RESUMEN
The American Psychological Association's resolutions on dismantling systemic racism represent a watershed moment in our discipline, yet confusion remains as to what it means to "dismantle" racism given psychology's emphasis on changing individual beliefs. This submission will review the tension between "idealist" interpretations of critical race theory emphasizing individual beliefs and "realist" perspectives contextualizing racism within political economic arrangements. Psychology's adoption of an "idealist" framework will be shown to privilege a neoliberal project emphasizing individual change and symbolic performances of racial justice instead of structural changes benefitting people of color's material existence. Drawing on a decolonial critique of racial capitalism, we propose an alternative framework to challenge our discipline to broaden its political imagination by supporting evidence-based policies to dismantle racism as a structural and political force. This includes universal policies to reduce racial and economic inequality and population-specific policies such as reparations for African Americans predicted to stimulate economic growth. Urgently, the decolonial lens challenges psychology to theorize racism not as a primarily individual phenomenon but a political force that divides and conquers while enriching white economic elites. To fulfill the promises of the American Psychological Association's resolutions, we must directly challenge the political economic interests that benefit from racism and contribute to the common good as a form of "loving care." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Asunto(s)
Capitalismo , Psicología , Racismo Sistemático , Humanos , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Política , Justicia Social/psicología , Racismo Sistemático/psicologíaRESUMEN
Health scholars are becoming increasingly attuned to the intimate ties between a person's housing and their access to mental and physical health. However, existing models for understanding the link between housing and health equity do not adequately theorize why inequities arise and persist, who benefits from these social arrangements, and how they operate transnationally. How do domestic and global dynamics of political economy shape housing and health equity for migrant farmworkers? How can conceptual models of housing and health equity better account for political economy? To answer these conceptual questions, our study examines the empirical case of migrant agricultural workers in Canada. Migrant worker housing provides a pertinent case for better conceptualizing capitalist power dynamics in housing and health equity on a global scale. Specifically, we draw on in-depth interviews conducted between 2021 and 2022 with 151 migrant workers Ontario and British Columbia. Participants' housing and health concerns aligned with existing literature, including issues such as overcrowding and barriers to health care due to a remote rural location. Our analysis identified three empirical themes: Precarity, Paternalism, and a lack of Political Participation. Drawing from these insights, we recommend a refined model of housing and health equity that keeps an analytical lens trained on global racial capitalism.
Asunto(s)
Agricultores , Equidad en Salud , Vivienda , Migrantes , Humanos , Migrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Migrantes/psicología , Agricultores/estadística & datos numéricos , Agricultores/psicología , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricos , Capitalismo , Ontario , Colombia Británica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Investigación Cualitativa , CanadáRESUMEN
This paper argues that studies of the 'commercial determinants of health' (CDoH) need to acknowledge fully the part the capitalist mode of commodity production and exchange plays in producing negative health outcomes. This proposition is supported by recourse to a recent development in political economy that has established a more-than-human, relational and monist (or 'flat') ontology of capitalism, in place of the more conventional neo-Marxist perspective. This ontology reveals a dynamic to capitalism that operates beyond human intentionality, driven by the supply of, and demand for the capacities of commodities. This dynamic determines the production and consumption of all commodities, some among which (such as tobacco, alcohol and processed foods) contribute to ill-health. A case study of food consumption reveals how these supply and demand affects drive 'unhealthy' food choices by consumers. Ways to undermine this more-than-human dynamic are offered as an innovative approach to addressing the effects of commerce and capitalism upon health.
Asunto(s)
Capitalismo , Política , Humanos , Comercio , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud , Abastecimiento de AlimentosRESUMEN
The Warner Brothers/Mattel movie Barbie is meant to be about feminism and capitalism in complicated, comical, and nuanced ways. It mostly succeeds in its dual purpose of comedy and inspiration. The doll's origin in 1959 places her and her consort, Ken, squarely in the context of the Cold War, although neither the movie nor the doll's long and successful marketing history acknowledges anything outside the sunny world of Barbie Land. The nuclear shadow does affect the movie's reception, however, in the form of international protests over the dashed lines scrawled on a supposed "World Map" in one scene. For nations in and around the South China Sea, the dashed lines evoke the specter of war in a nuclear age over claims to territorial sovereignty. Yet director Greta Gerwig's film is a runaway success, the first film solo directed by a woman to gross more than a billion dollars and counting.
