Age-related neuroinflammation and pathology in the locus coeruleus and hippocampus: beta-adrenergic antagonists exacerbate impairment of learning and memory in aged mice.

The locus coeruleus (LC) provides the primary noradrenergic input to the forebrain and hippocampus, and may be vulnerable to degeneration and contribute to age-related cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. Additionally, inhibition of noradrenergic transmission by brain-permeable beta-blockers could exacerbate cognitive impairment. This study examined effects of age and acute beta-blocker administration on LC and hippocampus pathology, neuroinflammation and learning and memory behavior in mice. Male mice, 3 and 18 months old, were administered propranolol (beta-blocker) or mabuterol (beta-adrenergic agonist) acutely around behavioral assessment. Terminal inflammatory markers in plasma, hippocampus and LC were assessed alongside histopathology. An increase in hippocampal and LC microgliosis and inflammatory proteins in the hippocampus was detected in aged mice. We report pathological hyperphosphorylation of the postsynaptic NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the hippocampus, suggesting neuronal hyperexcitability. Furthermore, the aged proteome revealed an induction in proteins related to energy metabolism, and mitochondria dysfunction in the LC and hippocampus. In a series of hippocampal dependent behavioral assessment tasks acute beta-adrenergic agonist or beta blocker administration altered learning and memory behavior in both aged and young mice. In Y-maze, propranolol and mabuterol differentially altered time spent in novel versus familiar arms in young and aged mice. Propranolol impaired Novel Object Recognition in both young and aged mice. Mabuterol enhanced trace learning in fear conditioning. Aged mice froze more to context and less to cue. Propranolol impaired contextual recall in aged mice. Concluding, aged mice show LC and hippocampus pathology and heightened effects of beta-adrenergic pharmacology on learning and memory.

In situ immobilization of sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation.

In this work, a novel sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin (S-ß-CD) coated stationary phase was prepared for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The capillary was developed by attaching polydopamine/sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin (PDA/S-ß-CD) onto the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated capillary which was pretreated with polydopamine. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis spectroscopy (EDS) indicated that polydopamine/sulfated-ß-cyclodextrin was successfully fixed on the gold nanoparticles coated capillary. To evaluate the performance of the prepared open tubular (OT) column, the enantioseparation was carried out by using ten chiral drugs as model analytes. Under the optimal conditions, salbutamol, terbutaline, trantinterol, tulobuterol, clorprenaline, pheniramine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, isoprenaline and tolterodine were baseline separated with the resolution (Rs) values of 3.25, 1.76, 2.51, 1.89, 3.17, 2.17, 1.99, 1.72, 2.01 and 3.20, respectively. Repeatability of the column was studied, with the relative standard deviations for run-to-run, day-to-day and column-to-column lower than 5.7%.

Inhibitory effect of mabuterol on proliferation of rat ASMCs induced by PDGF-BB via regulating [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial fission/fusion.

This study is aimed to investigate whether Mabuterol (Mab) inhibits proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) induced by platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and how far it is related to mitochondrial fission/fusion and intracellular calcium if it comes into play. To explore the mechanism of Mab's antagonizing the proliferation, Mdivi-1, DRP1 inhibitor, which has an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial fission, is used to compare with Mab. Cell viability was measured by either MTT or CCK-8. The inhibitory effect of Mab on S phase of ASM cell cycle induced by PDGF-BB was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Fluo-3/AM, Ca2+ fluorescent probe, was used to detect Ca2+ fluorescence intensity by inverted microscope and flow cytometry. The gene expression of Drp-1 and Mfn-2 was observed with Real time PCR and the proteins of Drp-1, Mfn-2, PCNA and cyclin D1 were assessed by Western Blot. Mab and Mdivi-1 both suppressed the proliferation induced by PDGF-BB. The results from inverted microscope and flow cytometry showed that Mab inhibited [Ca2+]i in rat ASMCs induced by PDGF-BB. Cell cycle concept map illustrated that Mab significantly controlled the S phase of ASM cell cycle induced by PDGF-BB. As a consequence, Real time PCR and Western blot revealed the fact that Mab decreased the expression of Drp-1 mRNA and protein, and promoted the expression of Mfn-2 mRNA and protein. These findings suggested that Mab placed restrictions on the proliferation of rat ASMCs induced by PDGF-BB and the mechanism might be associated with the intracellular calcium inhibited and the mitochondrial fission/fusion regulated by Mab.

