). PY could be due to many causes but more commonly associated with side-effect of drugs, notably involving those used in psychopharmacology. Though there are isolated case reports and case-series, there are no large-scale reports of PY. This work attempted to address this lacuna. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current work attempted to identify characteristics of PY as collated from adverse drug effect databases of Australia (Database of Adverse Event Notifications), Canada (Canada Vigilance Adverse Reaction Online Database) and the United States of America (FDA Adverse Event Reporting System - FAERS). These databases collect and provide public access to reports of adverse events related to drugs and therapeutic goods. They act as a prime pharmacovigilance tool as well as a first-line resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and the public to monitor the safety of these products and make informed decisions. In the first week of June 2023, open access, unrestricted adverse effect of drug databases were explored, using the word "YAWNING" as the only search term for the side effect of any drug without any restrictions. The collected details of PY cases with their gender, age, reason for drug use, other concomitant complaints as well as the nature of adverse event(s) and its treatment requirements were assessed. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULT: Of the 2655 instances in USA database, 398(15%) had more than 1 suspect drug and in total 578 medications involved. The most commonly involved drugs were apomorphine, sertraline, fluoxetine and paroxetine. In all 341(12.8%) cases reported of YAWN alone or with one another sleep disorder, the most common off ending drug were fluoxetine hydrochloride. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The neural mechanism and physiology of yawning are explained. This study stresses that a health care professional, particularly mental health professionals and neurologists, should be aware of the importance of PY to deliver the best for the patients under their care. (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2023; 25(4): 194-205)

Yawning in neurology: a review / Bocejo em neurologia: uma revisão

ABSTRACT Yawning is a stereotyped physiological behavior that can represent a sign or symptom of several conditions, such as stroke, parakinesia brachialis oscitans, parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. More rarely, it can occur in patients with intracranial hypertension, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, migraine, Chiari malformation type I, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Drug-induced yawning is an uncommon clinical condition and yawning in patients with autism or schizophrenia is very rare. The aim of this review is to describe in detail the occurrence of the phenomenon in such conditions, and its' phenomenology and pathophysiology.

RESUMO Bocejo é um comportamento estereotipado fisiológico, o qual, contudo, pode representar um sinal ou sintoma de várias condições neurológicas, tais como, acidente vascular encefálico, incluindo a parakinesia brachial oscitans, parkinsonismo, doença de Parkinson, e epilepsia. Mais raramente, o bocejo pode ocorrer em pacientes com hipertensão intra-craniana, tumor cerebral, esclerose múltipla, migrânea, malformação de Chiari tipo I, e esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Bocejo-induzido por drogas representa outra condição clínica pouco comum. De outro modo, bocejo é muito raro em pacientes com autismo e esquizofrenia. O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever em detalhes a ocorrência deste fenômeno em tais condições, sua fenomenologia e fisiopatologia.

Tecleo e inducción visual del bostezo en pacientes ansiosos: La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana, 2008-2009 / Tapping and yawning visual induction in anxious patients: La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana, 2008-2009

Debido a la vida tan dinámica de hoy día, y a factores de índole ambiental, genético y social, la ansiedad ha pasado a ocupar uno de los lugares principales dentro de los trastornos psicológicos, no solo en Cuba, sino a nivel mundial. Actualmente el diagnóstico y su evaluación se basan en pruebas subjetivas fundamentalmente a través de test. Motivados por los elementos antes expuestos se decidió investigar con el objetivo de hacer una evaluación preliminar de un software encaminado a medir variables, mediante la prueba del tecleo (mouse finger tapping) e inducción del bostezo, que aporten elementos objetivos para la valoración de pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal sobre la observación de las pruebas realizadas en pacientes atendidos en el Centro Comunitario de Salud Mental La Lisa, Ciudad Habana, de enero de 2008 a septiembre de 2009. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 90 sujetos, y fueron evaluados mediante la prueba de Scam. Se tomaron datos de la historia clínica individual, y posteriormente se procesaron y representaron en tablas arribando a resultados. Se concluyó que las pruebas de tecleo e inducción visual del bostezo, permiten diferenciar de manera eficiente los grupos de sujetos estudiados.