Asunto(s)
Capitalismo , Feminismo , Películas Cinematográficas , Feminismo/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Películas Cinematográficas/historia , Historia del Siglo XXI , ChinaRESUMEN
In implementing the equity incentive system, this paper delves into the listed enterprises' selection of equity incentive models. While previous research has extensively covered the effects, models, and influencing factors of equity incentives, there needs to be more in-depth literature focusing on the diverse incentive models and their impact on corporate performance. Notably, there needs to be more literature on considering entrepreneurial spirit as a mechanism. It aims to explore the relationship between executives' choices under different incentive models, the entrepreneurial spirit fostered by these models, and their combined impact on corporate performance. The findings reveal that adopting the restricted stock incentive model by listed enterprises implementing the equity incentive system significantly positively affects enterprise performance. Mechanistic tests show that when a company implements the restricted stock incentive model, executives prioritize maximizing their interests, leading them to embrace more risk in their investment decisions. This behavior, in turn, stimulates the adventurous spirit of executives, positively impacting enterprise performance, particularly pronounced in companies with more concentrated executive power. Moreover, executives may be more inclined to invest in high-risk, high-reward innovative projects, a behavior indicative of innovation and more prevalent in firms with higher research and development (R&D) investment. However, the limitation of this paper is that the study evaluates the operation of the equity incentive system in China by taking listed companies in China as an example, which is not necessarily suitable for foreign developed capitalist countries. This study contributes to the study of principal-agent problems by exploring the relationship between executives, entrepreneurship and firm performance.
Asunto(s)
Emprendimiento , Motivación , Capitalismo , China , InternacionalidadRESUMEN
The characteristic features of 21st-century corporate capitalism - monopoly and financialization - are increasingly being recognized by public health scholars as undermining the foundations of human health. While the "vectors" through which this is occurring are well known - poverty, inequality, climate change among others - locating the root cause of this process in the nature and institutions of contemporary capitalism is relatively new. Researchers have been somewhat slow to study the relationship between contemporary capitalism and human health. In this paper, we focus on one of the leading causes of death in the United States; cancer, and empirically estimate the relationship between various measures of financialization and monopoly in the US healthcare system and cancer mortality. The measures we focus on are for the hospital industry, the health insurance industry, and the pharmaceutical industry. Using a fixed effects model with different specifications and control variables, our analysis is at the state level for the years 2012-2019. These variables include data on population demographic controls, social and economic factors, and health behavior and clinical care. We compare Medicaid expansion states with non-Medicaid expansion states to investigate variations in state-level funded health insurance coverage. The results show a statistically significant positive correlation between the HHI index in the individual healthcare market and cancer mortality and the opioid dispensing rate and cancer mortality.