Detection of ß-agonists in pork tissue with novel electrospun nanofibers-based solid-phase extraction followed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A selective analytical method based on packed-fiber solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PFSPE-UPLC-MS/MS) has been developed for determination of six ß-agonists (clorprenaline, bambuterol, clenbuterol, brombuterol, mabuterol, and penbuterol) in pork tissue. Polystyrene-polymeric crown ether (PS-PCE) composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and utilized to prepare the homemade extraction columns. With optimal conditions, all analytes were separated very well and the blank pork did not disturb the determination, and the linearity is good in a range of 5.0µg/kg-25.0µg/kg. The recoveries were 79.3-110.1%. RSDs for intra-day were in the range of 1.5-10.5% and RSDs for inter-day were 4.7-11.8%. Above all, only 5mg of sorbent and 200µL of elution solvent were favorable to directly extract all analytes in a complex matrix. The method is simple and cost-effective, and has the potential to be applied to quantitatively analyze the concentrations of polar species in food samples containing complex matrix.

Efficient synthesis of D6 -clenproperol and D6 -cimaterol using deuterium isopropylamine as labelled precursor.

This report presents an efficient synthesis of D6 -clenproperol and D6 -cimaterol with 99.5% and 99.7% isotopic abundance in acceptable yields and excellent chemical purities with deuterium isopropylamine as labelled precursor. Their structures and the isotope-abundance were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Synthesis of stable isotope labeled D9 -Mabuterol, D9 -Bambuterol, and D9 -Cimbuterol.

Three stable and simple synthetic routes of labeled D9 -Mabuterol, D9 -Bambuterol, and D9 -Cimbuterol were described with 98.5%, 99.7%, and 98.4% isotopic abundance and good purity. These structures and isotope-abundance were confirmed according to 1 H NMR and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Quantification of trantinterol, its two metabolites and their primary conjugated metabolites in human plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

A highly rapid, selective and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determine trantinterol, its major phase-I metabolites and their primary conjugated metabolites in human plasma. Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation. The separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column with methanol/0.2% formic acid (30:70, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with the use of an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The linear calibration curves for trantinterol, tert-butyl hydroxylated trantinterol (tert-OH-trantinterol) and 1-carbonyl trantinterol (trantinterol-COOH) were obtained in the concentration ranges of 0.200-250, 0.108-4.00 and 0.0840-5.02 ng/mL, respectively (r(2)≥0.99). The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were less than 13%, and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was within ±9.9%, as determined from quality control (QC) samples for the analytes. The concentrations of conjugated forms of trantinterol and tert-OH- trantinterol in plasma were determined using selective enzyme hydrolysis. The method described herein was fully validated and successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of trantinterol in healthy volunteers after oral administration.

Pharmacokinetics of trantinterol and its metabolite in healthy elderly and young subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the pharmacokinetics of trantinterol and its active amphoteric carboxylic acid metabolite (1-carbonyl trantinterol) between the healthy elderly and young subjects. METHODS: This was a single-center, open-label, parallel-group study completed by 22 healthy subjects (≥65 years (the elderly group); 18-45 years (the young group); 9 males and 2 females per age group) receiving single oral dose of 50 µg trantinterol tablets. Blood samples were taken at intervals up to 48 hours post-dose. RESULTS: In both groups, maximum plasma concentration of trantinterol was researched at 0.9 hours, while the tmax of 1-carbonyl trantinterol differed slightly. Trantinterol Cmax and AUClast were higher in the elderly group than the young group, by 27% (90% CI, 0.95-1.69) and 77% (90% CI, 1.25-2.51), respectively. For 1-carbonyl trantinterol, Cmax, and AUClast were also higher, by 36% (90% CI, 1.04-1.78) and 71% (90% CI, 1.27-2.30), respectively, in the elderly group. The CL/F and V/F of trantinterol and 1-carbonyl trantinterol were significantly lower in the elderly group, while t1/2 of both did not show significant differences. CL/F of trantinterol and 1-carbonyl trantinterol were found to significantly correlate inversely with age, and positively with the baseline creatinine clearance. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 50 µg trantinterol was well tolerated. Significant changes in Cmax and AUC of trantinterol and 1-carbony trantinterol were seen in the elderly and may be clinically important.

An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of trantinterol and its major metabolite in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study.

