RESUMEN
This Viewpoint examines the recent Supreme Court rulings on race neutrality, striking down affirmative action programs in higher education, which will affect efforts to eliminate health inequities in the US.
Asunto(s)
Salud , Medicina , Condiciones Sociales , Decisiones de la Corte Suprema , Racismo Sistemático , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos , Salud/etnología , Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Raciales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Racismo Sistemático/etnología , Racismo Sistemático/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Defensa Civil , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Vivienda Popular , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Defensa Civil/métodos , Defensa Civil/organización & administración , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/organización & administración , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/normas , Utilización de Instalaciones y Servicios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Utilización de Instalaciones y Servicios/normas , Predicción , Humanos , Salud Pública/métodos , Vivienda Popular/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vivienda Popular/organización & administración , Vivienda Popular/normas , SARS-CoV-2 , Singapur , Políticas de Control Social/tendencias , Marginación SocialRESUMEN
This paper examines the convergence of HIV/AIDS and the social processes through which women access customary land in rural Malawi. Data were collected from focus group discussions with women in patrilineal and matrilineal communities. Women's land tenure is primarily determined through kinship group membership, customary inheritance practices and location of residence. In patrilineal communities, land is inherited through the male lineage and women access land through relationships with male members who are the rightful heirs. Conversely in matrilineal matrilocal communities, women as daughters directly inherit the land. This research found that in patrilineal communities, HIV/AIDS, gendered inequalities embedded in customary inheritance practices and resource shortages combine to affect women's access to land. HIV/AIDS may cause the termination of a woman's relationship with the access individual due to stigma or the individual's death. Termination of such relationships increases tenure insecurity for women accessing land in a community where they do not have inheritance rights. In contrast to the patrilineal patrilocal experience, research on matrilineal matrilocal communities demonstrates that where women are the inheritors of the land and have robust land tenure rights, they are not at risk of losing their access to land due to HIV/AIDS.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Propiedad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Infecciones por VIH/economía , Humanos , Malaui/epidemiología , Población Rural , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Viudez/etnología , Viudez/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud de la Mujer , Derechos de la Mujer/educaciónRESUMEN
The Fort Lewis maternity project begun in Tacoma, Washington in 1941, was considered a pioneering project that met the identified maternal/child health care needs of enlisted military families. From the outset, local medical leaders as well as Children's Bureau advisors intended that the project would provide physician-managed pregnancy as well as hospital births and that public health nursing would play a critical role in this maternal/child initiative. The project proved so successful that the model of care established under this program was reinterpreted to meet similar needs for military families in other states as America entered World War II.
Asunto(s)
Salud de la Familia , Servicios de Salud Materna/historia , Personal Militar , Desarrollo de Programa , Planes Estatales de Salud , Adulto , Niño , Costo de Enfermedad , Parto Obstétrico/normas , Parto Obstétrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud de la Familia/economía , Femenino , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/economía , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/organización & administración , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/economía , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/organización & administración , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Servicios de Salud Materna/economía , Servicios de Salud Materna/organización & administración , Centros de Salud Materno-Infantil/economía , Sistemas Multiinstitucionales/clasificación , Sistemas Multiinstitucionales/organización & administración , Sistemas Multiinstitucionales/normas , Atención Perinatal/normas , Delegación al Personal , Proyectos Piloto , Crecimiento Demográfico , Embarazo , Enfermería en Salud Pública , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , WashingtónRESUMEN
Some contend that Whites' application of values to form opinions about race-conscious policy may constitute a subtle form of racism. Others challenge the new racism thesis, suggesting that racism and values are exclusive in their influence. Proponents of the thesis assert that many Whites' attitudes about such policy are structured by a mix of racism and American individualism. The author suggests that an even more subtle form of racism may exist. Racism may actually be expressed in opposition to big government. The test results presented here indicate that the effects of limited-government values on attitudes about race-conscious policy are conditional on levels of racial prejudice for many Whites, whereas the effects on racially ambiguous social welfare policy attitudes are not. The author contends that these results provide support to the argument that racism still exists and has found a new subtle expression.
Asunto(s)
Diversidad Cultural , Grupos de Población , Prejuicio , Relaciones Raciales , Conducta Social , Condiciones Sociales , Gobierno/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Grupos de Población/educación , Grupos de Población/etnología , Grupos de Población/historia , Grupos de Población/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos de Población/psicología , Opinión Pública/historia , Relaciones Raciales/historia , Relaciones Raciales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Raciales/psicología , Conducta Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Percepción Social , Factores Socioeconómicos/historiaRESUMEN
Although the diffusion of fertility behavior between different social strata in historical communities has received considerable attention in recent studies, the relationship between the diffusion of fertility behavior and the diffusion of people (migration) during the nineteenth century remains largely underexplored. Evidence from population registers compiled in the Historical Database of the Liège Region, covering the period of 1812 to 1900, reveals that migrant couples in Sart, Belgium, from 1850 to 1874 and from 1875 to 1899 had a reduced risk of conception. The incorporation of geographical mobility, as well as the migrant status of both husbands and wives, into this fertility research sheds light not only on the spread of ideas and behaviors but also on the possible reasons why the ideas and behaviors of immigrants might have been similar to, or different from, those of a native-born population.
