Fabrication and Characterization of a Nanofast Cement for Dental Restorations.

This study was aimed at fabricating and evaluating the physical and bioproperties of nanofast cement (NFC) as a replacement of the MTA. The cement particles were decreased in nanoscale, and zirconium oxide was used as a radiopacifier. The setting time and radiopacity were investigated according to ISO recommendations. Analysis of color, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity was performed using spectroscopy, simulated body fluid (SBF), and MTT assay. The setting time of cement pastes significantly dropped from 65 to 15 min when the particle sizes decreased from 2723 nm to 322 nm. Nanoparticles provide large surface areas and nucleation sites and thereby a higher hydration rate, so they reduced the setting time. Based on the resulting spectroscopy, the specimens did not exhibit clinically noticeable discoloration. Resistance to discoloration may be due to the resistance of zirconium oxide to decomposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examinations of the immersed SBF samples showed apatite formation that was a reason for its suitable bioactivity. The results of cell culture revealed that NFC is nontoxic. This study showed that NFC was more beneficial than MTA in dental restorations.

Masks for the Reduction of Methyl Methacrylate Vapor Inhalation.

Background: Exposure to methyl methacrylate vapor (MMA) presents an occupational risk to orthopedic surgeons and ancillary personnel in the operating room. The purpose of this study was to identify a disposable face mask to reduce MMA organic vapor inhalation in the operative suite. Methods: First, the effectiveness of MMA vapor filtration was determined in the laboratory. A section of activated carbon impregnated filter face mask (Model 8514, 3M Inc.) was exposed to 150 ppm MMA vapor and MMA ppm of filtered air was monitored until MMA vapor was detectable. The face mask was then worn as directed in the operating room during routine cement mixing during total knee arthroplasty to determine the exposure to MMA vapors during the procedure both with and without the activated carbon impregnated filter face mask. Results: The activated carbon impregnated face mask was effective in reducing MMA vapor inhalation to non-detectable levels for up to 40 minutes in the laboratory at steady-state exposure of 150 ppm MMA vapor as well as throughout cement mixing and curing in the operative suite during routine total knee arthroplasty. Conclusions: An activated carbon impregnated face mask offers a solution for the orthopedic surgeon and supporting personnel who wish to limit their exposure to MMA vapors due to health concerns.Level of Evidence: III.

Vancomycin and its crystalline degradation products released from bone grafts and different types of bone cement.

Vancomycin is often used in orthopedic surgery as a local prophylaxis of bacterial infection. The aim of this work was to compare the release of vancomycin and its biologically inactive crystalline degradation products (CDP-1) during in vitro experiments from different types of local antibiotic delivery systems (bone grafts and bone cements). The concentrations of vancomycin and its crystalline degradation products were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Each experiment was performed in a phosphate buffer solution over 21 days. Morselized bone grafts, synthetic bone cements Palacos and Copal, and synthetic bone grafts were tested as local carriers of vancomycin. The highest concentration approximately 670 mg/L of vancomycin was released from synthetic bone grafts Actifuse. Even after 21 days, the concentration of vancomycin was still above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The maximum concentration of vancomycin released in two experiments with human bone grafts exceeded 600 mg/L during the first day and was still above MIC level 21 days later when the experiment was concluded. By comparing the synthetic bone cements Palacos and Copal, Copal had the average maximum concentration of only 32.4 mg/L and Palacos 35.7 mg/L. The concentration of vancomycin fell below the MIC for vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) on the seventh day with Palacos and the ninth day with Copal. This study showed the insufficient concentration of released vancomycin from synthetic bone cements at the end of the experiment. For improvement of local prophylaxis, it would be beneficial to increase the amount of vancomycin in bone cements.

Release of different amphotericin B formulations from PMMA bone cements and their activity against Candida biofilm.

