Bonding properties of mild universal adhesives to dentin pretreated with hydroxyapatite-based desensitizing agents.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxyapatite (HA)-based desensiti-zing agents and determine their influence on the bonding performance of mild universal adhesives. METHODS: Mid-coronal dentin samples were sectioned from human third molars and prepared for a dentin-sensitive model. According to desensitizing applications, they were randomly divided into four groups for the following treatments: no desensitizing treatment (control), Biorepair toothpaste (HA-based desensitizing toothpaste) treatment, Dontodent toothpaste (HA-based desensitizing toothpaste) treatment, and HA paste treatment. Dentin tubular occlusion and occluded area ratios were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, All-Bond Universal, Single Bond Universal, and Clearfil Universal Bond were applied to the desensitized dentin in self-etch mode. The wettability and surface free energy (SFE) of desensitized dentin were evaluated by contact angle measurements. Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams and tested for micro-tensile bond strength to analyze the effect of desensitizing treatment on the bond strength to dentin of universal adhesives. RESULTS: SEM revealed that the dentin tubule was occluded by HA-based desensitizing agents, and the area ratios for the occluded dentin tubules were in the following order: HA group>Biorepair group>Dontodent group (P<0.05). Contact angle analysis demonstrated that HA-based desensitizing agents had no statistically significant influence on the wettability of the universal adhesives (P>0.05). The SFE of dentin significantly increased after treatment by HA-based desensitizing agents (P<0.05). The micro-tensile bond strength test showed that HA-based desensitizing toothpastes always decreased the µTBS values (P<0.05), whereas the HA paste group presented similar bond strength to the control group (P>0.05), irrespective of universal adhesive types. CONCLUSIONS: HA-based desensitizing agents can occlude the exposed dentinal tubules on sensitive dentin. When mild and ultra-mild universal adhesives were used for subsequent resin restoration, the bond strength was reduced by HA-based desensitizing toothpastes, whereas the pure HA paste had no adverse effect on bond strength.

Effect of alternative self-etch applications on dentin bond strength of "No Wait Concept" universal adhesives / Efecto de distintas alternativas de aplicación de los adhesivos universales con concepto de "no espera" en la resistencia adhesiva a la dentina

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of alternative self-etch application modes on resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of three commercially available "no wait" concept universal adhesives. In this study extracted impacted non-carious human third molars were used. The flat surfaces were prepared in mid-coronal dentin and prepared with a 600-grit SiC paper. The three universal adhesives that were used are as follows: Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CUQ, Kuraray Noritake, Japan), G-Premio Bond (GPB, GC Corp, Japan), and a self-curing universal adhesive "Tokuyama Universal Bond" (TUB; Tokuyama Dental, Japan). The following three different application procedures were used for the dentin surfaces: the adhesives were applied and immediately subjected to air-dry; the adhesives were applied followed by a 10-second wait; or the adhesives were rubbed for 10 seconds. Then composite resin was applied to the dentin surface and light cured. After storage in 37°C distilled water for 24 h, all the bonded teeth were cut into 1mm² sections using a low-speed diamond saw (Micracut 125 Low Speed Precision Cutter, Metkon, Bursa, Turkey) under running water (n=15). The sections were subjected to a tensile force at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min in a testing apparatus (Microtensile Tester, Bisco, IL, USA) and µTBS values were measured. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Failure modes were analyzed under a stereomicroscope. Prolonged application time significantly affected the µTBS (p<0.005). A significant increase of µTBS on active application was observed for CUQ and GPB. The TUB with an active application had a significantly lower µTBS value compared with the other adhesives. Prolonged application time caused significant improvement of bond strength in all adhesives. The active application is effective at increasing the dentin bond strength except for TUB.

Resumen Este estudio evaluó los efectos de los modos alternativos de aplicación de adhesivos de autograbado en la resistencia de la unión microtensil entre resina y dentina (µTBS) de tres adhesivos universales de concepto "no espera" disponibles en el mercado. En este estudio se utilizaron terceros molares humanos impactados que fueron extraídos. Las superficies planas se prepararon en la dentina coronal media y se prepararon con un papel SiC de 600 granos. Los tres adhesivos universales que se utilizaron son los siguientes: Clearfil Universal Quick Bond (CUQ, Kuraray Noritake, Japón), G-Premio Bond (GPB, GC Corp, Japón), y un adhesivo universal autopolimerizable "Tokuyama Universal Bond" (TUB; Tokuyama Dental, Japón). Se utilizaron los tres procedimientos de aplicación siguientes para las superficies dentinarias: se aplicaron los adhesivos y se sometieron inmediatamente a un secado al aire; se aplicaron los adhesivos y se esperó 10 segundos; o se frotaron los adhesivos durante 10 segundos. Luego se aplicó resina compuesta a la superficie dentinaria y se fotopolimerizó. Después de su almacenamiento en agua destilada a 37°C durante 24 h, todos los dientes unidos se cortaron en secciones de 1mm² utilizando una sierra de diamante de baja velocidad (Micracut 125 Low Speed Precision Cutter, Metkon, Bursa, Turquía) bajo agua corriente (n=15). Las secciones fueron sometidas a una fuerza de tracción a una velocidad de cruceta de 1mm/min en una máquina de prueba universal (Microtensile Tester, Bisco, IL, USA) y se midieron los valores de µTBS. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Los modos de falla fueron analizados bajo un estereomicroscopio. El prolongado tiempo de aplicación afectó significativamente a los µTBS (p<0,005). Se observó un aumento significativo de µTBS en la aplicación activa para el CUQ y el GPB. El TUB con una aplicación activa tuvo un valor de µTBS significativamente más bajo comparado con los otros adhesivos. El tiempo de aplicación prolongado causó una mejora significativa de la fuerza de adhesión en todos los adhesivos. La aplicación activa es efectiva para aumentar la fuerza de adhesión de la dentina, excepto para el TUB.