Asunto(s)
Fertilidad , Dinámica Poblacional , Conducta Reproductiva , Clase Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Migrantes , Bélgica/etnología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/educación , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/historia , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/psicología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Dinámica Poblacional/historia , Sistema de Registros , Conducta Reproductiva/etnología , Conducta Reproductiva/historia , Conducta Reproductiva/fisiología , Conducta Reproductiva/psicología , Conducta Social/historia , Clase Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Migrantes/educación , Migrantes/historia , Migrantes/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
This article examines Soviet reproductive politics after the Communist regime legalized abortion in 1955. The regime's new abortion policy did not result in an end to the condemnation of abortion in official discourse. The government instead launched an extensive campaign against abortion. Why did authorities bother legalizing the procedure if they still disapproved of it so strongly? Using archival sources, public health materials, and medical as well as popular journals to investigate the antiabortion campaign, this article argues that the Soviet government sought to regulate gender and sexuality through medical intervention and health "education" rather than prohibition and force in the post-Stalin era. It also explores how the antiabortion public health campaign produced "knowledge" not only about the procedure and its effects, but also about gender and sexuality, subjecting both women and men to new pressures and regulatory norms.
Asunto(s)
Aborto Inducido , Regulación Gubernamental , Educación en Salud , Política , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos , Salud de la Mujer , Aborto Inducido/economía , Aborto Inducido/educación , Aborto Inducido/historia , Aborto Inducido/legislación & jurisprudencia , Intervención Médica Temprana/historia , Regulación Gubernamental/historia , Educación en Salud/historia , Promoción de la Salud/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos/economía , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos/educación , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos/historia , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Federación de Rusia/etnología , Cambio Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , U.R.S.S./etnología , Salud de la Mujer/etnología , Salud de la Mujer/historiaRESUMEN
This special section of The Sociological Quarterly explores research on "surveillance as cultural practice," which indicates an orientation to surveillance that views it as embedded within, brought about by, and generative of social practices in specific cultural contexts. Such an approach is more likely to include elements of popular culture, media, art, and narrative; it is also more likely to try to comprehend people's engagement with surveillance on their own terms, stressing the production of emic over etic forms of knowledge. This introduction sketches some key developments in this area and discusses their implications for the field of "surveillance studies" as a whole.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Comunicación , Características Culturales , Vigilancia de la Población , Condiciones Sociales , Políticas de Control Social , Medios de Comunicación/economía , Medios de Comunicación/historia , Medios de Comunicación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Características Culturales/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Conocimiento , Aprendizaje , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Políticas de Control Social/economía , Políticas de Control Social/historia , Políticas de Control Social/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Some 20 years after reunification, the contrast between East and West Germany offers a natural experiment for studying the degree of persistence of Communist-era family patterns, the effects of economic change, and fertility postponement. After reunification, period fertility rates plummeted in the former East Germany to record low levels. Since the mid-1990s, however, period fertility rates have been rising in East Germany, in contrast to the nearly constant rates seen in the West. By 2008, the TFR of East Germany had overtaken that of the West. We explore why fertility in East Germany is higher than in West Germany, despite unfavorable economic circumstances in the East. We address this and related questions by (a) presenting an account of the persisting East/West differences in attitudes toward and constraints on childbearing, (b) conducting an order-specific fertility analysis of recent fertility trends, and (c) projecting completed fertility for the recent East and west German cohorts. In addition to using the Human Fertility Database, perinatal statistics allow us to calculate a tempo-corrected TFR for East and West Germany.
