Comamonas suwonensis sp. nov., isolated from stream water in the Republic of Korea.

A novel bacterial strain, EJ-4T, isolated from stream water collected at Seo-ho in Suwon, Republic of Korea, was characterized based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain EJ-4T belonged to the genus Comamonas. The isolate is Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped and forms pale yellow colonies on trypticase soy agar. The optimal growth of this strain was observed aerobically at 30 °C, pH 7 and 0.5 % NaCl. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c; 39.7 %) and C16 : 0 (32.0 %). The G+C content of strain EJ-4T was 58.4mol %. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain EJ-4T and Comamoas testosteroni were 91.8 and 31.2 %, respectively. The major polar lipids detected in the isolate were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8. Based on the results of polyphasic taxonomic analysis of strain EJ-4T, we describe a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas suwonensis sp. nov. has been proposed, with EJ-4T (=KCTC 82074T=JCM 34179T=KEMB 1602-279T) as the type strain.

First report of urinary tract infection caused by Comamonas kerstersii in a goat.

BACKGROUND: Comamonas kerstersii is rarely associated with infections in humans and has never been reported in animals until now. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we describe a case of urinary tract infection caused by C. kerstersii in a young goat. A seven-month-old male goat showed lethargy, generalised weakness and anorexia and in the last hours before its death, severe depression, slight abdominal distention, ruminal stasis, and sternal recumbency. Grossly, multifocal haemorrhages in different organs and tissues, subcutaneous oedema and hydrocele, serous fluid with scattered fibrin deposition on the serosa of the abdominal organs and severe pyelonephritis with multifocal renal infarction were detected. Histopathological examination confirmed severe chronic active pyelonephritis with renal infarcts, multi-organ vasculitis and thrombosis suggestive of an infectious diseases of bacterial origin. The bacterium was identified using routine methods, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and sequencing of the gyrB gene. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. kerstersii infection in animals (goat). Our findings support the possibility of C. kerstersii isolation from extraintestinal sites and suggest this organism as a possible cause of urinary tract infection.

Comamonas flocculans sp. nov., a Floc-Forming Bacterium Isolated from Livestock Wastewater.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, floc-forming, and non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as NLF-7-7T, was isolated from the biofilm of a sample collected from a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Nonsan, Republic of Korea. Strain NLF-7-7T, forms a visible floc and grows in the flocculated state. Cells of strain NLF-7-7T grew optimally at pH 6.5 and 30 °C and in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain NLF-7-7T belonged to the family Comamonadaceae, and was most closely related to Comamonas badia DSM 17552T (95.8% similarity) and Comamonas nitrativorans 23310T (94.0% similarity). The phylogenetic and phenotypic data indicate strain NLF-7-7T is clearly distinguished from the Comamonas lineage. The major cellular fatty acids were C10:0 3OH, C16:0, and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). The respiratory quinone was Q-8. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain NLF-7-7 was 68.0 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic properties, strain NLF-7-7T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas flocculans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C. flocculans NLF-7-7T (=KCTC 62943T). The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Comamonas flocculans NLF-7-7T is MN527436. The whole-genome shotgun BioProject Number is PRJNA555370 with the Accession Number CP042344.

Enhancement of the denitrification in low C/N condition and its mechanism by a novel isolated Comamonas sp. YSF15.

A novel denitrifying bacterium YSF15 was isolated from the Lijiahe Reservoir in Xi'an and identified as Comamonas sp. It exhibited excellent nitrogen removal ability under low C/N conditions (C/N = 2.5) and 94.01% of nitrate was removed in 18 h, with no accumulation of nitrite. PCR amplification and nitrogen balance experiments were carried out, showing that 68.92% of initial nitrogen was removed as gas products and the nitrogen removal path was determined to be NO3--N→NO2--N→NO→N2O→N2. Scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy were used to track extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The results show that complete-denitrification under low C/N conditions is associated with EPS, which may provide a reserve carbon source in extreme environments. These findings reveal that Comamonas sp. YSF15 can provide novel basic materials and a theoretical basis for wastewater bioremediation under low C/N conditions.

Regeneration of Fe II /Fe III complex from NO chelating absorption by microbial fuel cell.

Ferrous chelates (FeIIEDTA) can effectively absorb NO, but the regeneration of them usually consumes large amounts of organic matter or energy. In this study, a new approach to regenerate NO absorbed ferrous chelates with simultaneous electricity generation was investigated by a microbial fuel cell (MFC). The performance and mechanisms of FeIIEDTA regeneration were evaluated in the cathode of MFC reactor with and without the presence of microorganisms (referring to biocathode and abiotic cathode), respectively. It was found that FeIIEDTA-NO and FeIIIEDTA could be used as the cathode electron acceptors in MFC. Low pH (pH = 5) was beneficial to electricity generation and FeIIIEDTA/FeIIEDTA-NO reduction by the abiotic cathode. The biocathode performed better in electricity generation and FeIIEDTA regeneration, and achieved a FeIIIEDTA reducing rate of 0.34 h-1 and a FeIIEDTA-NO reducing rate of 0.97 L mmol-1 h-1, which are much higher that than those for the abiotic cathode (0.23 h-1 for FeIIIEDTA, 0.44 L mmol-1 h-1 for FeIIEDTA-NO). This was likely because the activation polarization loss and over cathode potential were reduced as a result of the catalytic activity of NO and iron reducing bacteria.

Comamonas aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from a garden pond.

A beige-pigmented bacterial strain, SB30-Chr27-3T, isolated from a garden pond, was studied for its taxonomic position. Cells of the isolate were rod-shaped and stained Gram-negative. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence with the sequences of the type strains of the most closely related species showed that the strain belongs to the genus Comamonas and showed highest sequence similarities to the type strains of Comamonas jiangduensis (97.5 %), Comamonas aquatica (97.4 %) and Comamonas phosphati (97.3 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to all other Comamonas species were below 97.0 %. The fatty acid profile of strain SB30-Chr27-3T consisted of the major fatty acids C16 : 0, C15 : 0iso 2-OH/ C16 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω9c and, in a minor amount, C10 : 0 3-OH. Major compounds in the polar lipid profile were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and diphosphatidylglycerol. The quinone system was exclusively composed of ubiquinone Q-8. The polyamine pattern contained the major compounds putrescine, cadaverine and 2-hydroxyputrescine. These data and the differentiating biochemical properties indicated that isolate SB30-CHR27-3T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which we propose the name >Comamonas aquatilis sp. nov. with the type strain SB30-Chr27-3T (=CIP 111491T=CCM 8815T).

Isolation, characterization, and identification of potential Diuron-degrading bacteria from surface sediments of Port Klang, Malaysia.

Diuron is an alternative biocide suggested to replace organotin in formulating antifouling paints to be applied on water-going vessels hull. However, it is potentially harmful to various non-targeted marine organisms due to its toxic properties. Present study aimed to isolate, screen and identify the potential of Diuron-degrading bacteria collected from the marine sediments of Port Klang, Malaysia. Preliminary screening was conducted by exposing isolated bacteria to 430ng/L (background level), followed by 600ng/L and 1000ng/L of Diuron concentrations. Nine bacteria colonies survived the exposure of the above concentrations. However, only two strains can tolerate to survive up to 1000µg/L, which were then characterised and identified using phenotypic tests and the standard 16S rRNA molecular identification. The strains were identified as Comamonas jiangduensis SZZ 10 and Bacillus aerius SZZ 19 (GenBank accession numbers: KU942479 and KU942480, respectively). Both strains have the potential of Diuron biodegradation for future use.

Isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria with tolerance to hypoxic environments.