Fabrication and Characterization of a Nanofast Cement for Dental Restorations.

This study was aimed at fabricating and evaluating the physical and bioproperties of nanofast cement (NFC) as a replacement of the MTA. The cement particles were decreased in nanoscale, and zirconium oxide was used as a radiopacifier. The setting time and radiopacity were investigated according to ISO recommendations. Analysis of color, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity was performed using spectroscopy, simulated body fluid (SBF), and MTT assay. The setting time of cement pastes significantly dropped from 65 to 15 min when the particle sizes decreased from 2723 nm to 322 nm. Nanoparticles provide large surface areas and nucleation sites and thereby a higher hydration rate, so they reduced the setting time. Based on the resulting spectroscopy, the specimens did not exhibit clinically noticeable discoloration. Resistance to discoloration may be due to the resistance of zirconium oxide to decomposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examinations of the immersed SBF samples showed apatite formation that was a reason for its suitable bioactivity. The results of cell culture revealed that NFC is nontoxic. This study showed that NFC was more beneficial than MTA in dental restorations.

Avaliação do cimento resinoso autoadesivo como tampão cervical para clareamento interno / Evaluation of a self-adhesive resin cement as a cervical barrier in intracoronal bleaching

Objetivo: Avaliar capacidade seladora de um cimento resinoso autoadesivo como tampão cervical para clareamento interno. Métodos: Quarenta incisivos inferiores bovinos recém-extraídos foram tratados endodonticamente. Após 72 horas, foi realizada a desobturação parcial do canal radicular para confecção de tampão cervical dividido em quatro grupos aleatório (n = 40), cada um contento dez amostras (n = 10), com os seguintes materiais: cimento resinoso autoadesivo, cimento resinoso adesivo, cimento de óxido de zinco sem eugenol com presa por água e cimento de ionômero de vidro quimicamente ativado (grupo controle). Após 24 horas de presa dos materiais, os elementos dentais foram submetidos ao clareamento interno com perborato de sódio misturado com água destilada pelo período de 7 dias em câmara umidificadora a 37 ºC. Posteriormente, o material clareador foi removido e um corante (fucsina básica 0,5%) foi colocado no interior da câmara pulpar, sendo renovado de 8 em 8 horas, pelo período de 24 horas. Os elementos dentais foram seccionados no sentido longitudinal em máquina de corte para avaliação quantitativa em um microscópio óptico sob aumento de 20x. O grau de penetração do corante foi analisado ao longo do tampão cervical (topo até base). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os materiais tamponantes utilizados (p = 0,5997). Conclusão: O cimento resinoso autoadesivo apresentou baixo grau de infiltração, sendo uma opção de material alternativo com finalidade de tampão cervical.

Aim: To evaluate the sealing ability of a self-adhesive resin cement as a cervical barrier for internal bleaching. Methods: Forty recently extracted bovine lower incisors were endodontically treated. After 72 hours, partial disobturation of the root canal was performed, a cervical barrier was placed, and the teeth were divided into four random groups (n = 40), each containing ten samples (n = 10), using the following materials: self-adhesive resin cement, adhesive resin cement, zinc oxide cement without eugenol cured by water, and chemically activate glass ionomer cement (control group). Twenty-four hours after the materials were cured, the teeth were subjected to internal bleaching with sodium perborate and distilled water for a period of seven days in a humidified chamber at 37°C. After, the bleaching material was removed and a dye (0.5% basic fuchsin) was placed inside the pulp chamber and renewed every eight hours for a period of 24 hours. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally in a cutting machine for quantitative evaluation using an optical microscope under 20x magnification. The degree of dye penetration was evaluated through the cervical barrier (top to bottom). Results: No significant difference was observed among the cervical barrier materials used in this study (p = 0.5997). Conclusion: The self-adhesive resin cement had low degree of leakage and represents an alternative material option to be used as a cervical barrier.

Sorción de humedad y resistencia a la disolución ácida de dos ionómeros de vidrio de restauración: estudio in vitro / Sorption of moisture and resistance to acid dissolution of two restoration glass ionomers: in vitro study

Resumen Introdución: En general el Ionómero de vidrio tiene algunas desventajas en la parte clínica, como es la fragilidad y la sensibilidad inicial a la humedad, lo que puede causar una disminución de la vida útil de la restauración. Estos efectos que sufre el ionómero como la sorción de humedad y la solubilidad a los ácidos puede causar daño a la restauración, facilitar su fractura y filtración marginal, lo que puede conllevar a una recidiva de caries y pérdida de sus propiedades. Objetivo: comparar in vitro la sorción de humedad y disolución ácida de dos ionómeros de restauración. Método: Se elaboraron 20 muestras de ionómero de vidrio Ketac molar y 20 de Fuji II. Se realizó una primera medición del peso con balanzas de precisión, obteniéndose un peso inicial. Los especímenes fueron sumergidos en agua destilada durante 24 horas, almacenadas en un calefactor; cada muestra fue pesada con una balanza de precisión, estableciéndose el porcentaje de humedad sorbida a partir del peso inicial. Posteriormente las muestras fueron sumergidas en solución de ácido cítrico al 3% durante 24 horas, para volver a ser pesadas, evaluándose la perdida de material por acción erosiva del ácido en porcentaje de peso. Conclusiones: La sorción de humedad en peso fue de 2,59% en el ketac molar y 1,45% en el Fuji II; al comparar las muestras mediante la prueba t, se obtuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El porcentaje de pérdida de material por acción erosiva del ácido fue de 10,81% para Ketac molar y 18,62% para el Fuji II; al comparar las muestras mediante la prueba t, se obtuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluyó que la sorción de humedad fue mayor en el Ketac molar y la mayor solubilidad a la acción del ácido cítrico fue del Fuji II.