Asunto(s)
Tasa de Natalidad , Comparación Transcultural , Familia , Fertilidad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Tasa de Natalidad/etnología , Familia/etnología , Familia/historia , Familia/psicología , Composición Familiar/etnología , Composición Familiar/historia , Alemania Oriental/etnología , Alemania Occidental/etnología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Cambio Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Several recent studies have investigated the consequences of racial intermarriage for marital stability. None of these studies properly control for first-order racial differences in divorce risk, therefore failing to appropriately identify the effect of intermarriage. Our article builds on an earlier generation of studies to develop a model that appropriately identifies the consequences of crossing racial boundaries in matrimony. METHODS: We analyze the 1995 and 2002 National Survey of Family Growth using a parametric event-history model called a sickle model. To appropriately identify the effect of interracial marriage we use the interaction of wife's race and husband's race. RESULTS: We find elevated divorce rates for Latino/white intermarriages but not for black/white intermarriages. Seventy-two percent of endogamous Latino marriages remain intact at 15 years, but only 58 percent of Latino husband/white wife and 64 percent of white husband/Latina wife marriages are still intact. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified an important deficiency in previous studies and provide a straightforward resolution. Although higher rates of Latino/white intermarriage may indicate more porous group boundaries, the greater instability of these marriages suggests that these boundaries remain resilient.
Asunto(s)
Diversidad Cultural , Divorcio , Composición Familiar , Matrimonio , Grupos de Población , Relaciones Raciales , Divorcio/economía , Divorcio/etnología , Divorcio/historia , Divorcio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Divorcio/psicología , Composición Familiar/etnología , Composición Familiar/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Estado Civil/etnología , Matrimonio/etnología , Matrimonio/historia , Matrimonio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Matrimonio/psicología , Grupos de Población/educación , Grupos de Población/etnología , Grupos de Población/historia , Grupos de Población/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos de Población/psicología , Relaciones Raciales/historia , Relaciones Raciales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Raciales/psicología , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos/etnologíaAsunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Crimen , Homosexualidad , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , Condiciones Sociales , Violencia , Negro o Afroamericano/educación , Negro o Afroamericano/etnología , Negro o Afroamericano/historia , Negro o Afroamericano/legislación & jurisprudencia , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Crimen/economía , Crimen/etnología , Crimen/historia , Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Crimen/psicología , Diversidad Cultural , Historia del Siglo XX , Homosexualidad/etnología , Homosexualidad/historia , Homosexualidad/fisiología , Homosexualidad/psicología , Humanos , Los Angeles/etnología , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/economía , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/historia , Delitos Sexuales/economía , Delitos Sexuales/etnología , Delitos Sexuales/historia , Delitos Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Delitos Sexuales/psicología , Cambio Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/economía , Violencia/etnología , Violencia/historia , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/psicologíaRESUMEN
Abandoning a child was no rare deed in European towns in the nineteenth century, mostly among single women in underprivileged environments. On the other hand, taking this same child back was more unusual. By analyzing the registers of the Lyon hospitals, it is possible to determine the percentage of children taken back by their mothers, how this was actually achieved, and to examine the family status of the mothers at the time of both events. Both of these acts -- abandoning a child and then taking it back -- can be put back in their context in these women's lives, for instance, by looking into the length of time separating the two procedures. To finish with, it appears that the 'Hospices civils de Lyon' encouraged mothers to take the children back and generally had a conciliatory attitude toward them, supposedly in the children's interest.
Asunto(s)
Niño Abandonado , Familia , Ilegitimidad , Madres , Padres Solteros , Factores Socioeconómicos , Niño , Niño Abandonado/educación , Niño Abandonado/historia , Niño Abandonado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño Abandonado/psicología , Preescolar , Niño no Deseado/educación , Niño no Deseado/historia , Niño no Deseado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño no Deseado/psicología , Familia/etnología , Familia/historia , Familia/psicología , Composición Familiar/etnología , Composición Familiar/historia , Francia/etnología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Ilegitimidad/etnología , Ilegitimidad/historia , Madres/educación , Madres/historia , Madres/legislación & jurisprudencia , Madres/psicología , Padres Solteros/educación , Padres Solteros/historia , Padres Solteros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Padres Solteros/psicología , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historiaRESUMEN
This article draws together unusual characteristics of the legacy of apartheid in South Africa: the state-orchestrated destruction of family life, high rates of unemployment and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The disruption of family life has resulted in a situation in which many women have to fulfil the role of both breadwinner and care giver in a context of high unemployment and very limited economic opportunities. The question that follows is: given this crisis of care, to what extent can or will social protection and employment-related social policies provide the support women and children need?
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Familia , VIH , Condiciones Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Desempleo , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/economía , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/etnología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/historia , Familia/etnología , Familia/historia , Familia/psicología , Gobierno/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Asistencia Pública/economía , Asistencia Pública/historia , Asistencia Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Políticas de Control Social/economía , Políticas de Control Social/historia , Políticas de Control Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bienestar Social/economía , Bienestar Social/etnología , Bienestar Social/historia , Bienestar Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bienestar Social/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Sudáfrica/etnología , Desempleo/historia , Desempleo/psicologíaRESUMEN
In Latin American countries with historically strong social policy regimes (such as those in the Southern Cone), neoliberal policies are usually blamed for the increased burden of female unpaid work. However, studying the Nicaraguan care regime in two clearly defined periods the Sandinista and the neoliberal eras suggests that this argument may not hold in the case of countries with highly familialist social policy regimes. Despite major economic, political and policy shifts, the role of female unpaid work, both within the family and in the community, remains persistent and pivotal, and was significant long before the onset of neoliberal policies. Nicaragua's care regime has been highly dependent on the 'community' or 'voluntary' work of mostly women. This has also been, and continues to be, vital for the viability of many public social programmes.
