RESUMEN
Chlamydia abortus is one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of infectious abortion in small ruminants worldwide. Control of the disease (Enzootic Abortion of Ewes or EAE) is achieved using the commercial live, attenuated C. abortus 1B vaccine strain, which can be distinguished from virulent wild-type (wt) strains by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Published studies applying this typing method and whole-genome sequence analyses to cases of EAE in vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals have provided strong evidence that the 1B strain is not attenuated and can infect the placenta causing disease in some ewes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterise the lesions found in the placentas of ewes vaccinated with the 1B strain and to compare these to those resulting from a wt infection. A C. abortus-free flock of multiparous adult ewes was vaccinated twice, over three breeding seasons, each before mating, with the commercial C. abortus 1B vaccine strain (Cevac® Chlamydia, Ceva Animal Health Ltd.). In the second lambing season following vaccination, placentas (n = 117) were collected at parturition and analysed by C. abortus-specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Two placentas, from a single ewe, which gave birth to live twin lambs, were found to be positive by qPCR and viable organisms were recovered and identified as vaccine type (vt) by PCR-RFLP, with no evidence of any wt strain being present. All cotyledons from the vt-infected placentas were analysed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry and compared to those from wt-infected placentas. Both vt-infected placentas showed lesions typical of those found in a wt infection in terms of their severity, distribution, and associated intensity of antigen labelling. These results conclusively demonstrate that the 1B strain can infect the placenta, producing typical EAE placental lesions that are indistinguishable from those found in wt infected animals.
Asunto(s)
Chlamydia/genética , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/genética , Vacunación/efectos adversos , Feto Abortado/inmunología , Aborto Veterinario , Animales , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Chlamydia/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Chlamydophila/inmunología , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/microbiología , Femenino , Placenta/inmunología , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Embarazo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Ovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Vacunación/métodos , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/microbiología , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Doxiciclina/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/transmisión , Gatos , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/transmisión , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/veterinaria , Femenino , Humanos , Resultado del Tratamiento , ZoonosisRESUMEN
Following infection, the balance between protective immunity and immunopathology often depends on the initial infectious load. Several studies have investigated the effect of infectious dose; however, the mechanism by which infectious dose affects disease outcomes and the development of a protective immune response is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate how the infectious dose modulates the local and systemic humoral and the cellular immune responses during primary ocular chlamydial infection in the guinea pig animal model. Guinea pigs were infected by ocular instillation of a Chlamydophila caviae-containing eye solution in the conjunctival sac in three different doses: 1×102, 1×104, and 1×106 inclusion forming units (IFUs). Ocular pathology, chlamydial clearance, local and systemic C. caviae-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed. All inocula of C. caviae significantly enhanced the local production of C. caviae-specific IgA in tears, but only guinea pigs infected with the higher doses showed significant changes in C. caviae-specific IgA levels in vaginal washes and serum. On complete resolution of infection, the low dose of C. caviae did not alter the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ cells within guinea pigs' submandibular lymph node (SMLN) lymphocytes while the higher doses increased the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells within the SMLN lymphocytes. A significant negative correlation between pathology intensity and the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells within SMLN lymphocyte pool at selected time points post-infection was recorded for both 1×104, and 1×106 IFU infected guinea pigs. The relevance of the observed dose-dependent differences on the immune response should be further investigated in repeated ocular chlamydial infections.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydophila/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/microbiología , Chlamydophila , Inmunidad Celular , Inmunidad Humoral , Animales , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta Inmunológica , Infecciones del Ojo , Cobayas , Virulencia/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Chlamydiae induce a range of pathological syndromes in small ruminants. Abortion is the most common clinical expression of the infection that causes important economic losses and presents a risk to human health, particularly in pregnant women. The present paper gives an overview of chlamydial infections in sheep and goats, focusing specifically on abortion and on recent data brought by cellular and genomic approaches regarding genotyping, virulence of strains, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis and control of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Aborto Veterinario/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/veterinaria , Chlamydophila/genética , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Aborto Veterinario/genética , Aborto Veterinario/prevención & control , Animales , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/genética , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/prevención & control , Femenino , Genotipo , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/genética , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Cabras , Humanos , Embarazo , Rumiantes/genética , Rumiantes/microbiología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/genética , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Oveja DomésticaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydophila/diagnóstico , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/microbiología , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/cirugía , Válvula Mitral/microbiología , Válvula Mitral/cirugía , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/diagnósticoRESUMEN