Abstract Introduction: Glass Ionomer has certain clinical disadvantages, such as fragility and moisture sensitivity, which might reduce the restauration´s lifespan. This effects, such as water absorption and acid solubility may damage the restauration, cause fracture and marginal filtration, this could trigger cavity relapse and the loss of the correct mechanical properties. Objective: Compare in vitro moisture sorption and acid solution of two restoration ionomers. Method: 20 samples of Ketac molar glass ionomer and 20 of Fuji II were made. A first weight measurement was made with precision scales, obtaining an initial weight. The specimens were submerged in distilled water for 24 hours, stored in a heater; Each sample was weighed with a precisión balance, establishing the percentage of moisture absorbed from the initial weight. Subsequently, the samples were submerged in 3% citric acid solution for 24 hours, to be re-weighed, evaluating the loss of material due to erosive action of the acid in percentage of weight. Conclusions: The moisture sorption by weight was 2.59% in the molar ketac and 1.45% in the Fuji II; When comparing the samples using the t-test, statistically significant differences were obtained. The percentage of material loss due to erosive action of the acid was 10.81% for molar Ketac and 18.62% for Fuji II; When comparing the samples using the t-test, statistically significant differences were obtained. It was concluded that the moisture sorption was higher in the molar Ketac and the greatest solubility to the action of citric acid was Fuji II.

Estudio de la solubilidad in vitro de un sellador de uso en endodoncia (MTA / Study of the in vitro solubility of a sealant for use in endodontics (MTA)

Se determinó la solubilidad en agua en ensayos in-vitro de un sellador para uso endodóntico a base de un conglomerado de trióxidos minerales (MTA), marca Endosealer® (Densell SA) de acuerdo a la norma UNE-EN ISO 6876:2012. En el ensayo de solubilidad en agua durante 24 hs se encontró pérdida de masa (3,3 %) y la presencia de sólidos en las aguas de lavado (6,4 %). Esto indica que durante el ensayo ocurre la solubilización de parte del material y la incorporación de agua, lo que no permite establecer un valor real de la solubilidad.(AU)

Solubility of a commercial endodontic sealer (Endosealer® (Densell SA)) was performed according to the UNE-EN ISO 6876:2012. The results show a mass loss of 3.3 % and 6.4 % of solid in the test solution. These indicate that during the solubility test part of the material solubilizes and an actual value of solubility cannot feasible be determined

Evaluación de la estabilidad dimensional del cemento endodóntico sellador Adseal® / Evaluation of the dimensional stability of endodontic sealing cement Adseal®

RESUMEN Introducción: Los cementos selladores en endodoncia deben tener estabilidad dimensional para controlar la contaminación por microorganismos. Objetivo: Determinar la estabilidad dimensional del cemento endodóntico Adseal® en humedad relativa. Métodos: se realizó un estudio in vitro, mediante las especificaciones de la Organización Internacional de Normalización (ISO) 6876:2001. Se emplearon cinco moldes cilíndricos, los cementos fueron sometidos a humedad relativa, se utilizaron dos gabinetes para mantener la temperatura de 37° ± 1 ºC, monitoreados con un termohigrómetro. Se utilizó el estereomicroscopio para la medición en la 1ra, 2da, 3ra y 4ta semanas. Se utilizó la prueba de Friedman para evaluar la estabilidad dimensional; el nivel de significancia fue del 5 por ciento. Resultados: el Adseal® en humedad relativa en la 1ra semana registró una expansión leve 0,07 por ciento (11 024,2 µm), en la 2da semana presentó una leve contracción -0,06 por ciento (11 009,2 µm), en la 3ra y 4ta semanas se registró una mayor expansión de longitud por encima de la norma ISO de 1,46 por ciento (11177,4 µm) y 2,76 % (11 320,6 µm), respectivamente, lo cual resultó estadísticamente significativo durante el periodo de exposición (p= 0,003). Para el diámetro y el perímetro se presentó un aumento por encima del 1 por ciento a la primera y cuarta semanas. Conclusiones: Existen cambios dimensionales en expansión de longitud en el cemento Adseal® en las primeras cuatro semanas en humedad relativa, con mayores cambios por encima de la norma en la 3ra y 4ta semanas. Para el diámetro y el perímetro se presentó un aumento por encima de la norma a la 1ra y 4ta semanas(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endodontic sealing cements should have dimensional stability to control contamination by microorganisms. Objective: Determine the dimensional stability of endodontic cement Adseal® under relative humidity conditions. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted based on International Organization for Standardization specifications (ISO) 6876:2001. Five cylindrical molds were used. The cements were subjected to relative humidity conditions and two cabinets were used to keep the temperature at 37 °C ± 1 ºC, monitored with a thermo-hygrograph. Measurements were taken in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks with a stereo microscope. The Friedman test was used to evaluate dimensional stability with a significance level of 5 percent. Results: Under relative humidity conditions, Adseal® displayed a slight 0.07 percent (11 024.2 µm) expansion the first week, a slight -0.06 percent (11 009.2 µm) contraction the second week, and greater length expansion above the ISO standard of 1.46 percent (11 177.4 µm) and 2.76 percent (11 320.6 µm), respectively, in the third and fourth weeks, which was statistically significant during the exposure period (p= 0.003). Regarding diameter and perimeter, an increase above 1 percent occurred in the first and fourth weeks. Conclusions: Length expansion dimensional changes were registered for Adseal® cement during the first four weeks under relative humidity conditions, with greater changes above the standard in the third and fourth weeks. Regarding diameter and perimeter, an increase above the standard occurred in the first and fourth weeks(AU)