Due to the agitated dynamic of the current life and many other environmental, genetic and social factors, the anxiety has passed to occupy one of the main places among the psychological dysfunctions, not only in Cuba, but at the world level. Nowadays the diagnosis and evaluation of this illness are based fundamentally on subjective tests. Motivated by the previously exposed elements, we decided to carry out a research with the objective of preliminary evaluating a software made for measuring variables, by means of the tapping test (mouse finger tapping) and yawn induction that renders objective elements in the evaluation of patients with anxiety dysfunctions. We carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study on the observation of the tests made in patients attended at the Communitarian Center of Mental Health La Lisa, Ciudad de La Habana, from january 2007 to september 2008. The studied population was formed by 90 subjects that were evaluated by means of the Scam test. We collected data from the individual clinical history. They were processed and shown in tables and charts arriving to conclusions. We concluded that the tapping test and the test of yawning visual induction allow differentiating, in an efficient way, the groups of studied patients.

El bostezo como signo en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Yawn as a sign in Parkinson's disease

Se computaron los bostezos que produjeron 30 sujetos sanos y 30 sujetos con la enfermedad de Parkinson, con el objetivo de evidenciar la utilidad que pueden tener como signo para la evaluación de estos pacientes. Los bostezos fueron inducidos mediante video durante 30 min, según métodos de los autores. Al comparar los sujetos sanos, con los pacientes privados de medicamentos durante 12 h, se observó en estos últimos una disminución significativa en la frecuencia de aparición del bostezo (sanos 15,086-Parkinson 1,700). En la comparación del grupo de pacientes en 2 momentos: medicación suspendida y después de 1½ h de restituido el tratamiento, se apreció un incremento significativo de los bostezos en los pacientes medicados (sin 1,700-con L-dopa 7,093). De esos resultados se infiere que la observación de esta conducta puede orientar sobre los efectos del tratamiento que se esté empleando.

The yawns produced by 30 sound individuals and 30 subjects with Parkinson's disease were computed in order to evidence the usefulness they may have as a sign for the evaluation of these patients. The yawns were induced by video for 30 minutes, according to the authors' methods. On comparing the sound subjects with the patients deprived from drugs during 12 hours, it was observed in the latter a significant reduction in the frequency of appearance of yawns (sound 15.086-Parkinson 1.700). On comparing the groups of patients at 2 moments: suspended medication and 1 ½ hour after re-establishing the treatment, it was observed a marked rise of the yawns in the medicated patients (without 1.700-with L-dopa 7.093). From these results, it was inferred that the observation of this behaviour may explain the effects of the treatment being used.

Behavioral and neuropharmacological evidence that serotonin crosses the blood-brain barrier in Coturnix japonica (Galliformes; Aves)

This study was carried out aiming to reach behavioral and neuropharmacological evidence of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to serotonin systemically administered in quails. Serotonin injected by a parenteral route (250-1000 æg.kg-1, sc) elicited a sequence of behavioral events concerned with a sleeping-like state. Sleeping-like behaviors began with feather bristling, rapid oral movements, blinking and finally crouching and closure of the eyes. Previous administration of 5-HT2C antagonist, LY53857 (3 mg.kg-1, sc) reduced the episodes of feather bristling and rapid oral movements significantly but without altering the frequency of blinking and closure of the eyes. Treatment with the 5-HT2A/2C antagonist, ketanserin (3 mg.kg-1, sc) did not affect any of the responses evoked by the serotonin. Quipazine (5 mg.kg-1, sc) a 5-HT2A/2C/3 agonist induced intense hypomotility, long periods of yawning-like and sleeping-like states. Previous ketanserin suppressed gaping responses and reduced hypomotility, rapid oral movements and bristling but was ineffective for remaining responses induced by quipazine. Results showed that unlike mammals, serotonin permeates the BBB and activates hypnogenic mechanisms in quails. Studies using serotoninergic agonist and antagonists have disclosed that among the actions of the serotonin, feather bristling, rapid oral movements and yawning-like state originated from activation of 5-HT2 receptors while blinking and closure of the eyes possibly require other subtypes of receptors.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido objetivando ampliar as evidências comportamentais e neurofarmacológicas da permeabilidade da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) à serotonina administrada sistemicamente em codornas. A serotonina injetada por via parenteral (250-1000 æg.kg-1, sc) produziu uma seqüência de eventos relacionados com um estado semelhante ao sono. Comportamentos semelhantes ao sono começaram com o eriçamento das penas, movimentos orais rápidos, piscadelas e finalmente agachamento e fechamento dos olhos. A administração prévia do antagonista do receptor 5-HT2C, LY53857 (3 mg.kg-1, sc) reduziu significativamente os episódios de eriçamento das penas e movimentos orais rápidos, mas não alterou a freqüência de piscadelas e fechamento dos olhos. Tratamento com o antagonista do receptor 5-HT2A/2C, quetanserina (3 mg.kg-1, sc) não afetou nenhuma das respostas evocadas pela serotonina. A quipazina (5 mg.kg-1, sc), um agonista dos receptores 5-HT2A/2C/3, induziu intensa hipomotilidade e longos períodos de comportamentos semelhantes ao bocejo e ao sono. O tratamento prévio com quetanserina suprimiu as reações de bocejo e reduziu a hipomotilidade, os movimentos orais rápidos e as piscadelas, mas foi sem efeito para as demais respostas induzidas pela quipazina. Os resultados mostraram que, diferentemente dos mamíferos, a serotonina atravessa a BHE e ativa mecanismos hipnogênicos em codornas. Estudos com agonistas serotoninérgicos e antagonistas revelaram que, entre as ações da serotonina, o eriçamento das penas, os movimentos orais rápidos e o comportamento semelhante ao bocejo foram originados pela ativação de receptores 5-HT2, enquanto o piscar e o fechamento dos olhos possivelmente requereu outros subtipos de receptores.