AIM: Study the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex I/II virus (HSV I/II) in individuals of various age groups with varying inflammatory broncho-pulmonary diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 384 adults and 1001 children with clinically confirmed diagnoses were examined by PCR method: community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma, ARD/ARVD, as well as 127 healthy children and 52 healthy adults. Sputum, smears from posterior fornix of pharynx, blood, saliva from children of the first year of life were used as material for the study. RESULTS: Wide prevalence of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae among adults and M. pneumoniae among children older than 1 year with inflammatory diseases of respiratory organs was established. C. psittaci, L. pneumophila, M. catarrhalis occurred in isolated cases in both adults and children. Active replication of herpes group viruses was detected in patients of all age groups with inflammatory broncho-pulmonary diseases, and in children Cytomegalovirus replication predominated, in adults--HSV I/II. CONCLUSION: High frequency of prevalence of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in inflammatory diseases of respiratory tract was established, giving evidence of reasonability and necessity of examination of patients with various nosologic forms of diseases for these species of microorganisms with the aim of effective etiotropic therapy.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Raras/epidemiología , Sistema Respiratorio/microbiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Virosis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/virología , Niño , Preescolar , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Chlamydophila/fisiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/virología , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidad , Citomegalovirus/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Legionella pneumophila/patogenicidad , Legionella pneumophila/fisiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Moraxella catarrhalis/patogenicidad , Moraxella catarrhalis/fisiología , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/patogenicidad , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/fisiología , Prevalencia , Enfermedades Raras/microbiología , Enfermedades Raras/virología , Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/microbiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/virología , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Simplexvirus/patogenicidad , Simplexvirus/fisiología , Virosis/microbiología , Virosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Factors and mechanisms determining the differences in virulence and host specificity between the zoonotic agents Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus are still largely unknown. In the present study, two strains were compared for their invasiveness, virulence, and capability of eliciting an immune response in chicken embryos. On breeding day 10, embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 5 × 10(4) inclusion-forming units. As shown by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR, C. psittaci displayed a significantly better capability of disseminating in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and internal organs than C. abortus. The higher infectious potential of C. psittaci in birds was underlined by significantly higher mRNA expression rates of essential chlamydial genes, such as incA, groEL (in CAM, liver, and spleen), cpaf, and ftsW (in CAM). Although the immune responses to both pathogens were similar, C. psittaci elicited higher macrophage numbers and a stronger expression of a subset of immune-related proteins. The data imply that invasiveness of Chlamydia spp. and propagation in the host are not solely dependent on the level of host immune response but, even to a greater extent, on the expression of bacterial factors related to virulence. The fact that C. psittaci has coped far better than C. abortus with the avian embryo's response by upregulating essential genes may be a key to understanding the mechanisms underlying host adaptation and etiopathology.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydia/patología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/patología , Chlamydophila psittaci/patogenicidad , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Animales , Embrión de Pollo , Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Chlamydophila/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/microbiología , Chlamydophila psittaci/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Inmunohistoquímica , Macrófagos/inmunología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Virulencia , Factores de Virulencia/biosíntesisRESUMEN
We assessed the comparative efficacy of empirical therapy with beta-lactam plus macrolide vs. beta-lactam plus doxycycline for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among patients in the Australian Community-Acquired Pneumonia Study. Both regimens demonstrated similar outcomes against CAP due to either 'atypical' (Chlamydophila, Legionella or Mycoplasma spp.) or typical bacterial pathogens.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Doxiciclina/uso terapéutico , Macrólidos/uso terapéutico , Neumonía Bacteriana/tratamiento farmacológico , beta-Lactamas/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Australia/epidemiología , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Humanos , Legionella/patogenicidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mycoplasma/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/epidemiología , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/epidemiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/microbiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Infection of koalas by Chlamydophila pecorum is very common and causes significant morbidity, infertility and mortality. Fundamental to management of the disease is an understanding of the importance of multi-serotype infection or pathogen virulence in pathogenesis; these may need consideration in plans involving koala movement, vaccination, or disease risk assessment. Here we describe diversity of ompA VD1-3, and ORF663 hypothetical gene tandem repeat regions, in a single population of koalas with diverse disease outcomes. We PCR amplified and sequenced 72 partial ompA segments and amplified 25 tandem repeat segments (ORF663 hypothetical gene) from C. pecorum obtained from 62 koalas. Although several ompA genotypes were identified nationally, only one ompA genotype existed within the population studied, indicating that severe chlamydial disease occurs commonly in free-ranging koalas in the absence of infection by multiple MOMP serotypes of C. pecorum. In contrast, variation in tandem repeats within the ORF663 hypothetical gene was very high, approaching the entire range reported for pathogenic and non-pathogenic C. pecorum of European ruminants; providing an impetus for further investigation of this as a potential virulence trait.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydophila/veterinaria , Chlamydophila/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Variación Genética , Phascolarctidae/microbiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Secuencia de Bases , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/epidemiología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/microbiología , Genotipo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Nueva Gales del Sur/epidemiología , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem , Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
Infection can initiate symptoms of mental illness. It has been shown previously that Chlamydophila DNA is present six times more often in the blood of patients with schizophrenia than in the blood of control individuals. Monocytes, the main targets of Chlamydiaceae infection, are microglia precursors. We identified Chlamydiaceae infection using blinded brain DNA samples derived from the frontal cortex. Using PCR and sequence analysis, we found Chlamydophila DNA to be four times greater in patients with schizophrenia than in controls (schizophrenia: N=34, microbial DNA frequency 23.5%; controls: N=35, microbial DNA frequency 5.7%; P=0.045, OR=5.08). Persistent Chlamydophila-infected microglia or neuronal cells may impair neuronal circuits and thus be a mechanism for causing psychiatric illness in these patients.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydophila/complicaciones , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Lóbulo Frontal/patología , Esquizofrenia , Adulto , Trastorno Bipolar/epidemiología , Trastorno Bipolar/patología , Chlamydophila/genética , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/epidemiología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/genética , ADN/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Cambios Post Mortem , Prevalencia , Esquizofrenia/epidemiología , Esquizofrenia/etiología , Esquizofrenia/patología , Población Blanca , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Objetivou-se com este estudo calcular a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Chlamydophila abortus em suínos criados em granjas tecnificadas no Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Para compor a amostra do estudo foram utilizados 342 suínos, sendo 312 matrizes e 30 varrões oriundos de sete granjas de ciclo completo e distribuídas em cinco municípios do Estado de Alagoas. O diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por C. abortus foi realizado através da microtécnica de Fixação do Complemento (RFC). A análise dos fatores de risco foi realizada por meio da aplicação de questionários investigativos, constituídos por perguntas objetivas referentes ao criador, às características gerais da propriedade, ao manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Observou-se prevalência de 10,5% (36/342) de suínos soropositivos para a infecção por C. abortus, com 85,8% das granjas analisadas com animais positivos. As variáveis que demonstraram associação significativa foram: utilização de bebedouros comuns para jovens e adultos (p=0,024;OR=10,83; IC=1,3686,03) e método de cobertura de monta natural associada à inseminação artificial (p=0,05; OR=7,62; IC=1,00-58,31). Relata-se a primeira ocorrência de anticorpos anti-C. abortus em suínos no Brasil. Fatores como a introdução de reprodutores nos plantéis e a forma de fornecimento de água foram evidenciados como facilitadores da infecção das matrizes neste estudo. Dessa forma, medidas de controle da infecção devem ser enfocadas nesse aspecto para evitar a disseminação do agente nas granjas suinícolas e em outros plantéis da região.
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and identify risk factors associated with Chlamydophila abortus infection in commercial swine farms on the state of Alagoas, Brazil. To compose the study sample 342 pigs were used, with 312 sows and 30 boars from seven swine farms and distributed in five districts of the Alagoas. The serological diagnosis of infection by C. abortus was performed by fixation of complement microtechnique (RFC). The analysis of risk factors were performed by the application of research questionnaires, consisting of objective questions relating to the designer, the general characteristics of the property, the production, reproductive and health management. I was observed a prevalence of 10.5% (36/342) of pigs seropositive for infection by C. abortus with 85.8% of farms with positive animals analyzed. The variables that showed significant association were use of common drinker for young and adults pigs (p=0.024, OR=10.83, CI=1.36-86.03) and associated the natural mount with artificial insemination (p=0.05, OR=7.62, CI=1.00-58.31). This work reports the first occurrence of anti-C. abortusin pigs in Brazil. Factors as the introduction of boars in herds and the form of water supply were seen as facilitators of infection on sows in this study. Thus measures of infection control should be focused on this aspect to prevent the spread of the agent in pig farms and other herds in the region.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Porcinos/clasificación , Infecciones/microbiología , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Aborto Veterinario/microbiología , Animales , Aves , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/veterinaria , Femenino , Vigilancia de la Población , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/veterinaria , Ovinos , Porcinos , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides, stored by mammalian leukocytes, showing an antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa and enveloped viruses. In accordance with other authors, we reported in a previous study that the protegrin-1 (PG-1), at 80 microg mL(-1), inhibited the in vitro growth of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D, H and L2; however, we observed an increased infectivity of some animal chlamydial species after their treatment with the same PG-1 concentration. In this study, the treatment of LLC-MK2 cells with PG-1 before chlamydial infection resulted in an increased infectivity of Chlamydophila abortus probably due to their easier entry into the host cells, whereas no increase in S26/3 infectivity was detected in LLC-MK2 cells treated with PG-1 postchlamydial infection.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/farmacología , Chlamydophila/efectos de los fármacos , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Animales , Línea Celular , Cuerpos de Inclusión/microbiología , Macaca mulattaRESUMEN
C. trachomatis and C. abortus are related Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that cause reproductive failure due to infertility (C. trachomatis) or abortion (C. abortus). These organisms target epithelial cells in the reproductive tract and/or placenta, but the innate immune mechanisms that lead to protection or pathology and disease are poorly understood. SLPI is an innate immune molecule which protects mucosal surfaces from infection and injury. C. trachomatis and C. abortus were found to induce SLPI mRNA and peptide expression in HeLa (cervical epithelium) and JEG-3 cells (trophoblast) respectively. Both cell lines constitutively expressed SLPI and, although infection enhanced this expression, killed organisms did not. These data demonstrate that Chlamydia/Chlamydophila grow in cells that express SLPI, suggesting that SLPI does not exert antimicrobial effects against these organisms. However, SLPI has multiple functions, and we speculate that it may play a role in controlling tissue inflammation and pathology.
Asunto(s)
Chlamydia trachomatis/patogenicidad , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Genitales Femeninos/microbiología , Inhibidor Secretorio de Peptidasas Leucocitarias/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Genitales Femeninos/citología , Células HeLa , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Inhibidor Secretorio de Peptidasas Leucocitarias/genética , Trofoblastos/citología , Trofoblastos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
A large-scale analysis of proteins involved in host-cell signalling pathways was performed using chlamydia-infected murine cells in order to identify host proteins that are differentially activated or localized following infection. Two proteins whose distribution was altered in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells relative to mock-infected cells were the actin-binding protein adducin and the regulatory kinase Raf-1. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies to both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of these proteins demonstrated that the abundance of each protein was markedly reduced in the cytosolic fraction of C. trachomatis- and Chlamydophila caviae-infected cells, but the total cellular protein abundance remained unaffected by infection. Fluorescence microscopy of chlamydia-infected cells using anti-alpha-adducin antibodies demonstrated labelling at or near the chlamydial inclusion membrane. Treatment of infected cells with nocodazole or cytochalasin D did not affect alpha-adducin that was localized to the margins of the inclusion. The demonstration of alpha-adducin and Raf-1 redistribution within cells infected by different chlamydiae provides novel opportunities for analysis of host-pathogen interactions in this system.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión a Calmodulina/metabolismo , Chlamydia trachomatis/fisiología , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-raf/metabolismo , Chlamydia trachomatis/patogenicidad , Chlamydophila/clasificación , Chlamydophila/fisiología , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/patogenicidad , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/fisiología , Células HeLa , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Cuerpos de Inclusión/metabolismoRESUMEN
Chlamydophila pecorum is an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koala, which is also found in the intestine of asymptomatic animals. A multi-virulence locus sequence typing (MVLST) system was developed using 19 C. pecorum strains (8 pathogenic and 11 non-pathogenic intestinal strains) isolated from ruminants of different geographical origins. To evaluate the ability of MVLST to distinguish the pathogenic from the non-pathogenic strains of C. pecorum, the sequences of 12 genes were analysed: 6 potential virulence genes (ompA, incA, incB, incC, mip and copN), 5 housekeeping genes (recA, hemD, aroC, efp, gap), and the ORF663 gene encoding a hypothetical protein (HP) that includes a variant 15-nucleotides coding tandem repeat (CTR). MVLST provided high discriminatory power (100%) in allowing to distinguish 6 of 8 pathogenic strains in a single group, and overall more discriminatory than MLST targeting housekeeping genes. ompA was the most polymorphic gene and the phylogenetic tree based only on its sequence differentiated 4 groups with high bootstrap values. The number of CTRs (rich in serine, proline and lysine) in ORF663 detected in the pathogenic strains was generally lower than that found in the intestinal strains. MVLST appears to be a promising method for the differential identification of virulent C. pecorum strains, and the ompA, incA and ORF663 genes appear to be good molecular markers for further epidemiological investigation of C. pecorum.