Amphotericin B is used for local delivery from polymethylmethacrylate to treat fungal prosthetic joint infections. The optimal amphotericin B formulation and the influence of different poragens in the bone cements are unknown. To investigate the necessary amount of amphotericin B in the bone cement to prevent Candida biofilm several amphotericin B formulations were studied: non-liposomal and liposomal with or without poragen gentamicin. For the non-liposomal formulation, standard bile salt, the sodium deoxycholate, was used and additionally N-methyl-D-glucamine/palmitate was applied. The activity of the released amphotericin B was tested against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei biofilms with application of the isothermal calorimeter and standard microbiological methods. Compressive strength was measured before and after antifungal elution from the cements. There is less aggregated N-methyl-D-glucamine/palmitate amphotericin B released but its antifungal activity is equivalent with the deoxycholate amphotericin B. The minimum quantity of antifungal preventing the Candida biofilm formation is 12.5 mg in gram of polymer powder for both non-liposomal formulations. The addition of gentamicin reduced the release of sodium deoxycholate amphotericin B. Gentamicin can be added to N-methyl-D-glucamine/palmitate amphotericin B in order to boost the antifungal release. When using liposomal amphotericin B more drug is released. All amphotericin B formulations were active against Candida biofilms. Although compressive strength slightly decreased, the obtained values were above the level of strength recommended for the implant fixation. The finding of this work might be beneficial for the treatment of the prosthetic joint infections caused by Candida spp.

Mechanism of formation of intravertebral clefts in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: An in vitro biomechanical study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Intravertebral clefts (IVCs) are vacuum-like cavities commonly associated with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). IVCs promote cement leakage during kyphoplasty, suggesting a physical link with the basivertebral foramen, although this is uncertain. PURPOSE: The present study aims to create IVCs in mechanical experiments on cadaveric spines in order to clarify their pathogenesis, structure, and links with the basivertebral foramen. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 15 three-vertebra lumbar specimens from five cadavers aged 68 to 71 years were subjected to axial compressive overload followed by cyclic loading in flexion and extension to create an OVCF together with an IVC. Computed tomography scans and radiographs were used to confirm structural changes and micro-CT was used to measure trabecular bone properties in five specimens. Unipedicular vertebroplasty was then performed on 10 damaged specimens until fluoroscopy revealed extravasation of cement. RESULTS: In every specimen, loading created an OVCF with an IVC. Dissection and imaging showed that the IVC was always connected with the basivertebral foramen. The central vertebral region, including the IVC, had the lowest connectivity density, trabecular number, and bone volume fraction, and the highest trabecular separation. Vertebroplasty caused cement leakage through the basivertebral foramen in nine specimens and into an adjacent disc in one specimen. CONCLUSION: Cyclic loading in flexion and extension applied to a fractured osteoporotic vertebra can create an IVC, which then allows cement leakage via the basivertebral foramen.

Pedicle screw anchorage of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK screws under cyclic loading.

PURPOSE: Pedicle screw loosening is a common and significant complication after posterior spinal instrumentation, particularly in osteoporosis. Radiolucent carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) pedicle screws have been developed recently to overcome drawbacks of conventional metallic screws, such as metal-induced imaging artifacts and interference with postoperative radiotherapy. Beyond radiolucency, CF/PEEK may also be advantageous over standard titanium in terms of pedicle screw loosening due to its unique material properties. However, screw anchorage and loosening of CF/PEEK pedicle screws have not been evaluated yet. The aim of this biomechanical study therefore was to evaluate whether the use of this alternative nonmetallic pedicle screw material affects screw loosening. The hypotheses tested were that (1) nonmetallic CF/PEEK pedicle screws resist an equal or higher number of load cycles until loosening than standard titanium screws and that (2) PMMA cement augmentation further increases the number of load cycles until loosening of CF/PEEK screws. METHODS: In the first part of the study, left and right pedicles of ten cadaveric lumbar vertebrae (BMD 70.8 mg/cm3 ± 14.5) were randomly instrumented with either CF/PEEK or standard titanium pedicle screws. In the second part, left and right pedicles of ten vertebrae (BMD 56.3 mg/cm3 ± 15.8) were randomly instrumented with either PMMA-augmented or nonaugmented CF/PEEK pedicle screws. Each pedicle screw was subjected to cyclic cranio-caudal loading (initial load ranging from - 50 N to + 50 N) with stepwise increasing compressive loads (5 N every 100 cycles) until loosening or a maximum of 10,000 cycles. Angular screw motion ("screw toggling") within the vertebra was measured with a 3D motion analysis system every 100 cycles and by stress fluoroscopy every 500 cycles. RESULTS: The nonmetallic CF/PEEK pedicle screws resisted a similar number of load cycles until loosening as the contralateral standard titanium screws (3701 ± 1228 vs. 3751 ± 1614 load cycles, p = 0.89). PMMA cement augmentation of CF/PEEK pedicle screws furthermore significantly increased the mean number of load cycles until loosening by 1.63-fold (5100 ± 1933 in augmented vs. 3130 ± 2132 in nonaugmented CF/PEEK screws, p = 0.015). In addition, angular screw motion assessed by stress fluoroscopy was significantly smaller in augmented than in nonaugmented CF/PEEK screws before as well as after failure. CONCLUSIONS: Using nonmetallic CF/PEEK instead of standard titanium as pedicle screw material did not affect screw loosening in the chosen test setup, whereas cement augmentation enhanced screw anchorage of CF/PEEK screws. While comparable to titanium screws in terms of screw loosening, radiolucent CF/PEEK pedicle screws offer the significant advantage of not interfering with postoperative imaging and radiotherapy. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Visualization of calcium phosphate cement in teeth by zero echo time 1 H MRI at high field.