Asunto(s)
Gobierno , Pobreza , Política Pública , Condiciones Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Mujeres Trabajadoras , Organizaciones de Beneficencia/economía , Organizaciones de Beneficencia/educación , Organizaciones de Beneficencia/historia , Organizaciones de Beneficencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Dependencia Psicológica , Gobierno/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , América Latina/etnología , Nicaragua/etnología , Pobreza/economía , Pobreza/etnología , Pobreza/historia , Pobreza/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pobreza/psicología , Política Pública/economía , Política Pública/historia , Política Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Políticas de Control Social/economía , Políticas de Control Social/historia , Políticas de Control Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Aislamiento Social/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Voluntarios/educación , Voluntarios/historia , Voluntarios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Voluntarios/psicología , Mujeres Trabajadoras/educación , Mujeres Trabajadoras/historia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/psicologíaRESUMEN
In Papua New Guinea (PNG), women's health is addressed by applying biomedical solutions which often ignore the complexity of women's histories, cultural contexts and lived experiences. The objective of this study was to examine adult and older women's perceptions of health and well-being to identify priority areas for public service interventions. Rapid ethnographic assessment was conducted in the Wosera district, a rural area of PNG from mid-2005 to early 2006, to examine the health concerns of women. Twenty-seven adult women and 10 older women participated in the study. Health was not limited to one aspect of a woman's life, such as their biology or maternal roles; it was also connected with the social, cultural and spiritual dimensions of women's daily existence. Participants also identified access to money and supportive interpersonal relationships as significant for good health. A disconnect was found to exist between women's understandings of good health and socio-political health policies in PNG, something likely to be repeated in health service delivery to different cultural groups across the Asia Pacific region. Health and development practitioners in PNG must become responsive to the complexity of women's social relationships and to issues relating to the context of women's empowerment in their programmes.
Asunto(s)
Política de Salud , Población Rural , Condiciones Sociales , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres , Salud de la Mujer , Características Culturales/historia , Política de Salud/economía , Política de Salud/historia , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XXI , Papúa Nueva Guinea/etnología , Práctica de Salud Pública/economía , Práctica de Salud Pública/historia , Práctica de Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Población Rural/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Espiritualidad , Mujeres/educación , Mujeres/historia , Mujeres/psicología , Salud de la Mujer/etnología , Salud de la Mujer/historia , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres/economía , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres/historia , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, black people in New York City encountered white violence, especially police brutality in Manhattan. The black community used various strategies to curtail white mob violence and police brutality, one of which was self-defense. This article examines blacks' response to violence, specifically the debate concerning police brutality and self-defense in Harlem during the 1920s. While historians have examined race riots, blacks' everyday encounters with police violence in the North have received inadequate treatment. By approaching everyday violence and black responsesself-defense, legal redress, and journalists' remonstrationsas a process of political development, this article argues that the systematic violence perpetrated by the police both mobilized and politicized blacks individually and collectively to defend their community, but also contributed to a community consciousness that established police brutality as a legitimate issue for black protest.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Policia , Relaciones Raciales , Características de la Residencia , Problemas Sociales , Violencia , Negro o Afroamericano/educación , Negro o Afroamericano/etnología , Negro o Afroamericano/historia , Negro o Afroamericano/legislación & jurisprudencia , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Desórdenes Civiles/economía , Desórdenes Civiles/etnología , Desórdenes Civiles/historia , Desórdenes Civiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Desórdenes Civiles/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Ciudad de Nueva York/etnología , Policia/economía , Policia/educación , Policia/historia , Policia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Raciales/historia , Relaciones Raciales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Raciales/psicología , Características de la Residencia/historia , Tumultos/economía , Tumultos/etnología , Tumultos/historia , Tumultos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tumultos/psicología , Clase Social/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Problemas Sociales/economía , Problemas Sociales/etnología , Problemas Sociales/historia , Problemas Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Problemas Sociales/psicología , Violencia/economía , Violencia/etnología , Violencia/historia , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/psicologíaAsunto(s)
Industria de la Belleza , Medios de Comunicación de Masas , Condiciones Sociales , Movilidad Social , Salud de la Mujer , Derechos de la Mujer , Mujeres , