Seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de niños menores de 5 años: de la dimensión alimentaria a la nutricional / Food and Nutrition Security of Children under 5 Years: From Food to Nutritional Dimension / Segurança alimentar e nutricional de crianças menores de 5 anos: da dimensão alimentar à nutricional

Objetivo: analizar la asociación de características biológicas y sociales con la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional (san) de niños menores de 5 años con base en indicadores de percepción del hambre y antro-pométricos.Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal realizado en municipios brasileños que fueron priorizados para el desarrollo de acciones de prevención de la obesidad infantil en 2017/2018. La san se midió usando la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria y se utilizaron los índices antropométricos Talla/Edad (T/E), Peso/Edad (P/E) y Peso/Talla (P/T). Las asociaciones se testaron por regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta.Resultados: de los 868 niños, el 24.3 % vivía en familias con inseguridad alimenta-ria y nutricional moderada-severa (ianm-s), el 7.0 % tenía T/E baja; el 7.8 % P/E alto, y el 14.4 %, P/T alto. Si bien la ianm-s se asoció con una amplia gama de factores negativos del contexto social, las prevalencias de las desviaciones antropométricas fueron mayores en menores de 2 años y cuando las madres tenían el mismo diagnóstico nutricional que el niño.Conclusión: a pesar de las prevalencias expresivas de ianm-sy desviaciones antropométricas, la ianm-s fue más pronunciada, especialmente en contextos sociales des-favorables. La san mostró un comportamiento diferente en sus dimensiones alimentaria y nutricional, tanto en términos de frecuencia como de determinación

Objective: To analyze the association between biological and social characteristics with the food and nutritional security (fns) of children aged <5 years based on hunger perception and anthropometric indicators. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Brazilian municipali-ties that have been prioritized for the development of actions aimed at preventing childhood obesity in 2017­2018. The fns aspect was analyzed with reference to the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and the anthropometric indices Height/Age (H/A), Weight/Age (P/A), and Weight/Height (P/H) were used. The associations were tested by the Poisson Regression with robust variance. Results: Of the 868 children, 24.3 % lived in families with moderate­severe food and nutritional insecurity, 7.0 % had low H/A, 7.8 % had high P/A, and 14.4% had high P/E. The moderate­severe food and nutritional insecurity was associ-ated with a wide range of negative factors in the social context, but the prevalence of anthropometric deviations was higher in children <2 years and when their mothers had the same nutritional diagno-sis. Conclusion: Despite the expressive prevalence of moderate­severe food and nutritional insecurity and anthropometric deviations, the former was more pronounced, especially under unfavorable social contexts. san displayed different behaviors in its food and nutritional dimensions, both in the terms of frequency and determination.

Objetivo: analisar a associação de características biológicas e sociais com a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (san) de crianças menores de 5 anos com base em indicadores de percepção da fome e antropométricos. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal realizado em municípios brasileiros que foram priorizados para o desenvolvimento de ações de prevenção da obesidade infantil em 2017/2018. A san foi medida usando a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar e utilizaram-se os índices antropométricos Estatura/Idade (E/I), Peso/Idade (P/I) e Peso/Estatura (P/E). As associações se testaram por Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: das 868 crianças, 24.3 % residiam em famílias com Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional Moderada-Grave (ianm-g), 7.0 % tinham E/I baixa, 7.8 % P/I elevado e 14.4 % P/E elevado. Enquanto a ianm-gassociou-se a uma ampla gama de fatores negativos do contexto social, as prevalências dos desvios antropo-métricos foram maiores em menores de 2 anos e quando as mães tiveram o mesmo diagnóstico nutricional que a criança. Conclusão: apesar das prevalências expressivas de ianm-g e de desvios antropométricos, a ianm-gfoi mais acentuada, sobretudo em contextos sociais desfavoráveis. A san manifestou comportamento dife-rente nas suas dimensões alimentar e nutricional, tanto em termos de frequência quanto de determinação.

A systematic review of educational nutrition interventions based on behavioral theories in school adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence from studies conducted on adolescents, evaluating educational nutrition interventions for the modification of food consumption through controlled trials based on behavior change theories or models and implemented in school settings. A systematic search was carried out through PubMed and ERIC databases between November and December 2020, and updated in February 2023; English-language keywords were used, and no publication date limits were applied. Two authors independently performed the search, data extraction, data synthesis and risk of bias assessment. Twelve studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The interventions were based on different theories; the most used was the Social Cognitive Theory. Eleven of the twelve studies showed favorable modifications in the consumption of at least two of the food groups. Most studies were at low risk of bias, and only one was classified as high risk. It is concluded that educational nutrition interventions based on behavior change theories/models and implemented in the school setting influence positive changes in adolescents eating behavior.

Intervenções não farmacológicas no manejo da obesidade infantil: uma overview / Non-pharmacological interventions in the management of childhood obesity: an overview / Intervenciones no farmacológicas en el tratamiento de la obesidad infantil: una visión general

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura científica a efetividade das intervenções não farmacológicas para o manejo da obesidade infantil. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática do tipo overview. As bases científicas para coleta de dados foram: Cinahl, Cochrane, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, Scielo e Science direct, e todo o processo de seleção foi feito por pares e avaliado pelo teste Kappa. A análise dos estudos utilizou os instrumentos: AMSTAR para avaliação da qualidade metodológica, Robis 2.0 para avaliação do risco de viés, e o Sistema Grade para classificar nível de evidência. Resultado: 17 estudos foram considerados elegíveis, e avaliação das evidências demonstrou que as intervenções não farmacológicas são efetivas para o manejo da obesidade infantil, sendo classificadas pelo Sistema Grade com alto e moderado nível de evidência. Essas intervenções são caracterizadas como: comportamentais, educacional, familiar, nutricional e tecnológica e são capazes de promover mudanças no Índice de Massa Corporal e estilo de vida. Conclusão: As intervenções não farmacológicas são capazes de promover mudanças positivas quanto ao comportamento alimentar e manejo da obesidade, entretanto os resultados não são imediatos.

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for the management of childhood obesity in the scientific literature. Method: This is a systematic review of the overview type. The scientific databases for data collection were: Cinahl, Cochrane, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, Scielo and Science direct, and the entire selection process was done by pairs and evaluated by Kappa test. The analysis of the studies used the instruments: AMSTAR to assess methodological quality, Robis 2.0 to assess risk of bias, and the Grade System to rank level of evidence. Results: 17 studies were considered eligible, and evaluation of the evidence showed that non- pharmacological interventions are effective for the management of childhood obesity, being classified by the Grade System with high and moderate level of evidence. These interventions are characterized as: behavioral, educational, family, nutritional, and technological, and are able to promote changes in Body Mass Index and lifestyle. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological interventions are able to promote positive changes in eating behavior and obesity management, but the results are not immediate.

Objetivo: Analizar la efectividad de las intervenciones no farmacológicas para el manejo de la obesidad infantil en la literatura científica. Método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática de tipo panorámica. Las bases de datos científicas para la recogida de datos fueron: Cinahl, Cochrane, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, Scielo y Science direct, y todo el proceso de selección se realizó por parejas y se evaluó mediante el test de Kappa. En el análisis de los estudios se utilizaron los instrumentos AMSTAR para evaluar la calidad metodológica, Robis 2.0 para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo y el Grade System para clasificar el nivel de evidencia. Resultados: Se consideraron elegibles 17 estudios, y la evaluación de la evidencia mostró que las intervenciones no farmacológicas son efectivas para el manejo de la obesidad infantil, siendo clasificadas por el Sistema Grade con nivel de evidencia alto y moderado. Estas intervenciones se caracterizan por ser: conductuales, educativas, familiares, nutricionales y tecnológicas, y son capaces de promover cambios en el Índice de Masa Corporal y en el estilo de vida. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones no farmacológicas son capaces de promover cambios positivos en la conducta alimentaria y en el manejo de la obesidad, pero los resultados no son inmediatos.

Turkish version of the 'food and nutrition literacy questionnaire for Chinese school-age children' for school-age adolescents: a validity and reliability study.