Hypoxic conditions are considerably different from aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and they are widely distributed in natural environments. Many pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tend to accumulate in hypoxic environments. However, PAH biodegradation under hypoxic conditions is poorly understood compared with that under obligate aerobic and obligate anaerobic conditions. In the present study, PAH-degrading bacteria were enriched, and their biodegradation rates were tested using a hypoxic station with an 8% oxygen concentration. PAH-degrading bacteria collected from sediments in low-oxygen environments were enriched using phenanthrene (Phe) or pyrene (Pyr) as the sole carbon and energy source. Individual bacterial colonies showing the ability to degrade Phe or Pyr were isolated and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Morphological and physiological characterizations of the isolated bacterial colonies were performed. The isolated bacteria were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Bacillus sp., and Comamonas sp. Phylogenetic tree of the isolated PAH-degrading bacteria was also constructed. The biodegradation ability of these bacteria was tested at an initial Phe or Pyr concentration of 50 mg L-1. The biodegradation kinetics were best fit by a first-order rate model and presented regression coefficients (r2) that varied from 0.7728 to 0.9725 (P < 0.05). The half-lives of the PAHs varied from 2.99 to 3.65 d for Phe and increased to 60.3-82.5 d for Pyr. These half-lives were much shorter than those observed under anaerobic conditions but were similar to those observed under aerobic conditions.

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) degradation by nitrate-reducing bacteria.

The surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) is widely used in the composition of detergents and frequently ends up in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). While aerobic SLES degradation is well studied, little is known about the fate of this compound in anoxic environments, such as denitrification tanks of WWTPs, nor about the bacteria involved in the anoxic biodegradation. Here, we used SLES as sole carbon and energy source, at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 mg L-1, to enrich and isolate nitrate-reducing bacteria from activated sludge of a WWTP with the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) concept. In the 50 mg L-1 enrichment, Comamonas (50%), Pseudomonas (24%), and Alicycliphilus (12%) were present at higher relative abundance, while Pseudomonas (53%) became dominant in the 1000 mg L-1 enrichment. Aeromonas hydrophila strain S7, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain S8, and Pseudomonas nitroreducens strain S11 were isolated from the enriched cultures. Under denitrifying conditions, strains S8 and S11 degraded 500 mg L-1 SLES in less than 1 day, while strain S7 required more than 6 days. Strains S8 and S11 also showed a remarkable resistance to SLES, being able to grow and reduce nitrate with SLES concentrations up to 40 g L-1. Strain S11 turned out to be the best anoxic SLES degrader, degrading up to 41% of 500 mg L-1. The comparison between SLES anoxic and oxic degradation by strain S11 revealed differences in SLES cleavage, degradation, and sulfate accumulation; both ester and ether cleavage were probably employed in SLES anoxic degradation by strain S11.

Brazilian Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation.

Discarded PE-based products pose a social and environmental threat because of their recalcitrance to degradation, a consequence of the unique set of PE's physicochemical properties. In this study we isolated nine novel PE-degrading bacteria from plastic debris found in soil of the savanna-like Brazilian Cerrado. These bacterial strains from the genera Comamonas, Delftia, and Stenotrophomonas showed metabolic activity and cellular viability after a 90-day incubation with PE as the sole carbon source. ATR/FTIR indicated that biodegraded PE undergone oxidation, vinylene formation, chain scission, among other chemical changes. Considerable nanoroughness shifts and vast damages to the micrometric surface were confirmed by AFM and SEM. Further, phase imaging revealed a 46.7% decrease in the viscous area of biodegraded PE whereas Raman spectroscopy confirmed a loss in its crystalline content, suggesting the assimilation of smaller fragments. Intriguingly, biodegraded PE chemical fingerprint suggests that these strains use novel biochemical strategies in the biodegradation process. Our results indicate that these microbes are capable of degrading unpretreated PE of very high molecular weight (191,000gmol-1) and survive for long periods under this condition, suggesting not only practical applications in waste management and environmental decontamination, but also future directions to understand the unraveled metabolism of synthetic polymers.

Description of Comamonas sediminis sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

Strain S3T was isolated from lagoon sediments, and appeared as transparent colonies on agar plates, with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase and oxidase were positive. S3T hydrolyzed starch, casein and tween-20, while urea, chitin, gelatin and tween-80 were not hydrolysed. C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c,C17 : 0 cyclo and C16 : 0 were the predominant fatty acids with minor amounts of C10 : 0 3-OH, C12 : 0, C14 : 0 and C16 : 0 2-OH. S3T contained diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as major polar lipids with minor amounts of unidentified phospholipid (PL) and unidentified lipids (L1-2). Genomic DNA G+C content was 68.3 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that S3T represents a member of the genus Comamonas in family Comamonadaceae of the class Betaproteobacteria. S3T has a sequence similarity of 98.96 % with Comamonas koreensis YH12T, 97.93 % with Comamonas guangdongensis CY01T and <96.97 % with other members of the genus Comamonas. DNA-DNA hybridization values between S3T and the type strains of the most closely related species were clearly below the 70 % threshold. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis, it is proposed that S3T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S3T (=KEMB 563-466T =JCM 31169T).