Asunto(s)
Capitalismo , Sector de Atención de Salud , Neoplasias , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Sector de Atención de Salud/economía , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Medicaid/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicaid/economía , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Seguro de Salud/economíaRESUMEN
Feminist perspectives on care have demonstrated how capitalism undervalues care work. The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted this further, as systems of production and social reproduction became destabilized globally. In many countries, the formal pandemic response fell short of attending to the daily, fundamental care needs of people living through the crisis, especially those compromised by the socio-economic effects of the pandemic. These needs were often attended to at the community level. This article explores a community-led network of care, known as CANs, that emerged in response to the pandemic in Cape Town. It makes three overarching observations. The first is that community-led responses were characterised by a push towards the collectivisation of care work. The second is that this enabled emergent strategies and relational practices of care, centring notions of solidarity, inter-dependence and horizontal exchange of resources and knowledge. Finally, we observed that, although the devaluation of care work limited the recognition and material support extended to CANs, opportunities to re-politicise care work as resistance work emerged. These represent a prefigurative moment in which alternative logics and strategies can transform the vision of our health and care systems, and the notion of community participation in and ownership of those systems.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Política , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Sudáfrica , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Atención a la Salud/organización & administración , CapitalismoRESUMEN
Na esteira das lógicas da economia psíquica e da economia política desenvolvidas por Freud e Lacan, tomamos como cerne um tipo de defesa que aparece em muitos casos da clínica contemporânea - o desmentido da privação - para colocar em evidência sua relação com o discurso capitalista pensado por Lacan. O desmentido da privação é um modo de defesa subjetivo que aparece como um índice do fracasso do pai privador na passagem do segundo para o terceiro tempo do complexo de Édipo. Trata-se de uma forma de se defender da castração buscando satisfação pulsional sem mediação simbólica busca essa que é fracassada e extrapola o princípio de prazer. Conclui-se que esse desmentido contemporâneo é um sintoma do próprio discurso capitalista. Se a for aclusão da castração no discurso capitalista é uma promessa igualmente fracassada, o desmentido da privação aparece na subjetividade tentando solucionar esse fracasso. Ele é um sinal de que o discurso capitalista não cumpre sua promessa - e isso por sua própria engrenagem lógica.
Dans le sillage des logiques d'économie psychique et d'économie politique développées par Freud et Lacan, nous nous concentrons sur un type de défense qui apparaît dans de nombreux cas de pratique clinique contemporaine - le déni de la privation - pour mettre en évidence sa relation avec le discours capitaliste d' accord avec ce qui fut pensé par Lacan. Le déni de la privation est une défense subjective qui apparaît comme un indice de l'échec du père qui prive dans le passage du deuxième au troisième stade du complexe d'Ådipe. C'est une manière de se défendre de la castration en recherchant une satisfaction pulsionnelle sans médiation symbolique une recherche qui échoue et dépasse le principe du plaisir. Nous concluons que ce déni contemporain est un symptôme du discours capitaliste lui-même. Si la for clusion de la castration dans le discours capitaliste est une promesse également ratée, le déni de la privation apparaît dans la subjectivité qui tente de résoudre cet échec. C'est le signe que le discours capitalistene tient pas ses promesses - et cela par sa propre logique.
Following the logics of psychic economy and political economy developed by Freud and Lacan, we target a type of defense that appears in many cases of contemporary clinical practice - the denial of deprivation - to highlight its relationship with the capitalist discourse as thought by Lacan. The denial of deprivation is a subjective defense that appears as an index of the failure of the depriving father in the transition from the second to the third stage of the Oedipus complex. It is a way of defending oneself from castration by seeking instinctual satisfaction without symbolic mediation a search that fails and goes beyond the pleasure principle. The conclusion is that this contemporary denial is a symptom of capitalist discourse itself. If the foreclosure of castration in capitalist discourse is an equally failed promise, the denial of deprivation appears in subjectivity trying to resolve this failure. It is a sign that capitalist discourse does not fulfill its promise - and this by its own logical perspective.
Asunto(s)
Psicoanálisis , Capitalismo , PlacerRESUMEN
There are important calls for greater inclusion of Indigenous and racialised communities in oral microbiome research. This paper uses the concept of racial capitalism (the extractive continuity of colonialism) to critically examine this inclusion agenda. Racial capitalism explicitly links capitalist exploitations with wider social oppressions e.g., racisms, sexism, ableism. It is not confined to the commercial sector but pervades white institutions, including universities. By using the lens of racial capitalism, we find inclusion agendas allow white institutions to extract social and economic value from relations of race. Racially inclusive research is perceived as a social good, therefore, it attracts funding. Knowledge and treatments developed from research create immense value for universities and pharmaceutical companies with limited benefits for the communities themselves. Moreover, microbiome research tends to drift from conceptualisations that recognise it as something that is shaped by the social, including racisms, to one that is determined genetically and biologically. This location of problems within racialised bodies reinforces racial oppressions and allows companies to further profit from raciality. Inclusion in oral microbiome research must consider ways to mitigate racial capitalism. Researchers can be less extractive by using an anti-racism praxis framework. This includes working with communities to co-design studies, create safer spaces, giving marginalised communities the power to set and frame agendas, sharing research knowledges and treatments through accessible knowledge distributions, open publications, and open health technologies. Most importantly, inclusion agendas must not displace ambitions of the deeper anti-oppression social reforms needed to tackle health inequalities and create meaningful inclusion.