The role of spatial frequency analysis in correlating atomic force microscopy and optical profilometry with self-etch adhesive enamel bond fatigue durability.

The purpose of this study was to: (a) evaluate the role of enamel surface roughness on bond fatigue durability and (b) evaluate statistical differences in roughness values based on measurement technique, including the use of spatial filtering for optical profilometry (OP). OptiBond XTR (Kerr Corp), Prime & Bond elect (DENTSPLY Caulk), Scotchbond Universal (3 M Oral Care), and XTR pre-etched with Ultra-Etch phosphoric acid (35%) (Ultradent) self-etch adhesives were used to treat enamel. A flat ground enamel surface was included as a control. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and OP were used to measure the surface topography of each enamel surface following the application of adhesives. AFM, OP, and filtered OP (FOP) roughness values, where FOP was designed to only include the lateral spatial resolution consistent with AFM roughness values, were collected. Spatial resolution filtering with OriginPro was used to compare line scans from the two imaging techniques and generate the FOP group. These micro- versus nanoscale lateral roughness values were correlated with shear bond and shear fatigue strengths of the adhesives bonded to enamel. Roughness values showed differences based on measurement technique and strong correlations with bond and fatigue strength. The filtered OP group demonstrated the importance of careful usage and reporting of atomic force microscopy and OP metrics in adhesive dentistry. Best practices for surface roughness analysis were also discussed.

The effect of five different universal adhesives on the clinical success of class I restorations: 24-month clinical follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the 24-month clinical performance of universal adhesives on the restoration success of Class I carious lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five different universal adhesives (Gluma Bond Universal (GU), Clearfil Universal (CU), Prime&Bond Elect Universal (PU), All bond Universal (AU), and Single Bond Universal (SU)) were used in the self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes in 42 patients. The study was conducted with 10 groups, with 20 restorations in each group. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and during a 24-month recall using World Dental Federation (FDI) and the US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The changes in the parameters were analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: At the end of 24 months, there was no loss of restoration in any group. According to the USPHS, there was no difference in the baseline and 24-month clinical behavior of the restorations (P Ëƒ 0.05). However, according to the FDI, when adhesives were used in the self-etch mode, three adhesives (GU, SU, PU) showed marginal incompatibility, and one adhesive showed (GU) marginal discoloration between baseline and the 24-month follow-up evaluation (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference after 24 months between etch-and-rinse and self-etch groups according to the results based on both the USPHS and FDI criteria (P Ëƒ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 24-month clinical performance of the evaluated universal adhesives depends on the adhesive strategy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study helps clinicians to decide in which mode (etch-and-rinse or self-etch) universal adhesives can be safely used.

Evaluation of flow and filling of root canal sealers using different methodologies / Avaliação do escoamento e preenchimento de cimentos obturadores utilizando diferentes metodologias

Abstract Introduction Flow and filling ability of root canal sealers are indispensable for hermetic sealing of the root canal. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) can be used as a complementary methodology to evaluate such properties. Objective To evaluate the flow and filling ability of AH Plus, Endofill and Sealapex by conventional methodology and micro-CT. Material and method The flow of the sealers was analyzed according to ISO 6876/2012 and complemented by the area evaluation. Glass plates were manufactured with diameters of 1×1×2 mm and 1×1×1 mm (length, width and height), with a central cavity and four grooves in the horizontal and vertical directions. Each material was placed in the central cavity. Another glass plate and a metal weight were placed on the cement and kept for 10 minutes. The glass plate/sealer set was scanned using micro-CT. The flow was calculated by linear measurement of the material in the grooves. The central filling (mm3) was calculated in the central cavity and the lateral filling was measured up to 2 mm from the central cavity. Data were submitted to ANOVA/Tukey tests (α=0.05). Result All evaluated sealers presented flow according to ISO 6876 standards. The materials showed central cavity filling capacity higher than 80% and lateral filling greater than 75%. There was no difference in flow (mm and mm2) and in the filling ability (mm3) provided by the materials (p>0.05). Conclusion All evaluated root canal sealers showed adequate flow and filling capacity, suggesting their clinical application.

Resumo Introdução Escoamento e capacidade de preenchimento de cimentos obturadores são indispensáveis para um selamento hermético do canal radicular. Microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT) pode ser utilizada como uma metodologia complementar para avaliação de tais propriedades. Objetivo Avaliar escoamento e capacidade de preenchimento de AH Plus, Endofill e Sealapex, por meio de metodologia convencional e micro-CT. Material e método O escoamento dos cimentos foi analisado de acordo com as normas ISO 6876/2012 e complementado pela avaliação em área. Placas de vidro foram confeccionadas nos diâmetros de 1×1×2 mm e 1×1×1 mm (comprimento, largura e altura), com uma cavidade central e quatro canaletas nas direções horizontal e vertical. Cada material foi colocado na cavidade central. Outra placa de vidro e um peso de metal foram colocados sobre o cimento e mantidos por 10 minutos. O conjunto placa de vidro/cimento foi escaneado usando micro-CT. O escoamento foi calculado por medição linear do material nas canaletas. O preenchimento (mm3) central foi calculado na cavidade central e o preenchimento lateral foi medido até 2 mm a partir da cavidade central. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA/Tukey (α=0.05). Resultado Todos os cimentos avaliados apresentaram escoamento de acordo com as normas ISO 6876. Os materiais mostraram capacidade de preenchimento da cavidade central superior a 80% e preenchimento lateral superior a 75%. Não houve diferença no escoamento (mm e mm2) e na capacidade de preenchimento (mm3) proporcionada pelos materiais (p>0.05). Conclusão Todos os cimentos obturadores avaliados mostraram adequado escoamento e capacidade de preenchimento, sugerindo a aplicação clínica dos mesmos.

[Comparison of adhesive seal morphology between APC™ PLUS and APC™ Flash-Free Adhesive Coated brackets]. / Comparaison du joint de colle entre les attaches préencollées APC™ PLUS et les attaches APC™ Flash-Free.

INTRODUCTION: Does the new adhesive-coated APC™ Flash-Free bracket from the 3M Unitek® group simplify the bonding protocol without compromising precision? OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the morphology of the adhesive joint between the classic APC™ PLUS adhesive-coated brackets and APC™ Flash-Free brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro bonding of esthetic brackets in the CLARITY™ ADVANCED range was performed to compare the morphology of the excess flash between APC™ PLUS and APC™ Flash-Free brackets. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found concerning the morphology of the excess flash between APC™ PLUS and APC™ Flash-Free brackets. A statistically significant difference was found regarding the thickness of the adhesive between the two types of bracket. The adhesive used for the APC™ Flash-Free brackets was significantly thicker than for the APC™ PLUS brackets (P=0.0001). Adhesive thickness was also more homogeneous on the APC™ Flash-Free brackets (P=0.001 for the relative difference). CONCLUSION: The adhesive is thicker but adhesive homogeneity is greater with APC™ Flash-Free brackets than with APC™ PLUS brackets.

A Review of Dental Cements.

This review provides an in-depth comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different types of dental cements as they are used for cementing base metal alloy crowns in dogs.

In vitro bond strength of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin irradiated with high-power lasers and adhesive interface analyses.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of high-power lasers (Nd:YAG and diode 980 nm) associated with mineral coal as fotopotencializer on bond strength of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin, using the pushout test, and on the dentin/filling material interface, using confocal laser microscopy. For this purposes, 50 canines were instrumented with Mtwo rotary system up to #50.04 instrument and randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10): group I-control EDTAC; group II-EDTAC and Nd:YAG laser; group III-EDTAC and diode laser 980 nm; group IV-EDTAC, Nd:YAG laser and mineral coal 5 g/100 mL; and group V-EDTAC, diode laser 980 nm and mineral coal 5 g/100 mL. All data were analyzed by ANOVA (at 5% significance level) following the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Tukey tests. The group I increased more bond strength of the sealer to root dentin that treated with only EDTAC 17% (17.21 ± 21.75 MPa), similar to the group II (12.21 ± 18.20 MPa) and group IV (14.92 ± 28.06 MPa), both treated with Nd:YAG laser, with the exception of group IV, which was added to mineral coal. The group V (8.75 ± 13.42 MPa) had similar results to the groups II and IV, but the same similarity were found when compared with group III (7.11 + 11.28 MPa), with lower results. Regarding the root thirds, the apical third (23.27 ± 29.21 MPa) presented a statistically higher value on bond strength than the cervical third (5.92 ± 5.33 MPa) and middle third (6.93 ± 7, 11 MPa) (p > 0.05). Group II (86.27 µm) showed the highest tags penetration values, with a statistically difference to the group III (51.57 µm), IV (36.77 µm) and V (32.37 µm) (p < 0.05). Group I (71.63 µm) was statistically similar to groups II and III (p > 0.05). Group IV had the lowest values and was statistically similarity to groups III and V (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the treatment with Nd:YAG laser provides better results than the diode 980 nm laser, except when was added mineral coal. The control and diode 980 nm laser groups presented less adhesive failures and more mists failures than the other groups. Both lasers did not interfere negatively compared to the control group.

Influência da aplicação de um sistema adesivo na resistência de união entre resinas bulk fill flow e resina nanoparticulada em reparos / Adhesive system influence on bond strength between bulk fill flow and conventional nanoparticulated cover resin on a repair procedure