BACKGROUND: In this study, it was aimed to examine the psychometric characteristics of the scale named 'Food and Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for Chinese School-age Children (FNLQ-SC)' in Turkish school age adolescents. METHODS: The research was carried out with 341 school-age adolescents aged 10 to 17 years. The Cronbach's α coefficient was used to evaluate internal consistency reliability and the test-retest method was applied. The construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the content validity was assessed by the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: EFA indicated that the Turkish version of FNLQ-SC had three factorial structures that accounted for 42.0% of the total variance. The overall Turkish version of FNLQ-SC questionnaire had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.679). The dimensional structure obtained in the EFA was controlled by CFA and the three-factor model showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 1.924, RMSEA = 0.052, CFI = 0.864, GFI = 0.949). The Pearson correlation coefficients between each dimension and the overall questionnaire ranged from 0.300 to 0.842. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that age, gender, grade of class, being an only child and discussing nutrition information with families had an effect on food and nutrition literacy (R2 = 0.312; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of FNLQ-SC has good reliability and construct validity to assess the food and nutrition literacy of Turkish school age adolescents.

Habitos de sueño, alimentacion y uso de dispositivos tecnológicos durante la pandemia por covid-19 en población infantil Argentina / Eating, sleeping and screen exposure habits during the covid-19 pandemic in Argentinean children

Introducción: El estilo de vida de niños/as se afectó por la pandemia por Covid-19. Objetivos: Identificar conductas de sueño-vigilia, uso de la tecnología, comensalidad, participación en la compra y elaboración de las comidas y su valor nutricional. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una encuesta a niñas/os de 6 a 12 años de La Pampa, Argentina. El estudio fue descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Resultados: de las 348 encuestas recabadas, 80% hacían las principales comidas en su casa y el 17% participó de la elaboración de las comidas, cocinando pizzas, purés, pastas, guisos, empanadas; preparaciones con hidratos de carbono complejos y grasas. Durante la noche, 43% optó por comer frutas y 24,7% galletitas y golosinas. 73,3% manifestó mirar televisión mientras come. 38,8% pasaba entre 3-4 horas con dispositivos tecnológicos. 33,5% comía galletitas, snacks, cereales, papas fritas, golosinas, sándwiches y jugos mientras usaba la tecnología. 82,5% dormía 8-10 horas diarias y 37,4% reportó dormir más horas que en pre- pandemia. 52% utilizaba pantallas antes de dormirse, del 31% que les costaba dormirse, 52% seguía usando dispositivos y del 11% ingería alimentos. Conclusiones: Se observaron hábitos de picoteos, ingestas de bajo valor nutricional, modificaciones en las horas de sueño y el uso de la tecnología. La infancia podría beneficiarse de la educación sobre rutinas de higiene tecnológica que permitan la distribución más eficaz del sueño, los horarios de comidas, el comer asociado a pantallas y el tiempo de juego y de actividad física

Introduction: The lifestyle of children was affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Objectives: Identify sleep-wake behaviours, use of technology, participation in the purchase, preparation and sharing of meals and understand their nutritional value. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was performed in children from 6 to 12 years old from La Pampa, Argentina Results: 348 were recruited, 80% ate the main meals at home and 17% participated in the preparation of meals, cooking pizzas, mash potatoes, pastas, stews, empanadas, which include food with complex carbohydrates and fats. Post dinner, 43 % chose to eat fruit and 24.7 % biscuits and sweets. 73.3% watched television while eating. 38.8 % spent between 3-4 hours with technological devices. 33.5 % ate cookies, snacks, cereals, chips, sweets, sandwiches, and drank juices while using technology. 82.5 % slept 8-10 hours a day and 37.4% reported sleeping more hours than pre-pandemic. 52% used screens before falling asleep, of the 31% who found it difficult to fall asleep, 52% continued to use devices and 11% ate food. Conclusions: snacking, food intake with low nutritional value, changes in sleeping and waking-up times, and excessive screen exposure were observed. Children could benefit from more education with regards to technological hygiene routines and the subsequent benefits of efficient sleep, meal times, food selection, playtime, and physical activity

Cyclic vomiting syndrome in children: a nationwide survey of current practice on behalf of the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) and Italian Society of Pediatric Neurology (SINP).