Comamonas phosphati sp. nov., isolated from a phosphate mine.

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-pigmented, non-sporulating, rod-shaped bacterial strain (WYH 22-41T) was isolated from a phosphate mine in Yunnan Province, China. The cells were motile with a single polar flagellum. The 16S rRNA gene of strain WYH 22-41T was phylogenetically related to the corresponding gene of Comamonas terrae DSM 27221T (98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Comamonas odontotermitis LMG 23579T (97.6 %) and Comamonas aquatica LMG 2370T (97.4 %). DNA-DNA hybridizations of strain WYH 22-41T with these three strains showed relatedness values of 33.2 %, 20.5 % and 27.7 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain WYH 22-41T was 62.4 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids of strain WYH 22-41T were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). On the basis of phenotypic properties, phylogenetic characteristics, DNA-DNA hybridization, as well as whole-cell fatty acid composition, strain WYH 22-41T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas phosphati sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WYH 22-41T ( = CGMCC 1.12294T = DSM 26017T).

Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-Xylenes by the Newly Isolated Bacterium Comamonas sp. JB.

A bacterium designated strain JB, able to degrade six benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene (BTEX) compounds, was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil. Taxonomic analyses showed that the isolate belonged to Comamonas, and until now, the genus Comamonas has not included any known BTEX degraders. The BTEX biodegradation rate was slightly low on the mineral salt medium (MSM), but adding a small amount of yeast extract greatly enhanced the biodegradation. The relationship between specific degradation rate and individual BTEX was described well by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The treatment of petrochemical wastewater containing BTEX mixture and phenol was shown to be highly efficient by BTEX-grown JB. In addition, toxicity assessment indicated the treatment of the petrochemical wastewater by BTEX-grown JB led to less toxicity than untreated wastewater.

Isolation of a novel uric-acid-degrading microbe Comamonas sp. BT UA and rapid biosensing of uric acid from extracted uricase enzyme.

Uric-acid-utilizing soil bacteria were isolated, and 16s rRNA sequence was studied for strain identification. The most prominent uricase-producing bacterium was identified as Comamonas sp BT UA. Crude enzyme was extracted, freeze-dried and its Km and Vmax were determined as 40 meu M and 0.047 meu M min-1ml-1 using Line-weaver Burke plot. An activity of 80 U/mg of total protein was observed when cultured at 37 degree C for 84 h at pH 7. The purified enzyme was used to measure uric acid by spectrophotometric method and electrochemical biosensor. In the biosensing system the enzyme was immobilized on the platinum electrode with a biodegradable glutaraldehyde-crosslinked gelatin film having a swelling percentage of 109+/- 3.08, and response was observed by amperometry applying fixed potential. The electrochemical process as obtained by the anodic peak current and scan rate relationship was further configured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The polymer matrix on the working electrode gave capacitive response for the electrode-electrolyte interaction. The sensitivity of the biosensor was measured as 6.93 meu A meu M -1 with a sensor affinity [Km(app)] of 50 mu M and 95 percent reproducibility after 50 measurements. The spectrophotometric method could be used in the range of 6-1000 mu M, whereas the biosensor generated linear response in the 1.5- 1000 mu M range with a response time of 24 s and limit of detection of 0.56 meu M. Uric acid was estimated in human blood samples by the biosensor and satisfactory results were obtained.