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da utilização ou não do bond do sistema adesivo Adper Scotchbond Multiuso(A) e o bond Gluma da Heraeus(G) na resistência de união entre as resinas do tipo flow Filtek Bulk Fill Flow(F) e X-tra base (X) como base e uma convencional nanoparticulada Z350 XT(Z)) como cobertura. Simulando assim seu uso em reparos de restaurações diretas em dentes posteriores. Foram confeccionados 120 espécimes em resina composta do tipo flow no formato tronco-cônico com as dimensões de 2mm base menor, 4mm de altura e 4 mm de base maior. 60 Filtek Bulk Fill(F) e 60 Xtra base (X). Metade de cada grupo (n=30) foi envelhecida por termociclagem 5.000 ciclos de 5°C a 55°C, (FE, XE), a outra metade não sofreu envelhecimento (FN e XN). Esses espécimes foram divididos em 3 subgrupos (n=10), sobre a base menor dessas 10 amostras foi aplicado o Bond de cada sistema adesivo após condicionadas pelos seus respectivos ácidos nos tempos preconizados pelos fabricantes. As outras 10 unidades de cada grupo não receberam qualquer sistema adesivo. Na simulação do reparo as duas primeiras metades em teflon foram invertidas ficando a área menor voltada pra cima. Sobre essa face foram colocadas outras duas metades em teflon com a área menor voltada para baixo. Foi inserida então a resina Z350 pela técnica incremental e fotopolimerizada por 20s a 800mw/cm². Após 24h de armazenamento em água destilada, em estufa bacteriológica os espécimes, agora com formato de ampulheta, foram tracionados na máquina de ensaios universais (EMIC). Todos os espécimes fraturados tiveram o tipo de falha analisados ao estereomicroscópio e também ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Os dados coletados no ensaio de tração foram analisados através de ANOVA 3- fatores e teste de Tukey (p<5%). Houve diferença significativa (p<5%) para a variável aplicação de sistema adesivo para a resina Filtek Bulk Fill flow que apresentou médias maiores (24,99 ± 4,3 MPa) quando comparadas ao grupo no qual não foi aplicado adesivo (18,20 ± 5,31 MPa). O mesmo não ocorreu com a resina X-tra base, na qual o fator adesivo não interferiu significantemente. Quando comparado o desempenho das resinas Filtek Bulk Fill flow e X-tra base (26,99 ± 6,11 MPa) sem aplicação de sistema adesivo, também se verificou diferença significativa, o que não ocorreu para a resina X-tra base quando comparados ambos os subgrupos. As falhas foram 100% adesivas para todos os grupos(AU)

The aim of our paper was to analyse the bonding influence of Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose Adhesive (A) and Heraeus Gluma universal bond (G), or no bond application, on bond strength between microhibrid Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (F) and nanohibrid X-tra base (X) as based composite resin and the conventional nanoparticulate Z350 XT (Z)) as cover. Simulating non-invasive repairs of direct restorations on posterior teeth. A total of 120 specimens were made from flow composite resin in the conical trunk format with the dimensions of 2x4x4, for 40s with Led-5 (N/S LD51803005) at 800mw/cm². Sixty Filtek bulk fill (F) and sixty X-tra base (X) were made. Half of each group (n=30) was aged by thermocycling 5,000 cycles from 5° C to 55° C, (FE, XE), the other half were not subjected to any aging procedure (FN, XN). These specimens were randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10), on the smaller diameter of the 10 samples the Bond of each adhesive system were applied after conditioned by their respectively acids at the time recommended by the manufacturers. The other 10 units of each group did not receive any adhesive system. In the sequency of repair simulation the first two Teflon halves were turned up with the smaller diameter turned upwards. Above this face were placed two other halves in Teflon with the smaller diameter facing down. The Z350 repair composite resin were inserted by incremental technique and photopolymerized for 20s at 800mw/cm². After 24h of storage in distilled water in a bacteriological oven, the now hourglass-shaped specimens were drawn in the universal testing machine EMIC. All the fractured specimens had the type of failure analyzed in stereomicroscope. The most significant faulting specimens were evaluated with electronic microscope (MEV). The data collected at the traction test were analyzed through 3-factor ANOVA and Tukey's test (p <5%). There was a significant difference (p <5%) for the variable adhesive system application for Filtek Bulk Fill flow resin that presented averages (24.99 ± 4.3 MPa) when compared to the group in which no adhesive was applied (18.20 ± 5.31 MPa). The same did not occur with X-tra base resin, in which the adhesive factor did not interfere significantly. When comparing the performance of Filtek Bulk Fill Flow resins and X-tra base (26.99 ± 6.11 MPa) without application of adhesive system, a significant difference was also observed, which did not occur for X-tra base resin when compared both subgroups. Most of the failures were adhesive for all groups. Scanning electron microscopy images do not reveal any traces of discontinuity between the layers of the materials used (resin x resin or resin x adhesive)(AU)

Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of the biocompatibility of resin-modified cements.

The aim of this double-blind randomized study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC) by means of morphological and immunohistochemical analyses. RMGICs were selected and divided into four groups: Group CK (Crosslink Orthodontic Band Cement); Group RS (Resilience Light Cure Band Cement) Group RMO (RMO Band Cement), Group TP (Transbond Plus Light Cure Band), and Group C (Control-polyethylene). The materials were implanted in rat subcutaneous tissues, randomly selected for this study. After time intervals of 7, 15, and 30 days the tissues were submitted to morphological analysis. In immunohistochemical analysis, the immuno-marking of antibody CD68 was evaluated. The results obtained were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p < .05). In the morphological analysis after 7 days, Groups RS, RMO and TP showed more intense inflammatory infiltrate (p = .004) and only Group RMO presented greater intensity of multinucleated giant cells (p = .027). In the immunohistochemical analysis, Groups RMO and RS were observed to present a larger quantity of CD68+ (p = .004) in the time interval of 7 days and only Group RMO presented statistically significant difference for this parameter after 15 days (p = .026). In the time interval of 30 days, Group RMO presented the largest quantity of multinucleated giant cells (p < .004). The RMGICS Crosslink and Transbond Plus provided significantly better tissue biocompatibility than the Resilience and RMO Cements.