Asunto(s)
Chlamydophila/genética , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/fisiología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Chlamydophila/clasificación , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Rumiantes , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Secuencias Repetidas en Tándem/genética , Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
A growing body of basic and clinical science implicates the atypical bacterial pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila (formerly Chlamydia) pneumoniae as potentially important factors in asthma, although their exact contribution to asthma development and/or persistence remains to be determined. Evidence from human studies links both M pneumoniae and C pneumoniae to new-onset wheezing, exacerbations of prevalent asthma, and long-term decrements in lung function, suggesting that these organisms can play an important role in the natural history of asthma. Furthermore, animal models of acute and chronic infection with these organisms indicate that they have the ability to modulate allergic sensitization and pulmonary physiologic and immune response to allergen challenge. These findings raise the possibility that, in at least some individuals with asthma, antibiotic therapy might have a role in long-term treatment. While antibiotics do not currently have a defined role in the treatment of stable patients with chronic asthma, there is emerging evidence that asthma symptoms and biomarkers of airway inflammation can improve when patients who have atypical bacterial infection as a cofactor in their asthma are treated with macrolide antibiotics. Ongoing research into the importance of atypical pathogens in asthma will further elucidate whether these infections are important in disease development or whether their prevalence is increased in asthmatic subjects due to chronic airway inflammation or other, yet unidentified, predisposing factors. Current studies will further define the role of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of stable patients with asthma, ultimately determining whether these therapeutic agents have a place in asthma management.
Asunto(s)
Asma/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/patogenicidad , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/complicaciones , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/complicaciones , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Chlamydia/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Placentae from 13 pregnant ewes infected intravenously with Chlamydophila abortus, together with placentae from nine uninfected control ewes, were examined at 14, 21 or 28 days post-inoculation (p.i.). Chlamydial inclusions were present in the trophoblast at 14 days p.i. and were widespread by 21 days p.i. Chorioallantoic lesions (oedema, arteritis and thrombosis) were severe at 28 days p.i., the changes being particularly marked in the membrane surrounding placentomes. Lymphocytes constituted only a small proportion of the cellular infiltrate in the chorioallantois; neutrophil infiltration of the chorionic surface was evident where the trophoblast layer had sloughed, whereas macrophages represented the predominant cell type in the deeper stroma. In contrast, on the maternal side of the placenta, chlamydial inclusions were sparse at all timepoints, and even at 28 days p.i., lesions were restricted to focal endometritis at the placentomal limbus and occasional foci of septal necrosis. T lymphocytes were numerous within endometrial and septal lesions, the infiltrate consistently containing more CD8(+) than CD4(+) cells. The fetal response to chlamydial invasion of the placenta was innate in character, whereas the maternal response appeared to represent an acquired, chlamydia-specific immune response.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydophila/veterinaria , Chlamydophila/patogenicidad , Feto/inmunología , Enfermedades Placentarias/veterinaria , Placenta/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Ovinos/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos Virales/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/patología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/patología , Chlamydophila/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydophila/patología , Membrana Corioalantoides/inmunología , Membrana Corioalantoides/microbiología , Membrana Corioalantoides/patología , Femenino , Feto/microbiología , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Placenta/inmunología , Placenta/patología , Enfermedades Placentarias/inmunología , Enfermedades Placentarias/microbiología , Enfermedades Placentarias/patología , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/microbiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/patología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/veterinaria , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/patologíaRESUMEN
Bacteria from genera Chlamydia (Ch.) and Chlamydophila (Chl.) are very pathogenic and may infect humans and animals. They also may cause latent infection, especially in animals. In this paper we discuss the non-specific and specific cellular and humoral immunity in farm animals, after infection or immunisation with Chlamydia sp. and Chlamydophila sp. bacteria. It has been shown, that the infection or immunisation with the microorganisms influenced the activity of polimorphonuclear cells (PMN) and mononuclear cells (MN) in the process of phagocytosis. It has also been shown that the bacteria influenced the amount and activity of lysozyme, activities of myeloperoxidase and lysosomal enzymes. Infection or immunisation with the microorganisms was demonstrated to affect numbers of lymphocytes T and B and those of their subpopulation as well as the activity of cytokines and levels of serum and secreted immunoglobulins. The changes were detected just a few hours after infection or immunisation and persisted for a few days to a few decades.
Asunto(s)
Formación de Anticuerpos , Chlamydia/inmunología , Chlamydophila/inmunología , Inmunidad Celular , Animales , Animales Domésticos , Chlamydia/patogenicidad , Chlamydophila/patogenicidadRESUMEN
An outbreak of upper respiratory tract disease was investigated in a group of 17 housed home-bred calves on a mixed dairy, beef and sheep farm in Devon. Conjunctival swabs were collected and tested for Chlamydophila spp. DNA using a PCR test that detects Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydophila psittaci. Six of the calves tested gave a positive result. Further epidemiological observations and laboratory testing indicated that the adult dairy cows, from which the affected calves originated, were the most likely source of infection.