Description of Comamonas serinivorans sp. nov., isolated from wheat straw compost.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated SP-35(T), was isolated from compost and was subjected to a taxonomic study. This isolate was short-rod-shaped and non-spore-forming. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence comparison indicated the isolate was related to the genus Comamonas. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that its closest neighbours were the type strains Comamonas odontotermitis Dant 3-8(T) (96.8 % similarity), Comamonas testosteroni DSM 50244(T) (96.5 %), Comamonas guangdongensis CY01(T) (95.9 %) and Comamonas composti YY287(T) (95.6 %). Using phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition data and a range of physiological and biochemical characteristics we could clearly distinguish strain SP-35(T) from type strains of the genus Comamonas. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SP-35(T) was 63.1 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidlyglycerol. Differences in phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics support the classification of strain SP-35(T) as a representative of a novel species in the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas serinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SP-35(T) ( = DSM 26136(T) = JCM 18194(T)).

Identification of crystals forming on porcine articular cartilage: a new method for the estimation of the postmortem interval.

Articular cartilage was examined to determine its decomposition sequence and its potential for assessing the postmortem interval. Scanning electron microscopy of articular cartilage from buried porcine trotters showed the presence of microcrystals on the synovial surface. These orthorhombic pyramidal or "coffin"-shaped crystals, appeared at 3 weeks (22 days) after interment and disappeared after 6 weeks. The disappearance of these crystals was linked to decompositional changes to the integrity of the synovial joint. The formation and disappearance of these crystals was associated with a pH change at the cartilage surface. Scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis showed that the five main elements contained within these crystals were carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, and phosphorous. Such elemental analysis suggested the crystals may be struvite (MgNH4 PO4 6(H2 O)). Bacteria cultured from the cartilage synovial surface produced struvite crystals when grown in suitable media and were identified by DNA analysis to be Comamonas sp.

Comamonas humi sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A bacterial strain, designated GAU11(T), was isolated from soil in Japan. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile rods. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain GAU11(T) showed high similarity to those of Comamonas zonglianii BF-3(T) (98.8 %), Pseudacidovorax intermedius CC21(T) (96.4 %), Acidovorax caeni R-24608(T) (96.2 %), Alicycliphilus denitrificans K601(T) (96.2 %), Pseudorhodoferax soli TBEA3(T) (95.9 %) and Comamonas terrigena LMG 1253(T) (95.9 %). Strain GAU11(T) contained ubiquinone 8 as the sole ubiquinone and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Its major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The DNA G+C content of strain GAU11(T) was 68.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain GAU11(T) and C. zonglianii DSM 22523(T) was 52 or 68 % (reciprocal value). Phenotypic characterization indicated that strain GAU11(T) represents a member of the genus Comamonas, but at the same time distinguished it from C. zonglianii DSM 22523(T). From polyphasic characterization, this strain should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas humi sp. nov. (type strain GAU11(T) = JCM 19903(T) = DSM 28451(T)) is proposed.

Comamonas faecalis sp. nov., isolated from domestic pig feces.

A new bacterial strain, designated as FF42(T), was isolated from feces of domestic pigs-collected from Suwon, Korea-and was characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Strain FF42(T) was observed to be Gram negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, motile, and rod-shaped cells. Based on the phylogenetic and 16S rRNA sequence analyses, it was revealed that strain FF42(T) belonged to the genus Comamonas. The highest degree of sequence similarities was determined to be with Comamonas zonglianii BF-3(T) (96.3 %), Comamonas composti CC-YY287(T) (96.1 %), and Comamonas nitrativorans 23310(T) (95.9 %), while showing less than 95.6 % identity with the remaining Comamonas species. Growth of strain FF42(T) occurred between 25 and 40 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and at pH of 5-9 (optimum, pH 6.0). It grew in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl while minimally tolerating at 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Biochemical and physiological tests revealed phenotypic differentiation of strain FF42(T) to other members of the genus Comamonas. The predominant quinone is ubiquinone (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were C10:0 3OH, C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c/C18:1 ω7c), all of which have previously been reported to occur in the species of the genus Comamonas. The G+C molar content for strain FF42(T) is 60.2 mol %. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain FF42(T) (=KEMC 1002-058(T)=JCM 17561(T)) is clearly referred to be a novel species for the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas faecalis sp. nov. is proposed.