Uso de hidróxido de cálcio e MTA na odontolgia: conceitos, fundamentos e aplicação clínica / Use of calcium hydroxide and mta in dentistry: concepts, rationele and clinical practice

Introdução: atualmente os produtos à base de hidróxido de cálcio são amplamente utilizados e difundidos na odontologia em várias situações clínicas, desde capeador em exposição pulpar à pulpotomias, em virtude de suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas, do baixo custo e de seu próprio mecanismo de ação, representando assim, o material mais próximo do ideal. Objetivo: descrever os conceitos, os fundamentos e a aplicação clínica do Hidróxido de Cálcio e do MTA, por meio de uma revisão da literatura. Material e Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, por meio de busca bibliográfica nas seguintes bases de pesquisa online: Lilacs, Scielo, PubMED/Medline e Bireme, com uso dos descritores: hidróxido de cálcio (calcium hydroxide); hidróxido de cálcio e MTA (calcium hydroxide and MTA) e MTA, rastreando artigos relevantes publicados entre o período de 2010 a 2015. Resultados e Discussão: materiais a base de hidróxido de cálcio, são biocompatíveis e apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas, anti-inflamatórias, estimulantes da formação de dentina esclerosada, de tecido ósseo mineralizado além de proteger a polpa contra estímulos termoelétricos e tóxicos, provenientes de alguns materiais restauradores, mantendo assim, a integridade pulpar. São amplamente utilizados para: proteção pulpar, pulpotomias, cimentação protética, forramento cavitário, apicificação e em casos de reabsorção radicular. As formas de apresentação desses materiais pode ser produtos na forma de pó, ou na forma de pastas, autoativadas ou fotoativadas. O Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA) apresenta muitas propriedades coincidentes com o hidróxido de cálcio, mas uma das suas principais desvantagens é seu alto custo, o que inviabiliza o rotineiro na clínica, esse material é apresentado na forma de pó e líquido, o qual é composto apenas por água destilada. Conclusão: Diante das várias opções de produtos presentes no mercado, recomenda-se ao profissional a escolha do melhor material para cada caso, incluindo seguir protocolos adequados durante a aplicação dos materiais para alcançar resultados clínicos satisfatórios.

Introduction: products of calcium hydroxide are largely used in a variety of dental clinical condition due to its physical and mechanical properties and its low cost as well as its rationelle. In this contexto, it representes a material close to the ideal. Objective: to describe the concepts, fundamentals and clinical application of Calcium Hydroxide and MTA, through a review of the literature. Materials and Methods: a review of the literature was carried out by means of bibliographic search in the following online databases: Lilacs, Scielo, PubMED/Medline and Bireme, using the descriptors: calcium hydroxide; Calcium hydroxide and MTA, and MTA, tracking relevant articles published between the period 2010-2015. Results and Discussion: materials based on calcium hydroxide, are biocompatible and exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, stimulating properties of the formation of sclerosed dentin, of mineralized bone tissue, besides protecting the pulp against thermoelectric and toxic stimuli from some restorative materials, thus maintaining pulp integrity. They are widely used for: pulp protection, pulpotomies, prosthetic cementation, cavity lining, apicification and in cases of root resorption. The forms of presentation of such materials may be products in the form of powder, or in the form of pastes, either self-activating or photoactivated. The Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) has many properties that coincide with calcium hydroxide, but one of its main disadvantages is its high cost, which makes the routine in the clinic unfeasible. This material is presented in the form of powder and liquid, which is Composed only of distilled water. Conclusion: in view of the various product options present in the market, the professional is advised to choose the best material for each case, including following appropriate protocols during the application of the materials to achieve satisfactory clinical results.

Influência do contato com sangue e soro fisiológico na solubilidade, pH e constituição química do MTA / Influence of contact with blood and saline on solubility, pH and chemical composition of MTA

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a solubilidade, pH e composição química do MTA branco em contato com sangue e soro fisiológico. Métodos: trinta réplicas de incisivos centrais superiores em acrílico, com retrocavidades com 3 mm de profundidade, foram preenchidas com MTA branco. Os espécimes foram individualmente inseridos em microtubos e divididos em três grupos (n = 10): no Grupo 1, as amostras não foram expostas a líquidos (grupo controle); no grupo 2, os microtubos receberam 1 mL de soro fisiológico; e no Grupo 3, receberam 1 mL de sangue humano fresco. As amostras foram armazenadas a 37°C durante 24 horas. A solubilidade foi avaliada volumetricamente, de modo que os espécimes foram escaneados por Micro-CT e individualmente imersos em 10 mL de água ultrapura; após 168 horas, novos escaneamentos foram realizados. O nível de pH foi mensurado após 168 horas. Secções das amostras com 2 mm de espessura foram analisadas por meio de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, para avaliar a composição iônica. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey. Resultados: a solubilidade foi similar (p > 0,05) para todos os grupos. Após 168 horas, o pH foi significativamente maior para o Grupo 2, em comparação ao Grupo 3 (p < 0,05). Quanto à composição iônica, foi encontrada maior concentração de cálcio e o contato com sangue não interferiu na liberação de íons de cálcio. Conclusão: o contato do sangue e soro fisiológico com o MTA não influenciou na solubilidade, ambos favoreceram um pH alcalino, com o aumento da liberação de íons cálcio, com pequenas variações na composição iônica.