1 H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by a zero echo time (ZTE) sequence is an excellent method to image teeth. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) materials are applied in the restoration of tooth lesions, but it has not yet been investigated whether they can be detected by computed tomography (CT) or MRI. The aim of this study was to optimize high-field ZTE imaging to enable the visualization of a new CPC formulation implanted in teeth and to apply this in the assessment of its decomposition in vivo. CPC was implanted in three human and three goat teeth ex vivo and in three goat teeth in vivo. An ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequence with multiple flip angles and echo times was applied at 11.7 T to measure T1 and T2 * values of CPC, enamel and dentin. Teeth with CPC were imaged with an optimized ZTE sequence. Goat teeth implanted with CPC in vivo were imaged after 7 weeks ex vivo. T2 * relaxation of implanted CPC, dentin and enamel was better fitted by a model assuming a Gaussian rather than a Lorentzian distribution. For CPC and human enamel and dentin, the average T2 * values were 273 ± 19, 562 ± 221 and 476 ± 147 µs, respectively, the average T2 values were 1234 ± 27, 963 ± 151 and 577 ± 41 µs, respectively, and the average T1 values were 1065 ± 45, 972 ± 40 and 903 ± 7 ms, respectively. In ZTE images, CPC had a higher signal-to-noise-ratio than dentin and enamel because of the higher water content. Seven weeks after in vivo implantation, the CPC-filled lesions showed less homogeneous structures, a lower T1 value and T2 * separated into two components. MRI by ZTE provides excellent contrast for CPC in teeth and allows its decomposition to be followed.

Deterioration of the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cements with Poly (γ-glutamic acid) and its strontium salt after in vitro degradation.

The mechanical reliability of calcium phosphate cements has restricted their clinical application in load-bearing locations. Although their mechanical strength can be improved using a variety of strategies, their fatigue properties are still unclear, especially after degradation. The evolutions of uniaxial compressive properties and the fatigue behavior of calcium phosphate cements incorporating poly (γ-glutamic acid) and its strontium salt after different in vitro degradation times were investigated in the present study. Compressive strength decreased from the 61.2±5.4MPa of the original specimen, to 51.1±4.4, 42.2±3.8, 36.8±2.4 and 28.9±3.2MPa following degradation for one, two, three and four weeks, respectively. Fatigue life under same loading condition also decreased with increasing degradation time. The original specimens remained intact for one million cycles (run-out) under a maximum stress of 30MPa. After degradation for one to four weeks, the specimens were able to withstand maximum stress of 20, 15, 10 and 10MPa, respectively until run-out. Defect volume fraction within the specimens increased from 0.19±0.021% of the original specimen to 0.60±0.19%, 1.09±0.04%, 2.68±0.64% and 7.18±0.34% at degradation time of one, two, three and four weeks, respectively. Therefore, we can infer that the primary cause of the deterioration of the mechanical properties was an increasing in micro defects induced by degradation, which promoted crack initiation and propagation, accelerating the final mechanical failure of the bone cement. This study provided the data required for enhancing the mechanical reliability of the calcium phosphate cements after different degradation times, which will be significant for the modification of load-bearing biodegradable bone cements to match clinical application.

Elastic properties and strain-to-crack-initiation of calcium phosphate bone cements: Revelations of a high-resolution measurement technique.