Trantinterol is a novel ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of asthma. We developed and validated an liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of trantinterol and its major metabolite, 1-carbonyl trantinterol (SPFFCOOH), in rat plasma. Aliquots (100µL) of heparinized plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation used an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1mm×50mm, 1.7µm) and acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid (20:80, v/v) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.25mL/min. The detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The precursor-to-product ion transitions m/z 310.9→m/z 237.9 for trantinterol, m/z 324.9→m/z 251.9 for SPFFCOOH and m/z 368.0→m/z 294.0 for bambuterol (internal standard, IS) were used for quantification. The calibration curves were obtained in the concentration of 0.25-100ng/mL for both trantinterol and SPFFCOOH. The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations, RSD) values were below 15% and accuracy (relative error, RE) was from -4.3% to 6.6% at all quality control (QC) levels. The method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetics of trantinterol and SPFFCOOH in male and female Wistar rats after a single oral administration of trantinterol.

Simultaneous quantification of trantinterol and its metabolites in human urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid, selective and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determine trantinterol and its major metabolites in human urine. Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the urine sample preparation. The separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column with methanol-0.2% formic acid (30:70, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25mL/min. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The linear calibration curves for trantinterol, arylhydroxylamine trantinterol (N-OH-trantinterol), the tert-butyl hydroxylated trantinterol (tert-OH-trantinterol) and the 1-carbonyl trantinterol (trantinterol-COOH) were obtained in the concentration range of 0.414-207, 0.578-385, 0.168-84.0, and 0.954-477ng/mL, respectively. The linear correlation coefficients were greater than 0.990. The intra and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were less than 12% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was 6.7-11%. The method herein described was superior to previous methods in sample throughput and sensitivity and successfully applied to the human excretion study.

Determination of trantinterol enantiomers in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry using vancomycin chiral stationary phase and solid phase extraction and stereoselective pharmacokinetic application.

A sensitive and enantioselective vancomycin chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of trantinterol enantiomers in human plasma. Baseline resolution was achieved using the vancomycin chiral stationary phase known as Chirobiotic V with polar ionic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-methanol (60:40, v/v) containing 0.01% ammonia and 0.02% acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation of trantinterol samples from plasma. The detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. The calibration curve was linear in a concentration range from 0.0606 to 30.3 ng/mL in plasma, with the lower limit of quantification of 0.0606 ng/mL. The intra- and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were within 9.7% and the accuracy (relative error) was from -6.6 to 7.2% at all quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to a study of stereoselective pharmacokinetics in human.

Simultaneous Determination of Trantinterol and One of Its Major Metabolites, 1-Carbonyl Trantinterol, in Human Plasma by LC-MS-MS.

A highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of trantinterol and one of its major metabolites, 1-carbonyl trantinterol, in human plasma. An Oasis MCX 96-well solid-phase extraction cartridge and a SeQuantTM ZIC(®)-HILIC LC column were used for sample preparation and chromatographic separation, respectively. The analytes were monitored by a QTrap 5500 mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization. Multiple reaction monitoring was used for quantification using the precursor to product ion pairs of m/z 311.1 → 237.9 (trantinterol), m/z 325.1 → 251.9 (1-carbonyl trantinterol) and m/z 368.4 → 294.0 (bambuterol as internal standard). The assay had a calibration range from 0.2 to 50 pg/mL and a lower limit of quantification of 0.2 pg/mL for both trantinterol and 1-carbonyl trantinterol. The inter-day and intra-day precisions were <12.0% and the accuracies were within the range of 87.1-111%. The mean recovery ranged from 82.0 to 97.7% and internal standard normalized matrix effect from 0.813 to 0.899. The analytes were stable under all tested conditions. This validated method was successfully applied to a pilot pharmacokinetic study in healthy subjects administered a single 50 µg oral dose.

Trantinterol, a novel ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, noncompetitively inhibits P-glycoprotein function in vitro and in vivo.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions are important factors causing adverse effects of drugs in clinical use. The aim of this study was to determine whether trantinterol (also known as SPFF), a novel ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, was a P-gp inhibitor or substrate. The results showed that trantinterol was not a substrate of P-gp but increased rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) uptake by MDCK-MDR1 cells and decreased the efflux transport of both Rho 123 and cyclosporine A (CsA) in bidirectional transport studies across MDCK-MDR1 cell monolayers. This suggested that trantinterol was a P-gp inhibitor but not a P-gp substrate. The mechanism of inhibition was investigated in the P-gp-Glo assay system, where it was found that trantinterol inhibited P-gp ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. A subsequent study using the antibody binding assay with the conformation-sensitive P-gp-specific antibody UIC2 confirmed that trantinterol decreased UIC2 binding at 10 µM in contrast to the competitive inhibitor, verapamil. This suggested that trantinterol was a noncompetitive inhibitor of P-gp. Finally, a pharmacokinetic study in rat showed that trantinterol significantly increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of digoxin and paclitaxel (PAC), and the Cmax of cyclosporine A (CsA). In summary, trantinterol is a potent noncompetitive P-gp inhibitor which may increase the bioavailability of other P-gp substrate drugs coadministered with it.