BACKGROUND: Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) is a rare functional gastrointestinal disorder, which has a considerable burden on quality of life of both children and their family. Aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic modalities and therapeutic approach to CVS among Italian tertiary care centers and the differences according to subspecialties, as well as to explore whether potential predictive factors associated with either a poor outcome or a response to a specific treatment. METHODS: Cross-sectional multicenter web-based survey involving members of the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) and Italian Society of Pediatric Neurology (SINP). RESULTS: A total of 67 responses were received and analyzed. Most of the respondent units cared for less than 20 patients. More than half of the patients were referred after 3 to 5 episodes, and a quarter after 5 attacks. We report different diagnostic approaches among Italian clinicians, which was particularly evident when comparing gastroenterologists and neurologists. Moreover, our survey demonstrated a predilection of certain drugs during emetic phase according to specific clinic, which reflects the cultural background of physicians. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our survey highlights poor consensus amongst clinicians in our country in the diagnosis and the management of children with CVS, raising the need for a national consensus guideline in order to standardize the practice.

Developments in pediatrics in 2020: choices in allergy, autoinflammatory disorders, critical care, endocrinology, genetics, infectious diseases, microbiota, neonatology, neurology, nutrition, ortopedics, respiratory tract illnesses and rheumatology.

In this article, we describe the advances in the field of pediatrics that have been published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics in 2020. We report progresses in understanding allergy, autoinflammatory disorders, critical care, endocrinology, genetics, infectious diseases, microbiota, neonatology, neurology, nutrition, orthopedics, respiratory tract illnesses, rheumatology in childhood.

Etiquetado nutricional de alimentos procesados (semáforo nutri-cional) y su relación con factores socioeconómicos, culturales, demográficos y publicitarios, según padres de niños entre 5-11 años de dos colegios de Quito / Nutritional labeling of processed foods (nutritional stoplight) and its relationship with socioeconomic, cultural, demographic and advertising factors, according to parents of children between 5-11 years of age from two schools in Quito

Introducción: El etiquetado nutricional es una herramienta gráfica para notificar al consumidor sobre las propiedades nutricionales de un alimento lo que facilita su selección. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la influencia del etiquetado nutricional y los factores socioeconómicos, culturales, demográficos, publicitarios en la selección de alimentos en un grupo de padres de niños entre 5-11 años en dos unidades educativas públicas y privadas de Quito. Métodos: Con diseño mixto, cuantitativo- transversal y cualitativa interpretativa se analizó una muestra de opiniones de 240 padres en las Unidades Educativas (UE) Nueva Aurora (Privada) y 235 padres en la UE Julio María Matovelle (Pública) de Quito. Se realizaron tres grupos focales, grabados y transcriptos de forma textual y se aplicó un cuestionario. El paquete esta-dístico usado fue SPSS v24.0. Resultados: Hubo mayor consumo de alimentos procesados en la UE Privada n=79/240 (32.9%). Selección por fácil preparación (39.2% UE Privada y 46.4% UE Pública). El 54.2 % y 57 % de los padres ven publicidad en la televisión. El conocimiento del etiquetado fue superior en la UE privada (94.9%; n=223). Asociación entre edad [OR: 2.3; IC 95%: 1.08-5.04] instrucción [OR: 3.95; IC 95%: 2.12-7.37], exposición a la publicidad [OR: 0.62; IC 95%: 0.36-1.05] y conocimientos (P<0.05). La actitud se asoció con el nivel de instrucción [OR: 2.57; IC 95%: 1.62-4.09] e ingresos (P<0.05). Análisis cualitativo: grado de conocimiento y publicidad elevados, con un impacto importante en la selección de los alimentos. Conclusiones: El conocimiento sobre el etiquetado nutricional fue elevado; pero no fue el principal factor para seleccionar alimentos. El tiempo de preparación y el sabor fueron más importantes que las especificaciones nutricionales

Introduction: Nutrition labeling is a graphic tool to notify consumers about the nutritional properties of a food, which facilitates their selection. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of nutri-tional labeling and socioeconomic, cultural, demographic, and advertising factors on food selection in a group of parents of children between 5-11 years old in two public and private educational units in Quito. Methods: With a mixed, quantitative-transversal and qualitative interpretative design, a sample of opin-ions of 240 parents in the Educational Units (EU) Nueva Aurora (Fiscal) and 235 parents in the EU Julio María Matovelle (Private) of Quito was analyzed. Three focus groups were carried out, recorded and transcribed textually, and a questionnaire was administered. The statistical package used was SPSS v24.0. Results: There was a higher consumption of processed foods in the private EU n = 79/240 (32.9%). Selection for easy preparation (39.2% Private EU and 46.4% Public EU). 54.2% and 57% of parents see advertising on television. Knowledge of labeling was higher in the private EU (94.9%; n = 223). Association between age [OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.08-5.04] instruction [OR: 3.95; 95% CI: 2.12-7.37], exposure to advertising [OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.36-1.05] and knowledge (P <0.05). Attitude was associated with educational level [OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.62-4.09] and admissions (P <0.05). Qualitative analysis: high degree of knowledge and publicity, with a significant impact on food selection. Conclusions: Knowledge about nutritional labeling was high, but it was not the main factor in selecting food. Prep time and flavor were more important than nutritional specifications.