Relación de los potenciales evocados auditivos de media latencia y bostezo / Relation between the middle latency auditory evoked potentials and yawn

Se observó qué cambios produciría el bostezo en los potenciales evocados auditivos de media latencia y así conocer más sobre la generación de esa conducta. Para llevar a cabo esto se registraron los potenciales evocados auditivos de media latencia de 10 hombres, adultos sanos, en las condiciones de control e inmediatamente antes y después del bostezo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un incremento significativo de la amplitud de la onda Pa después del bostezo. Esto permitió concluir la participación decisiva del tronco encefálico en la generación del bostezo y su naturaleza endógena

Bostezo / Yawning

El bostezo es un reflejo normal desencadenado por el despertar, el adormecimiento, el aburrimiento, el hambre y los conflictos emocionales, estando también asociado a diversas enfermedades neurológicas y abuso de drogas. Su amplia representación en la escala filogenética de los vertebrados, así también como la presencia en el hombre en edades tan tempranas como las 12 semanas de vida intrauterina, condujo a investigar los mecanismos comunes anátomo-bioquímicos involucrados en este proceso. La demostración que el bostezo no se genera en respuesta a niveles altos de CO 2 o bajos de O 2 en sangre, desechó la hipótesis metabólica ampliamente difundida. Su estrecha relación con el ciclo sueño-vigilia, especialmente en los momentos previos al dormir y siguiendo al despertar, está vinculado a cambios de estado y de actividad. El único componente de este reflejo que se encuentra sólo en el hombre, es que puede contagiarse. Por lo tanto, se lo considera como constituyente del mecanismo adaptativo de respuesta al stress, formando parte del reflejo de vigilancia, el cual ha adquirido un valor paralingüístico con la evolución, destinado a la protección y cohesión social. Las estructuras anatómicas y los sistemas neuroquímicos comunes intervinientes en el bostezo, el ciclo sueño-vigilia y la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal, nos permitirían postular que el bostezo sería la expresión de un sistema de protección inducido por los opiáceos endógenos, que actuarían en la inhibición y prevención de las crisis epilépticas del lóbulo temporal.