Bidirectional chiral inversion of trantinterol enantiomers after separate doses to rats.

The chiral inversion and pharmacokinetics of two enantiomers of trantinterol, a new ß2 agonist, were studied in rats dosed (+)- or (-)-trantinterol separately. Plasma concentrations of (+)- and (-)-trantinterol were measured by chiral stationary phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). The apparent inversion ratio was calculated as the ratio of AUC0-t of (-)-trantinterol or (+)-trantinterol inverted from their antipodes to the sum of the AUC0-t of (-)- and (+)-trantinterol. Following single intravenous administration, both given enantiomers declined in similar plasma concentrations, suggesting that the two enantiomers have approximately the same disposition kinetics by the route of intravenous administration. However, after single oral administration, plasma concentrations of uninverted (-)-trantinterol at many timepoints were significantly higher than those of uninverted (+)-trantinterol, suggesting that the two enantiomers undergo apparently different absorption or metabolism after oral administration. Significant bidirectional chiral inversion occurred after intravenous and oral administration of (+)- or (-)-trantinterol. After dosing with optically pure enantiomer, the concentration of the administered enantiomer predominated in vivo. The AUC0-36 of (+)-trantinterol after intravenous and oral dosing of (-)-trantinterol were 16.6 ± 5.2 and 33.3 ± 16%, respectively of those of total [(+) + (-)] trantinterol. The AUC0-36 of (-)-trantinterol after intravenous and oral dosing of (+)-trantinterol were 19.6 ± 8.8 and 37.9 ± 4.5%, respectively, of those of total [(-) + (+)] trantinterol. After intravenous administration of (+)- and (-)-trantinterol the chiral inversion ratios of the two enantiomers were not significantly different and similar results were found for oral administration. The extent of chiral inversion after intravenous administration was apparently lower, indicating that the bidirectional chiral inversion was not only systemic but also presystemic.

Simultaneous determination of trantinterol and its metabolites in rat urine and feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of trantinterol (SPFF) and its major metabolites for the first time. The analytes were extracted from rat urine and feces samples by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and determined in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with clenbuterol as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Venusil ASB C8 column (2.1mm×100mm, 3µm), with the mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.2% formic acid (30:70, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.2mL/min. Each sample was chromatographed within 5min. This method has a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.450, 1.05, 1.35, 0.904 and 1.36ng/mL for trantinterol (SPFF), arylhydroxylamine trantinterol (N-OH-SPFF), tert-butyl hydroxylated trantinterol (Tert-OH-SPFF), 1-carbonyl trantinterol (SPFF-COOH) and 3-methyl sulfone-dechloro-trantinterol (SPFF-SO2CH3) in rat urine, and 0.450, 1.35 and 0.904ng/mL for SPFF, Tert-OH-SPFF and SPFF-COOH in rat feces, respectively. The linear correlation coefficients were greater than 0.990. The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was -9.9% to 11% at three quality control levels. The method has been successfully applied to the excretion study following an oral administration of 1mg/kg trantinterol to rats.

In vivo and in vitro metabolism of a novel ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, trantinterol: metabolites isolation and identification by LC-MS/MS and NMR.