Asunto(s)
Capitalismo , Racismo , HumanosRESUMEN
Understanding the shifting nature of structural racism historically and across institutions is vital for effective action towards racial health equity. While public health research on structural racism is rapidly increasing, most studies are missing the interdependence of policies and institutional practices over time that shape power imbalances and lead to entrenched health inequities. Here, we discuss Ruth Wilson Gilmore's concept of organized abandonment - the intentional disinvestment in communities which, in turn, creates opportunities for extraction, revenue generation, and carceral enforcement to fill the cracks of a compromised social infrastructure - to encourage action-oriented public health research that is grounded in history and an understanding of racial capitalism. We present a case example using publicly-available data on redlining, gentrification and policing in Seattle, Washington. We mapped the intersections of redlining and gentrification and estimated their neighborhood-level association with police activity using Bayesian spatial Poisson regression models. We found that histories of racist housing policies like redlining and processes of gentrification are interdependent and shape contemporary neighborhood racial and economic segregation and police activity. Compared to structurally advantaged neighborhoods, police stops were higher in neighborhoods that were 1) historically disinvested (i.e. redlined) and remain low-income and structurally disadvantaged and 2) formerly industrial and business districts that were not redlined and are now gentrified. Notably, we found that policing practices were significantly more intensive in neighborhoods that were both high redlined and gentrified. Together, these findings illustrate how the place-based racialized processes of dispossession, displacement and policing are deeply intertwined to maintain racial capitalism. Our findings also highlight the importance of examining multiple racialized processes simultaneously to fill critical gaps in the existing literature that are necessary for sustainable solutions to address structural racism.
Asunto(s)
Racismo , Humanos , Teorema de Bayes , Capitalismo , Salud Pública , Racismo SistemáticoRESUMEN
The critical political economy of health offers different explanations for the social causes of health and the social factors determining the distribution of these causes. However, the relational, post-anthropocentric and monist ontology of the new materialisms overcomes this complexity, while retaining a critical focus. In this perspective, the social, economic and political relations of capitalism act upon bodies and other matter in everyday events, rather than as 'social structures'. Using a conceptual toolkit of 'affect', 'assemblage', 'capacity' and 'micropolitics', the paper asks the question: 'what does capitalism do?' The re-analysis of the social and economic relations of capitalism in terms of a production-assemblage and a market-assemblage reveals not only the workings of capitalist accumulation, but also how previously-unremarked more-than-human affects in these assemblages simultaneously produce uncertainty, waste and inequalities. This micropolitical economy of health is illustrated with examples from recent research, including a critical assessment of health inequalities during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Humanos , CapitalismoRESUMEN
Desde a consolidação de emissoras de rádio e TV no Pará, a mídia local propaga a ideia de uma "música paraense", título utilizado com frequência em uma série de eventos recentemente produzidos dentro e fora do estado. Ao contestar essa singularização, a presente pesquisa apresenta uma análise psicossociológica dos mecanismos que operam na inter-relação entre indústria cultural e formação de massas, utilizando como objeto privilegiado de estudo o espetáculo Terruá Pará. Visando tal intento, além do recurso à revisão bibliográfica, realizou-se uma pesquisa documental sobre parte do material impresso produzido para a terceira edição do festival. Em termos conclusivos, defende-se que o Terruá Pará, embora pautado por um discurso pretensamente racional em prol da valorização da música regional, torna-se dialeticamente promotor de irracionalidades expressas na sugestão de modos de subjetivação específicos que, desconsiderando diversidades, acabam por reduzir o seu público consumidor à qualidade de multidão abstrata