Diverse Immune Effects of Bovine Colostrum and Benefits in Human Health and Disease.

The health benefits of bovine colostrum have extensively been studied, including immune effects mediated by immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and casein, as well as by certain growth factors. Some of these effects are not directly related to the absorption of proteins from the intestinal tract. The ingestion of BC can modulate the function of subsets of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and increase regulatory cytokines such as interleukin 10. In this review, we predominantly focused on evidence from human studies on benefits in health and disease. This review highlights that clear evidence of the prevention of infectious diseases in pre-term infants such as necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal sepsis or prevention of cancer metastasis is lacking. This is clearly an area where translational science has to be strengthened, taking the considerable evidence from numerous ex vivo studies on cells and tissues and from animal interventions. The review focuses predominantly on human data.

New Methodologies for Conducting Maternal, Infant, and Child Nutrition Research in the Era of COVID-19.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak rapidly became a worldwide pandemic in early 2020. In Australia, government-mandated restrictions on non-essential face-to-face contact in the healthcare setting have been crucial for limiting opportunities for COVID-19 transmission, but they have severely limited, and even halted, many research activities. Our institute's research practices in the vulnerable populations of pregnant women and young infants needed to adapt in order to continue without exposing participants, or staff, to an increased risk of exposure to COVID-19. Here, we discuss our pre-and-post COVID-19 methods for conducting research regarding nutrition during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. We discuss modifications to study methods implemented to avoid face-to-face contact when identifying and recruiting potential participants, gaining informed consent, conducting appointments, and collecting outcome data, and the implications of these changes. The COVID-19 pandemic has required numerous changes to the conduct of research activities, but many of those modifications will be useful in post-COVID-19 research settings.

Early-Life Development of the Bifidobacterial Community in the Infant Gut.

The establishment of the gut microbiota poses implications for short and long-term health. Bifidobacterium is an important taxon in early life, being one of the most abundant genera in the infant intestinal microbiota and carrying out key functions for maintaining host-homeostasis. Recent metagenomic studies have shown that different factors, such as gestational age, delivery mode, or feeding habits, affect the gut microbiota establishment at high phylogenetic levels. However, their impact on the specific bifidobacterial populations is not yet well understood. Here we studied the impact of these factors on the different Bifidobacterium species and subspecies at both the quantitative and qualitative levels. Fecal samples were taken from 85 neonates at 2, 10, 30, 90 days of life, and the relative proportions of the different bifidobacterial populations were assessed by 16S rRNA-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Absolute levels of the main species were determined by q-PCR. Our results showed that the bifidobacterial population establishment is affected by gestational age, delivery mode, and infant feeding, as it is evidenced by qualitative and quantitative changes. These data underline the need for understanding the impact of perinatal factors on the gut microbiota also at low taxonomic levels, especially in the case of relevant microbial populations such as Bifidobacterium. The data obtained provide indications for the selection of the species best suited for the development of bifidobacteria-based products for different groups of neonates and will help to develop rational strategies for favoring a healthy early microbiota development when this process is challenged.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BREASTFEEDING AND OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY IN SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 7-14 YEARS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) and the association between occurrence/duration of BF and overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012-2013, on schoolchildren aged 7-14 years from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Weight and height were measured according to procedures of the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and sociodemographic data were obtained from a questionnaire responded by parents/guardians. BF was categorized as a dichotomous variable (yes/no) and according to duration (months). Nutritional status was evaluated according to the Z score of the body mass index per age for sex and it was categorized into two groups: normal weight (

Global e-Learning in Early Nutrition and Lifestyle for International Healthcare Professionals: Design and Evaluation of the Early Nutrition Specialist Programme (ENS).