Trantinterol is a novel ß(2)-adrenoceptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma. The aim of this study is to identify the metabolites of trantinterol using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to isolate the main metabolites, and confirm their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Urine, feces, bile, and blood samples of rats were obtained and analyzed. Reference standards of six metabolites were achieved with the combination of chemical synthesis, microbial transformation, and the model systems of rats. Moreover, in order to investigate the phase I metabolism of trantinterol in humans and to study the species differences between rats and humans, incubations with liver microsomes were performed. The biotransformation by a microbial model Cunninghamella blakesleana AS 3.970 was also studied. A total of 18 metabolites were identified in vivo and in vitro together, 13 of which were newly detected. Three phase I metabolites were detected in vivo and in vitro as well as in the microbial model, including the arylhydroxylamine (M1), the tert-butyl hydroxylated trantinterol (M2) and the 1-carbonyltrantinterol (M3). Another important pathway in rats is glutathione conjugation and further catabolism and oxidation to form consecutive derivatives (M4 through M10). Other metabolites include glucuronide, glucoside, and sulfate conjugates. The results of in vitro experiments indicate no species difference exists among rats, humans, and C. blakesleana AS 3.970 on the phase I metabolism of trantinterol. Our study provided the most comprehensive picture for trantinterol in vivo and in vitro metabolism to this day, and may predict its metabolism in humans.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with field-amplified sample injection in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of beta(2)-agonists in bovine urine.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) was for the first time combined with field-amplified sample injection (FASI) in CE to determine four ß(2)-agonists (cimbuterol, clenbuterol, mabuterol, and mapenterol) in bovine urine. Optimum BGE consisted of 20 mM borate buffer and 0.1 mM SDS. Using salting-out extraction, ß(2)-agonists were extracted into ACN that was then used as the disperser solvent in DLLME-SFO. Optimum DLLME-SFO conditions were: 1.0 mL ACN, 50 µL 1-undecanol (extraction solvent), total extraction time 1.5 min, no salt addition. Back extraction into an aqueous solution (pH 2.0) facilitated direct injection of ß(2)-agonists into CE. Compared to conventional CZE, DLLME-SFO-FASI-CE achieved sensitivity enhancement factors of 41-1046 resulting in LODs in the range of 1.80-37.0 µg L(-1). Linear dynamic ranges of 0.15-10.0 mg L(-1) for cimbuterol and 15-1000 µg L(-1) for the other analytes were obtained with coefficients of determination (R(2)) ≥ 0.9901 and RSD% ≤5.5 (n = 5). Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was successfully confirmed by determination of the four ß(2)-agonists in spiked bovine urine samples and accuracy higher than 96.0% was obtained.

Determination of L-trantinterol in rat plasma by using chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A simple, sensitive, and rapid method for determination of L-trantinterol in rat plasma was developed for the first time by using LC coupled to MS/MS based on chiral stationary phase. A baseline separation of the enantiomers of trantinterol was achieved on a Chirobiotic V column, using a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-ammonia-acetic acid (80:20:0.01:0.02, v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. The detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via ESI. The calibration curve was linear in concentration range from 0.270 to 108 ng/mL in plasma with the lower limit of quantification of 0.270 ng/mL. The intra- and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were within 10.9% and the accuracy (relative error) was from 2.6 to 9.2% at all quality control levels. The method has been successfully applied to a study of L-trantinterol pharmacokinetics in rats.

Quick screening of priority ß-agonists in urine using automated TurboFlow™-LC/Exactive mass spectrometry.

This paper describes a method for the determination of priority ß-agonists in urine based on a fully automated sample preparation procedure using an online TurboFlow™ chromatography clean-up step and determination with Orbitrap™ mass analyser technology. The principle of the method was the enrichment of the ß-agonists after enzymatic hydrolysis overnight on a small column packed with a special stationary phase (TurboFlow™) while flushing away sample matrix and interfering compounds. Thereafter, the analytes were transferred onto an analytical column and detected by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry in full-scan mode at a resolution of R = 50,000 FWHM (full width at half maximum) and in higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) scan mode at a resolving power of 10,000 FWHM. The optimisation of each step of the method, such as selection of the TurboFlow™ and analytical column as well as sample loading and elution parameters were performed using a standard solution containing salbutamol, clenbuterol and mabuterol at a concentration of 100 µg l(-1). The developed automated sample preparation significantly improved the throughput and efficiency of the previously used screening method and it resulted in a considerable reduction in analysis time. Validation experiments including 24 ß-agonists in urine gave decision limits (CCα) between 0.05 and 0.35 µg l(-1). The repeatability of analyses for urine samples spiked at 0.5 µg l(-1) was within the range of 5-26% and recoveries for all compounds were within 89-107%.

Assessment of a novel ß2-adrenoceptor agonist, trantinterol, for interference with human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes activities.

The effect of a novel ß(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, trantinterol on the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was investigated with human liver microsomes and human cryohepatocytes in order to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions. The ability of trantinterol to inhibit CYP450 activities was evaluated in vitro in human liver microsomes. Trantinterol did not inhibit CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 (IC(50)>100 µM). It acted as a weak inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 with IC(50) of 70.8 and 81.9 µM, respectively. No time-dependent inhibitions were observed in the present research. To evaluate CYP450 induction, human cryohepatocytes (n=3) were used and treated once daily for 3 days with trantinterol (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/ml), after which CYP450 activities were measured. At concentration of 0.01 ng/ml, which is close to the C(max) at maximal recommended doses (50 µg), trantinterol was about 8% as effective as omeprazole (CYP1A2 inducer) only with donor 2. At concentration of 1 ng/ml, trantinterol was about 3.6 ± 3.1% as effective as rifampin (CYP3A4/5 inducer). These in vitro results indicated that, at pharmacological relevant concentrations, trantinterol will not produce clinically significant CYP450 inhibition or induction.