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) should ideally have mechanical properties similar to those of the bone tissue the material is used to replace or repair. Usually, the compressive strength of the CPCs is reported and, more rarely, the elastic modulus. Conversely, scarce or no data are available on Poisson's ratio and strain-to-crack-initiation. This is unfortunate, as data on the elastic response is key to, e.g., numerical model accuracy. In this study, the compressive behaviour of brushite, monetite and apatite cements was fully characterised. Measurement of the surface strains was done using a digital image correlation (DIC) technique, and compared to results obtained with the commonly used built-in displacement measurement of the materials testers. The collected data showed that the use of fixed compression platens, as opposed to spherically seated ones, may in some cases underestimate the compressive strength by up to 40%. Also, the built-in measurements may underestimate the elastic modulus by up to 62% as compared to DIC measurements. Using DIC, the brushite cement was found to be much stiffer (24.3 ± 2.3GPa) than the apatite (13.5 ± 1.6GPa) and monetite (7.1 ± 1.0GPa) cements, and elastic moduli were inversely related to the porosity of the materials. Poisson's ratio was determined to be 0.26 ± 0.02 for brushite, 0.21 ± 0.02 for apatite and 0.20 ± 0.03 for monetite. All investigated CPCs showed low strain-to-crack-initiation (0.17-0.19%). In summary, the elastic modulus of CPCs is substantially higher than previously reported and it is concluded that an accurate procedure is a prerequisite in order to properly compare the mechanical properties of different CPC formulations. It is recommended to use spherically seated platens and measuring the strain at a relevant resolution and on the specimen surface.

The rheological behavior of a fast-setting calcium phosphate bone cement and its dependence on deformation conditions.

Calcium phosphate cements are osteoconductive biomaterials that are widely used for bone repair and regeneration applications, including spinal fusion, vertebroplasty, khyphoplasty, cranioplasty and periodontal surgeries. The flow and deformation behavior (rheology) and injectability of the calcium phosphate bone cements to the treatment site are governed by the setting kinetics of the cement during which the initially flowable, viscous cement paste transforms into a rigid elastic solid. Here time-dependent development of the linear viscoelastic properties of a brushite-forming calcium phosphate cement are characterized and linked to the mechanism and kinetics of the setting reaction and to the injectability window available during the surgical applications of the cement. The setting kinetics is shown to be a function of the deformation conditions that are utilized in rheological characterization, emphasizing the intimate relationships between setting kinetics, particle to particle network formation and deformation history. Furthermore, the preshearing of the calcium phosphate cement prior to injection and temperature are shown to alter the kinetics of the setting reaction and thus to provide additional degrees of freedom for the tailoring of the rheological behavior and injectability of the calcium phosphate cement.

Importance of the PMMA viscoelastic rheology on the reduction of the leakage risk during osteoporotic bone augmentation: A numerical leakage model through a porous media.

Osteoporotic fractures poses one of the most problematic health issues that affects millions of people by weakening their bones (Osteoporosis). Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement is usually used to augment the bone and stabilize the fractures. Despite the benefit of using PMMA, it might cause a leakage where the cement undesirably access the surrounding tissues or vessels and lead to a serious complications. Consequently, it is important to study the leakage phenomenon and associated geometric and operation interactions. Although the experimental leakage models have been reported in many studies, a representative numerical leakage model is not exist. Therefore, the objectives of the present paper are to: (a) to develop and validate a representative numerical leakage model; and (b) to investigate numerically and analytically the importance of the rheological parameters (viscosity and relaxation time) on the cement flow to reduce the risk of leakage. ANSYS Polyflow was utilized to implement a 2D numerical leakage model to study the interaction of complex rheological parameters of the cement with the operational and geometrical structure of the representative porous media. In this model, the cement (represented by the upper-convected Maxwell model) flows from the entrance (tip of an 8 gauge cannula) through a porous media with a leakage path (blood vessels) toward the output (Bottom side). The verified and validated numerical leakage model showed the importance of the elastic and viscous part of the cement to control the uniformity of the distributed cement and augmentation pressure, respectively. Moreover, increasing the flow rate can lead to reduce the risk of leakage since the elastic effect will increase. Geometrical parameters of the porous media has a minor effect on changing the elasticity and subsequently on the uniformity of the distributed cement. In conclusion, Cement rheological parameters are found to be the most influential parameters to reduce the risk of leakage by controlling the uniformity of the distributed cement and the augmentation pressure.

Modification of Mechanical Properties, Polymerization Temperature, and Handling Time of Polymethylmethacrylate Cement for Enhancing Applicability in Vertebroplasty.