BACKGROUND: Every encounter a healthcare professional has with new or expecting parents offers an opportunity for addressing improved early nutrition and lifestyle. Evidence-based qualification programmes via e-learning offer valuable tools for attenuating the world's huge double burden of both under- and overnutrition in early childhood. We evaluated use and learner satisfaction of a global e-learning programme on early nutrition and lifestyle addressing international healthcare professionals. METHODS: We implemented the Early Nutrition Specialist Programme (ENS) with six interactive e-learning courses on early nutrition building on more than ten years of experience with global e-learning platforms, expert knowledge and an international network in the subject field. We collected descriptive and explorative evaluation data on usage and learner satisfaction with a questionnaire and log data over three years among 4003 learners from 48 countries. RESULTS: Results show high completion of the ENS programme, with 85.5% of learners finalizing the programme after enrollment into the first of six courses. Very good results were provided for learner satisfaction with the courses (96.7% of users), for increasing understanding of the topic (97.4%) and matching the indicated time investment (94.4%). Most predominant themes in the open text fields of user feedback questionnaires were "Increase interactivity or number of audio-visuals", "Content suggestions or more examples" and "Technical (quality) issues or navigation problems". CONCLUSIONS: The ENS programme evaluation shows high completion rates and level of satisfaction by learners from numerous countries. The different needs for Continuing Medical Education (CME) of healthcare professionals in diverse healthcare system settings can be met by a joint e-learning qualification programme. Further optimizations will be implemented based on user feedback. More research with a learning analytics approach may help to further identify the most effective and efficient didactic and pedagogic elements of e-learning.

Alimentação e obesidade de crianças na fase pré-escolar: significados atribuídos pelos pais / Children's food and obesity in the pre-school phase: meanings assigned by parents / Alimentos y obesidad de los niños en la fase preescolar: significados por los padres

Objetivos: Avaliar a percepção dos pais de crianças com sobrepeso ou obesidade, em relação à qualidade da alimentação dos seus filhos, na fase pré-escolar. Método: Estudo descritivo e qualitativo, realizado por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com pais de crianças com sobrepeso ou obesas matriculadas em um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil (CEMEI) e cadastrado nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESF's) do município de Divinópolis-MG. Resultados: Em relação à caracterização dos pais, todos eram do sexo feminino. A faixa etária alternou entre 22 a 45 anos. A partir da análise dos dados, as categorias elencadas foram: Alimentação inadequada; Tecnologia e sedentarismo; A subestimação do sobre peso; Prevenção e tratamento da obesidade infantil nas ESF. Conclusão: Identificou-se a necessidade de um melhor preparo por parte dos profissionais de saúde em relação a correta nutrição das crianças e também um envolvimento entre esses profissionais, os pais e a escola.(AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the perception of parents of overweight or obese children, in relation to the quality of their children's food, in the preschool phase. Method: Descriptive and qualitative study, carried out through semi-structured interviews, with parents of overweight or obese children enrolled in a Municipal Center for Early Childhood Education (CEMEI) and registered in the Family Health Strategies (ESF's) in the municipality of Divinópolis -MG. Results: Regarding the characterization of the parents, all were female. The age group alternated between 22 to 45 years. From the data analysis, the categories listed were: Inadequate food; Technology and sedentary lifestyle; The underestimation of overweight; Prevention and treatment of childhood obesity in the FHS. Conclusion: There was a need for better preparation by health professionals in relation to the correct nutrition of children and also an involvement between these professionals, parents and the school.(AU)

Objetivos: Evaluar la percepción de los padres de niños con sobrepeso u obesidad, en relación a la calidad de la alimentación de sus hijos, en la etapa preescolar. Método: Estudio descriptivo y cualitativo, realizado a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, con padres de niños con sobrepeso u obesidad inscritos en un Centro Municipal de Educación Infantil (CEMEI) y registrados en las Estrategias de Salud de la Familia (ESF's) del municipio de Divinópolis. -MG. Resultados: En cuanto a la caracterización de los padres, todos fueron del sexo femenino. El grupo de edad alternaba entre 22 y 45 años. Del análisis de datos, las categorías enumeradas fueron: Alimentos inadecuados; Tecnología y estilo de vida sedentario; La subestimación del sobrepeso; Prevención y tratamiento de la obesidad infantil en la ESF. Conclusión: Se identificó la necesidad de una mejor preparación por parte de los profesionales de la salud en relación a la correcta nutrición de los niños y también una participación entre estos profesionales, los padres y la escuela.(AU)

Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula.