Since the consolidation of radio and TV broadcasters in Pará, local media has propagated the idea of a "Pará music," moniker often used in a series of events produced in and outside the State. By contesting such singularization, this psychosociological analysis unveils the mechanisms that mediate cultural industry and mass formation by analyzing the spectacle Terruá Pará. For this purpose, a bibliographic review was conducted, as well as a documentary research concerning part of the printed material produced for the festival's third edition. In conclusion, although Terruá Pará appears based on an allegedly rational discourse to value regional music, it dialectically promotes irrationalities expressed in specific modes of subjectivation that, disregarding diversity, reduce its consuming public to the quality of abstract crowd
Depuis la consolidation des stations de radio et télévision à l'état du Pará, les médias locaux ont diffusé l'idée d'une «musique paraense¼, expression souvent utilisée dans une série d'événements récemment produits dans cet état autant que dehors. En contestant cette singularisation, cette recherche présente une analyse psychosociologique des mécanismes agissant dans l'interrelation entre l'industrie culturelle et la formation des foules, en prenant comme objet principal d'étude le spectacle Terruá Pará. Dans ce but, outre le recours à l'étude bibliographique, on a mené une recherche documentaire sur une partie du matériel imprimé produit pour la troisième édition du festival. En conclusion, on soutient que Terruá Pará, bien que guidé par un discours prétendument rationnel en faveur de la valorisation de la musique régionale, devient dialectiquement promoteur d'irrationalités exprimées par la suggestion de modes de subjectivation spécifiques qui, en ignorant les diversités, finissent par réduire son public consommateur à une foule abstraite
Desde la consolidación de las estaciones de radio y televisión en Pará, los medios locales han difundido la "musica paraense", título de uso frecuente en eventos producidos dentro y fuera del Estado. Al impugnar esta singularización, esta investigación presenta un análisis psicosociológico de los mecanismos que operan en la interrelación entre la industria cultural y la formación de masas, utilizando como objeto privilegiado de estudio el espectáculo Terruá Pará. Además del uso de la revisión bibliográfica, fue llevada a cabo una investigación documental sobre parte del material producido para la tercera edición del festival. En conclusión, se argumenta que Terruá Pará, aunque guiado por un discurso supuestamente racional a favor de la valorización de la música regional, se convierte dialécticamente en promotor de irracionalidades expresadas en la sugerencia de modos específicos de subjetivación que, sin tener en cuenta las diversidades, reducen su público consumidor a la calidad de multitud abstracta
Asunto(s)
Características Culturales , Cultura Popular , Música , Narcisismo , Capitalismo , PertenenciaRESUMEN
Introdução: No capitalismo contemporâneo em crise, os sistemas de saúde de todo o mundo estão sendo sistematicamente enfraquecidos devido à aplicação de contrarreformas sociais por meio de políticas neoliberais/ultraneoliberais promovidas pelo Estado capitalista. Por um lado, observa-se um permanente subfinanciamento público, e por outro lado, há uma inserção, reprodução e ampliação da lógica de mercado neoliberal no setor saúde. Esse processo tem transformado a saúde em um setor voltado para a acumulação de capital e a busca incessante por sua maior valorização. Objetivo: Analisar a produção cientifica latino-americana sobre o financiamento dos sistemas de saúde na América Latina no capitalismo contemporâneo em crise, com a finalidade de compreender como os autores latino-americanos discutem o financiamento da saúde à luz do pensamento crítico de Navarro, a partir de sua obra "La Medicina bajo el Capitalismo", de 1978. Método: Inicialmente, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre a saúde no capitalismo contemporâneo em crise. Em seguida, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, a partir da pergunta: Como a literatura cientifica, especialmente latino-americana, vem discutindo o financiamento dos sistemas de saúde na América Latina no capitalismo contemporâneo em crise? A busca bibliográfica foi realizada na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, em 3 de fevereiro de 2023, encontrando-se 265 publicações, e incluindo-se, após o processo de seleção, 23 artigos na revisão integrativa. Por fim, realizou-se uma análise comparativa, identificando convergências e divergências entre os resultados da revisão à luz do pensamento crítico de Vicente Navarro López. Resultados: Os artigos incluídos na revisão foram classificados em eixos temáticos: 65,2% discutiram o financiamento e a privatização da saúde e cobertura universal de seguro de saúde; 47,8%, o financiamento em meio a processos de reforma do setor saúde; 43,5%, o subfinanciamento público da