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement is a popular bone void filler for vertebroplasty. However, the use of PMMA has some drawbacks, including the material's excessive stiffness, exothermic polymerization, and short handling time. This study aimed to create an ideal modified bone cement to solve the above-mentioned problems. Modified bone cements were prepared by combining PMMA with three different volume fractions of castor oil (5%, 10%, and 15%). The peak polymerization temperatures, times to achieve the peak polymerization temperature, porosities, densities, modulus and maximum compression strengths of standard (without castor oil), and modified cements were investigated following storage at ambient temperature (22°C) or under precooling conditions (3°C). Six specimens were tested in each group of the aforementioned parameters. Increasing castor oil content and precooling treatment effectively decreased the peak polymerization temperatures and increased the duration to achieve the peak polymerization temperature (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the material, including density, modulus, and maximum compression strength, decreased with increasing castor oil content. However, preparation temperature (room temperature versus precooling) had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on these mechanical properties. In conclusion, the addition of castor oil to PMMA followed by precooling created an ideal modified bone cement with a low modulus, low polymerization temperature, and long handling time, enhancing its applicability and safety for vertebroplasty.

Pilot-scale synthesis and rheological assessment of poly(methyl methacrylate) polymers: perspectives for medical application.

This work presents the rheological assessment of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers synthesized in a dedicated pilot-scale plant. This material is to be used for the construction of scaffolds via Rapid Prototyping (RP). The polymers were prepared to match the physical and biological properties required for medical applications. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) measurements verified that the synthesized polymers were atactic, amorphous and linear in chains. Rheological properties such as viscosity, storage and loss modulus, beyond the loss factor, and creep and recovery were measured in a plate-plate sensor within the viscoelastic linear region. The results showed the relevant influence of the molecular weight on the viscosity and elasticity of the material, and how, as the molecular weight increases, the viscoelastic properties are getting closer to those of human bone. This article demonstrates that by using the implemented methodology it is possible to synthesize a polymer, with properties comparable to commercially-available PMMA.

Airborne Exposure of Methyl Methacrylate During Simulated Total Hip Arthroplasty and Fabrication of Antibiotic Beads.

As the use of cement remains prevalent in orthopedic surgery, so do concerns over the safety of its active ingredient, methyl methacrylate (MMA). The Occupational Health and Safety Agency (OSHA) limits the airborne exposure to 100 parts per million (ppm) averaged over an 8 hour period. We measured MMA exposure to operating room personnel during simulated total hip arthroplasty (THA), antibiotic bead fabrication and simulated spill of MMA. Cumulative and peak exposures during simulated THA and antibiotic bead fabrication did not exceed OSHA limits of 100ppm. Vacuum mixing and greater distance from the vapor source reduced measured MMA exposure. Spilled MMA led to prolonged and elevated MMA levels. MMA levels returned to a negligible level in all scenarios by 20 minutes after mixing.

Methyl methacrylate levels in orthopedic surgery: comparison of two conventional vacuum mixing systems.

Poly-methyl methacrylate bone cements contain methyl methacrylate (MMA), which is known for its sensitizing and toxic properties. Therefore, in most European countries and in the USA, guidelines or regulations exist for occupational exposures. The use of vacuum mixing systems can significantly reduce airborne MMA concentrations during bone setting. Our goal was to test two commonly used vacuum mixing systems (Palamix(®) and Optivac(®)) using Palacos(®) R bone cement for their effectiveness at preventing MMA vapor release in a series of standardized trials in a laboratory as well as in an operating theatre. MMA was quantified every second over a period of 3 min using a photoionization detector (MiniRAE(®) 3000) device positioned in the breathing area of the user. Significant differences in MMA mean vapor concentrations over 180 s were observed in the two experimental spaces, with the highest mean concentrations (7.61 and 7.98 ppm for Palamix(®) and Optivac(®), respectively) observed in a laboratory with nine air changes per hour and the lowest average concentrations (1.06 and 1.12 ppm for Palamix(®) and Optivac(®), respectively) in an operating theatre with laminar flow ventilation and 22 air changes per hour. No significant differences in overall MMA concentrations were found between the two vacuum mixing systems in either location. Though, differences were found between both systems during single mixing phases. Thus, typical handling of MMA in orthopedic procedures must be seen as not harmful as concentrations do not reach the short-term exposure limit of 100 ppm. Additionally, laminar airflow seems to have an influence on lowering MMA concentrations in operation theatres.