Goat milk has a long history of use for human nutrition. There are a number of studies investigating the technofunctional properties and nutritional value of goat milk for production of consumer products such as cheese, yoghurts, and Ultra-high temperature (UHT) milks. Although fresh goat milk was traditionally used for feeding young children, use of goat milk for commercial production of formula for infants or young children has only been considered in the scientific literature since 2000s. In this review, the nutritional science relating to goat milk is discussed from the perspective of infant nutrition. A critical analysis of the scientific data concerning the composition and functional characteristics of goat milk that pertain to infant nutrition is included. From this overview, three key conclusions are possible: (1) there is a range of compositional data to support the application of goat milk for infants, provided it is fortified; (2) goat milk has the potential to influence the gastrointestinal environment differently to cow milk; and (3) the nutritional adequacy of fortified goat milk formula for newborn infants has been confirmed in clinical trials.

Association between breastfeeding and overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7-14 years / Associação entre aleitamento materno e sobrepeso/obesidade em escolares de 7-14 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) and the association between occurrence/duration of BF and overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012-2013, on schoolchildren aged 7-14 years from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Weight and height were measured according to procedures of the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and sociodemographic data were obtained from a questionnaire responded by parents/guardians. BF was categorized as a dichotomous variable (yes/no) and according to duration (months). Nutritional status was evaluated according to the Z score of the body mass index per age for sex and it was categorized into two groups: normal weight (<Z score+1) and overweight/obesity (≥Z score+1). The adjusted analysis was performed by logistic regression in two age strata (age groups of 7-10 and 11-14 years). Results: 6.6% of schoolchildren had never breastfed; 16.8% had been breastfed for ≤3 months; 16.7%, for 4-6 months; and 59.9%, for ≥7 months. No statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence and duration of BF between the age groups. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 34.2%. For age groups (7-10 and 11-14 years), the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 36.7% and 29.8%, respectively. Chance of overweight/obesity for the age group of 7-10 years was lower among schoolchildren who were breastfed (OR=0.54; 95%CI 0.33-0.88), when compared with those who never breastfed. When categorized, the chance of overweight/obesity in the age group of 7-10 years was lower for duration of BF ≤3 months (OR=0.41; 95%CI 0.20-0.83), and 4-6 months (OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.28-0.82) when compared with children who never breastfed. Conclusions: BF for at least six months was associated with a lower chance of overweight/obesity for schoolchildren aged 7-10 years. No association was found for schoolchildren aged 11-14 years.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar prevalência e duração de aleitamento materno (AM) e sua associação com sobrepeso/obesidade em escolares de 7-14 anos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2012-2013, com escolares de 7-14 anos de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Peso e altura foram mensurados segundo preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Dados sociodemográficos e sobre AM foram obtidos por questionários enviados aos responsáveis/cuidadores. A variável amamentação foi analisada como dicotômica (sim/não) e por duração (em meses). O perfil antropométrico foi avaliado por escore Z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) para a idade, segundo sexo, categorizado em: normal (<escore Z+1) e sobrepreso/obesidade (≥escore Z+1). Análises ajustadas foram realizadas (regressão logística) em dois estratos etários (7-10 e 11-14 anos). Resultados: 6,6% dos escolares nunca tinham sido amamentados, 16,8% foram amamentados por ≤3 meses, 16,7% por 4-6 meses e 59,9% por ≥7 meses. Não houve diferença estatística de ocorrência/duração de AM entre os grupos etários. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi 34,2%. Nos grupos etários (7-10 e 11-14 anos), a prevalência foi 36,7% e 29,8%, respectivamente. A chance de sobrepeso/obesidade nos escolares de 7-10 anos foi menor entre aqueles que tinham sido amamentados (OR=0,54; IC95% 0,33-0,88), comparando com os nunca amamentados. Quando categorizada, a chance de ter sobrepeso/obesidade nos escolares de 7-10 anos foi menor quando a duração do AM foi ≤3 meses (OR=0,41; IC95% 0,20-0,83) e 4-6 meses (OR=0,48; IC95% 0,28-0,82), em comparação à ausência de AM. Conclusões: AM por pelo menos seis meses foi associado com menor chance de sobrepeso/obesidade para escolares de 7-10 anos. Não foi observada associação para o grupo 11-14 anos.