saúde; 39,1%, o financiamento em meio a processos de reforma fiscal ou tributária ou busca de novas fontes de financiamento para a saúde; 26,1%, o financiamento em meio a processos de descentralização da saúde; e 17,4%, o financiamento em meio a processos constituintes ou de implementação de novas constituições políticas. Enquanto as convergências e divergências entre os resultados desses artigos e as contribuições do pensamento crítico de Navarro, identificou-se que 39,1% tiveram alguma aproximação ao método de estudo marxista, em oposição ao funcionalismo; 30.4% foram críticos com os supostos da teoria das etapas do desenvolvimento na abordagem da saúde; 47,8% e 21,7% abordaram os determinantes econômicos e políticos do subdesenvolvimento da saúde e do direito à saúde, respectivamente; e 26,1% discutiram a influência das agências internacionais nas decisões de política de saúde. Conclusões: Os pesquisadores latino-americanos no campo do financiamento da saúde enfrentam os desafios de estudá-lo dialeticamente com o cenário econômico, político e social das próprias sociedades capitalistas em que a saúde está inserida, e de incorporar em sua análise a determinação social da saúde no capitalismo contemporâneo em crise. A transição da economia da saúde para a econômica política crítica da saúde exige que esses pesquisadores superem esses desafios para integrar esses elementos em suas futuras investigações no campo do financiamento da saúde.
Introduction: In contemporary capitalism in crisis, health systems around the world are being systematically weakened due to the application of social counter-reforms through neoliberal/ultraneoliberal policies promoted by the capitalist state. On the one hand, there is permanent public underfunding, and on the other hand, there is an insertion, reproduction and expansion of the neoliberal market logic in the health sector. This process has transformed health into a sector focused on the accumulation of capital and the incessant search for its greater appreciation. Objective: To analyze the Latin American scientific production on the financing of health systems in Latin America in contemporary capitalism in crisis, in order to understand how the Latin-American authorsAmericans discuss health financing in light of Navarros critical thinking, from his 1978 work "La Medicina bajo el Capitalismo". Method: Initially, a review of the literature on health in contemporary capitalism in crisis was carried out. Then, an integrative review was carried out, based on the question: How has the scientific literature, especially Latin American, been discussing the financing of health systems in Latin America in contemporary capitalism in crisis? The bibliographic search was performed in the Virtual Health Library, on February 3, 2023, with 265 publications, and including, after the selection process, 23 articles in the integrative review. Finally, a comparative analysis was carried out, identifying convergences and divergences between the results of the review in the light of the critical thinking of Vicente Navarro López. Results: The articles included in the review were classified in thematic bundles: 65.2% discussed the financing and privatization of health and universal health insurance coverage; 47.8%, financing in the midst of health sector reform processes; 43.5%, public health underfunding; 39.1%, financing in the midst of fiscal or tax reform processes or seeking new sources of health funding; 26.1%, financing in the midst of health decentralization processes; and 17.4%, funding in the midst of constituent processes or the implementation of new political constitutions. While the convergences and divergences between the results of these articles and the contributions of Navarros critical thinking, it was identified that 39.1% had some approximation to the Marxist method of study, as opposed to functionalism; 30.4% were critical of the supposed theory of stages of development in the approach to health; 47.8% and 21.7% addressed the economic and political determinants of underdevelopment of health and the right to health, respectively; and1% discussed the influence of international agencies on health policy decisions. Conclusions: Latin American researchers in the field of health financing face the challenges of studying it dialectically with the economic, political and social scenario of capitalist societies themselves in which health is inserted, and to incorporate in its analysis the social determination of health in contemporary capitalism in crisis. The transition from health economics to critical health policy economics requires these researchers to overcome these challenges to integrate these elements into their future research in the field of health finance.