Bostezo y epilepsia del lobulo temporal / Yawning and temporal lobe epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy is a partial epileptic disorder in which mesial structures are responsible for the principal ictal symptoms. Its characteristic feature is the recurrence of simple and complex partial seizures, associated with postictal confusion and amnesia of the event. The facilitating effect of NREM sleep on the propagation of the seizure, as well as the sleep abnormalities provoked by epilepsy were evident in our two patients. Yawning is a physiological reflex induced by arousal and drowsiness and may appear in different neurological conditions. Its relation with epilepsy of limbic origin has been rarely reported. We describe in a 95 year old male patient, the occurrence of yawning followed by complex partial seizure during a state of drowsiness. His EEG showed independent bilateral interictal foci of temporal sharp waves and after being medicated with carbamazepine 400 mg/day, the episode did not recur. Another patient, a 17 year old female, displayed complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized seizures with yawning during the posictal period, after naps. The EEG was normal and her polysomnography showed bilateral synchronous temporal spikes and slow waves with secondarily generalization during stage 2 of NREM sleep that produce paroxysmal microarousals and increased stages 1 and 2 of NREM sleep and REM sleep diminished. After being medicated with divalproex sodium 750 mg/day, she suffered no further seizures. Temporal lobe epilepsy, sleep-wake cycles and yawning seem not only to share the same anatomic structures but also the same neurochemical mechanisms. The fact that endogenous opiods are considered as part of a protective system that stop and prevent seizures may allow us to postulate that yawning would be the expression of the endogenous opiods induced mechanisms that stop and prevent the recurrence of the temporal lobe epilepsy. Another hypothesis may be that this is only a particular form of temporal lobe epilepsy

Dosis óptimas para la inducción del bostezo con apomorfina en el humano sano / Optimal doses for the induction of vawning with apomorphine in the healthy human

Se estudió el efecto de la administración subcutánea de 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 m g de apo-morfina en 16 hombres voluntarios sanos, con el objetivo de encontrar las dosis óptimas para la inducción del bostezo en el humano sano. Se dividieron en 2 subgrupos de 8 para administrarles a cada grupo sólo 3 dosis. A todos se les administró suero fisiológico para estudiar el bostezo espontáneo (situación control). Los resultados demuestran que el rango de 8 a 10 m g es el más adecuado para la inducción del bostezo. Las dosis inferiores tuvieron poco efecto inductor, las dosis superiores produjeron efectos indeseables

Efecto de la privación de agua sobre el bostezo espontáneo en la rata / Effect of water deprivation on spontaneous yawing in rats

Con el objetivo de comprobar si la hormona arginina-vasopresina (AVP) tiene alguna influencia sobre el bostezo espontáneo en ratas adultas de la cepa Wistar se efectuaron 2 series experimentales: a) estudio del efecto de la privación de agua (WD) sobre el bostezo y b) estudio del efecto de la WD sobre el bostezo en animales en ayuno durante 96 h (el ayuno suprime el bostezo espontáneo a las 24 h en los animales estudiados). Se observó que la WD no afecta de manera significativa el bostezo en los animales con alimentación normal. En los animales en ayuno se observó la supresión del bostezo en el grupo control (ayuno y agua ad libitum) mientras que en el grupo experimental (WD y ayuno) se evitó la supresión que sobre el bostezo provoca el ayuno. Se infiere de estos resultados que la AVP participa en la regulación del bostezo en las condiciones estudiadas; la forma en que lo hace queda fuera del alcance de este estudio

Yawning

A ubiquidade do bocejo normal e a existência do bocejo de caráter justificam o conhecimento deste reflexo. Muito pouco se sabe a respeito dos mecanismos fisiológicos e papel funcional dos bocejos. Uma revisäo da literatura mostra que o bocejo é um reflexo de alerta cerebral com alças centrais e perifáricas, cujo objetivo é reverter hipoxia ou hipoxemia cerebral. Comportamentalmente, bocejar é ato semi-involuntário que ocorre também por causa dde perda cognitiva de interesse pelo meio ambiente e näo está necessariamente associado com sensaçäo de fatiga. Fatores sócio-ambientais podem influenciar o aparecimento de bocejos. Os sistemas neuronais dopaminúrgico, colinérgico, ACTH e oxitocinérgico. ACTH e oxitocinérgico estäo envolvidos na geraçäo e modulaçäo do bocejo em animais de experimentaçäo

Effects of a single administration of buspirone on catalepsy, yawning and stereotypy in rats

In the present study, the effects of a single administration of buspirone (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg sc-30 min before testing) on three dopamine-related behaviors were evaluated in 4-month old male Wistar rats (7-10 animals per group). Buspirone decreased haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg ip)-induced catalepsy in a dose-dependent manner (from 7.30 to 5.09 1n of s compared to the untreated control group). Apomorphine (0.06 mg/kg sc)-induced yawning was also dose-dependently reduced (from 26.7 to 0.9 yawns in 30 min) and so was apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg sc)-induced stereotypy (from 32.9 to 5.9, sum of scores). The present results indicate that buspirone presents unique pharmacological effects related to dopaminergic transmission not only in biochemical but also in behavioral terms