Biomechanical in vitro assessment of screw augmentation in locked plating of proximal humerus fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Proximal humerus fracture fixation can be difficult because of osteoporosis making it difficult to achieve stable implant anchorage in the weak bone stock even when using locking plates. This may cause implant failure requiring revision surgery. Cement augmentation has, in principle, been shown to improve stability. The aim of this study was to investigate whether augmentation of particular screws of a locking plate aimed at a region of low bone quality is effective in improving stability in a proximal humerus fracture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve paired human humerus specimens were included. Quantitative computed tomography was performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD). Local bone quality in the direction of the six proximal screws of a standard locking plate (PHILOS, Synthes) was assessed using mechanical means (DensiProbe™). A three-part fracture model with a metaphyseal defect was simulated and fixed with the plate. Within each pair of humeri the two screws aimed at the region of the lowest bone quality according to the DensiProbe™ were augmented in a randomised manner. For augmentation, 0.5 ml of bone cement was injected in a screw with multiple outlets at its tip under fluoroscopic control. A cyclic varus-bending test with increasing upper load magnitude was performed until failure of the screw-bone fixation. RESULTS: The augmented group withstood significantly more load cycles. The correlation of BMD with load cycles until failure and BMD with paired difference in load cycles to failure showed that augmentation could compensate for a low BMD. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that augmentation of screws in locked plating in a proximal humerus fracture model is effective in improving primary stability in a cyclic varus-bending test. The augmentation of two particular screws aimed at a region of low bone quality within the humeral head was almost as effective as four screws with twice the amount of bone cement. Screw augmentation combined with a knowledge of the local bone quality could be more effective in enhancing the primary stability of a proximal humerus locking plate because the effect of augmentation can be exploited more effectively limiting it to the degree required.

Cimento de aluminato de cálcio: uso em defeitos ósseos induzidos em fêmur de coelhos / Calcium aluminate cement: used in bone defects induced in the femur of rabbits

Avaliou-se o comportamento do cimento de aluminato de cálcio em defeitos ósseos induzidos experimentalmente em fêmur de 12 coelhos Nova Zelândia Branco, distribuídos em três grupos experimentais, correspondentes aos tempos de observação pós-operatória de 15 (G15), 30 (G30) e 60 (G60) dias. Realizaram-se avaliações clínico-cirúrgicas, radiográficas e histológicas, a fim de se observar o potencial osteoindutor e osteocondutor do biomaterial no defeito ósseo, e se houve osteointegração. O cimento de aluminato de cálcio, na formulação utilizada, mostrou-se biocompatível, porém não atuou como osteocondutor ou osteoindutor.

The patterns of the calcium aluminate cement in bone defects experimentally induced in the femur of 12 New Zealand White rabbits were evaluated. The animals were distributed in three experimental groups, corresponding to postoperative observation periods of 15 (G15), 30 (G30) and 60 (G60) days. Clinical, surgical, radiographic and histological appraisals were made to observe the osteoinductor and osteoconductor potential of the biological material, as well as the bone integration. The calcium aluminate cement formulation was biocompatible, but has not acted as a osteoconductor or osteoinductor.

Characterization of wear debris in total elbow arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate wear debris in periprosthetic tissues at the time of revision total elbow arthroplasty. Polyethylene, metallic, and bone cement debris were characterized, and the tissue response was quantified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Capsular and medullary tissue samples were collected during revision surgery. Polyethylene debris was characterized by scanning electron microscopy after tissue digestion. The concentrations of metal and cement debris were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tissue response was graded with a semiquantitative histologic method. RESULTS: Polyethylene particle size varied from the submicron range to over 100 µm. The mean diameter ranged from 0.6 µm to about 1 µm. Particles in the synovial tissues were larger and less abundant than those in tissues from the medullary canal. Cement, titanium alloy, and low levels of cobalt-chrome debris were also present, with cement predominating over metal debris. Histiocyte response was associated with small polyethylene particles (0.5-2 µm), and giant cells were associated with large polyethylene particles (>2 µm). Histiocyte scores positively correlated with the polyethylene particle number and the presence of metal. DISCUSSION: We have shown that periprosthetic tissues of total elbow patients who have undergone revision for loosening and osteolysis contain polyethylene, cement, and metal debris. Although the polyethylene particles were of a size and shape that have been previously shown to result in activation of phagocytic cells, osteolysis after total elbow arthroplasty is a multimodal process. Because of the presence of multiple wear particle sources, a cause-and-effect relationship between polyethylene debris and osteolysis cannot be established with certainty.