Impact of Nutrition on the Next Generation: The INCAP Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: The design of the original nutrition supplementation trial that was conducted from 1969 to 1977 in 4 villages in rural Guatemala to evaluate the benefits of improving nutrition during pregnancy and early childhood, combined with several follow-up studies, provides unique data to examine the effects of improving nutrition on the next generation. OBJECTIVE: This article provides a summary of the key findings from the INCAP Longitudinal Study on the intergenerational effects of improving nutrition on the growth and well-being of the next generation. METHODS: The key outcomes include offspring birth size as well as attained size and body composition through age 11 years. The sample sizes varied from approximately 200 to 800 depending on the timing of the follow-up studies and data collection protocols. The effects of parental birth size, maternal linear growth from birth through adulthood, and exposure to the nutrition intervention, that is, Atole versus Fresco during critical periods from prenatal through age 15 years, have been examined using complex models and approaches. RESULTS: Overall, these publications demonstrate clear improvements in the growth of the next generation. Effects were seen primarily for maternal exposure to Atole and were larger for boys compared to girls. Stunting during early childhood among girls was also a significant predictor of offspring birth size, and younger age at first pregnancy (<20 years) was associated with an increased risk of stunting in the offspring. CONCLUSIONS: These studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the importance of investing in nutrition, especially during early childhood for future generations.

[The development of children nutrition science in Russia].

The article presents the main directions of children nutrition science in Russia, that starts at the Institute of Nutrition (nowadays Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety). Almost all areas of children nutrition - from early age to adulthood, from the organization of public nutrition to personalized approaches - were developed on the base of the Department of Children Nutrition, founded in 1932. Years of beneficial work of famous Russian specialists in the field of pediatric dietetics and nutrition science are associated with this Department, for instance professors E.M. Fateeva, K.S. Ladodo, I.Ya. Kon and their followers. The priority role of the Department of Children Nutrition in different areas of nutrition science is also shown in the article, for example in the development and improvement of physiological needs in nutrients and energy for children, pregnant and nursing women; development of new specialized infant foods, including first Russian formulas. Perinatal nutrition science, fundamental research on the composition of breast milk, creation of the system supporting breastfeeding, and design of dietary approaches to the correction of alimentary-dependent diseases were developed. The research on the effects of the hormonal composition of breast milk on the growth rate of infants who are breastfed has attracted the interest of the world scientific community. In recent years, fundamentally new scientific directions have been formed, based on the theory of "food programming", and nutrigenetic research has been developed. An important impetus in the development of modern pediatric nutritional science is the introduction of new approaches based on the achievements of nutritional metabolomics, nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, digital technologies, and innovations in the field of food production. Nowadays children's nutrition in our country has confidently developed into an independent scientific direction, its main sections have been clearly identified: prenatal nutrition; infant and toddler nutrition; nutrition of preschool and school-age children; epidemiology of child nutrition; technologies for the production of infant and baby food and its safety.

Childcare Food Provision Recommendations Vary across Australia: Jurisdictional Comparison and Nutrition Expert Perspectives.

Early childhood is a critical stage for nutrition promotion, and childcare settings have the potential for wide-reaching impact on food intake. There are currently no Australian national guidelines for childcare food provision, and the comparability of existing guidelines across jurisdictions is unknown. This project aimed to map and compare childcare food provision guidelines and to explore perspectives amongst early childhood nutrition experts for alignment of jurisdictional childcare food provision guidelines with the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG). A desktop review was conducted and formed the basis of an online survey. A national convenience sample of childhood nutrition experts was surveyed. Existing guideline recommendations for food group serving quantities were similar across jurisdictions but contained many minor differences. Of the 49 survey respondents, most (84-100%) agreed with aligning food group provision recommendations to provide at least 50% of the recommended ADG serves for children. Most (94%) agreed that discretionary foods should be offered less than once per month or never. Jurisdictional childcare food provision guidelines do not currently align, raising challenges for national accreditation and the provision of support and resources for services across jurisdictions. Childhood nutrition experts support national alignment of food provision guidelines with the ADG.