Influência das diferentes etapas de processamento nas propriedades físico- químicas de dois cimentos à base de silicato de cálcio / Infuence of different processing phases on the physicochemical properties of two calcium silicate-based cements

Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a etapa de processamento em que o cimento é obtido in uencia nas suas propriedades físico-químicas. Foram avaliados a composição química, o tempo de presa, solubilidade, pH e liberação de íons cálcio do cimento Portland (Grupo 1), que passa por todas as etapas do processamento; e do cimento que foi obtido na etapa de calcinação (Grupo 2). Métodos: para avaliação da composição química, foi utilizado um microscópio eletrônico de varredura na função EDS. Os testes de tempo de presa e solubilidade foram realizados de acordo com as normas #57 da ADA. Para determinação do pH e liberação de íons cálcio, foram utilizados um peagômetro e um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica, respectivamente. Resultados: a composição química de ambos os cimentos apresentou maior quantidade de íons cálcio e silício; porém, o cimento Portland apresentou traços de enxofre. Com relação ao tempo de presa, o Grupo 2 apresentou média de tempo de presa estatisticamente menor do que o Grupo 1 (p < 0,05). Com relação à solubilidade, ambos os cimentos apresentaram valores dentro do que é recomendado pela ADA, que é de no máximo 3%; porém, houve diferença significativa, sendo o Grupo 2 mais solúvel (p < 0,05). Na análise do pH e liberação de íons cálcio, observou-se que ambos os cimentos promoveram alcalinização e liberação de íons cálcio, independentemente do tempo analisado. Conclusão: com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a etapa do processamento em que é obtido o cimento influencia em suas propriedades físico-químicas.

In Vitro Evaluation of Planktonic Growth on Experimental Cement-Retained Titanium Surfaces.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of selected cements, or their combination with titanium, on the growth of two periodontopathic bacteria: Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was comprised of several experimental groups: 1) Dental luting cements (glass ionomer cement, methacrylate-based resin cement, zinc-oxide eugenol cement, eugenol-free zinc oxide cement; 2) titanium discs; and 3) titanium combination cement discs. The disks were submerged in bacterial suspensions of either Fn or Pi. Planktonic bacterial growth within the test media was measured by determining the optical density of the cultures (OD600). Mean and standard deviations were calculated for planktonic growth from three separate experiments. RESULTS Intergroup comparison of all experimental groups revealed increased growth of Pi associated with cement-titanium specimens in comparison with cement specimens. Regarding the comparison of all groups for Fn, there was an increased amount of bacterial growth in cement-titanium specimens although the increase was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The combination of cement with titanium may exacerbate the bacterial growth capacity of Pi and Fn in contrast to their sole effect.

Influência da densidade tubular em diferentes profundidades dentinárias na estabilidade de união de cimentos de iônomero de vidro / Influence of tubular density in diferent dentin depths in bonding stability of glass ionomer cements

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência da densidade tubular em diferentes profundidades dentinárias na estabilidade de união de dois cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIV) de alta viscosidade. Vinte terceiros molares foram alocados em 6 grupos experimentais, de acordo com a profundidade da dentina - proximal, oclusal superficial ou oclusal profunda, e os CIVs - Fuji IX (GC Corp.) e Ketac(TM) Molar Easy Mix (3M/ESPE). Inicialmente os dentes foram cortados a fim de se obter fatias de aproximadamente 1 mm de espessura de dentina proximal, oclusal superficial e profunda. Em seguida, foi realizado uma análise topográfica das secções das diferentes superfícies e profundidades em microscopia confocal a laser (100X) para obtenção das médias da densidade tubular em cada profundidade. Cânulas de polietileno foram então posicionadas sobre as secções de dentina pré-tratadas e preenchidas pelos CIVs. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada por 24 h e 12 meses a 37°C, em seguida foram submetidos ao ensaio de microcisalhamento (0,5 mm/min). Após o ensaio, foi realizada a análise do padrão de fratura em estereomicroscópio (400X). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância para dados repetidos, seguido do teste de Tukey (?=5%). Verificamos que a densidade dos túbulos dentinários, em diferentes profundidades de molares permanentes, é inversamente proporcional a resistência de união de cimentos de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade. Foi ainda observado em todos os grupos que a resistência de união após 24 horas é maior do que em 12 meses, indicando degradação da interface adesiva ao longo do tempo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dentin tubule density of different depths in the bond stability of two high viscous glass ionomer cements (GIC). Twenty (third) molars were assigned into 6 experimental groups, according to the depth of dentin - proximal, superficial or deep occlusal occlusal and the GICs - Fuji IX (GC Corp.) and Ketac (TM) Molar Easy Mix (3M / ESPE). Initially, the teeth were cut to obtain slices approximately 1 mm thick for approximal, superficial and deep occlusal surfaces. Then it was performed a topographical analysis of sections of different depths surfaces and laser confocal microscopy (100X) to obtain averages of the tubular density at each depth. Polyethylene cannulae were then positioned on the pre-treated dentin sections and filled with GIC. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h and 12 months at 37°C were then subjected to microshear bonding test (0.5 mm / min). After the test, a fracture analysis pattern was performed in stereomicroscope (400X). The data were submitted to ANOVA for repeated measures followed by the Tukey test (? = 5%). We found that the density of dentinal tubules at different depths of permanent molars, is inversely proportional to the bond strength of high viscosity glass ionomer cements. It was observed in all groups which bond strength after 24 hours is higher than in 12 months, indicating degradation of the interface over time.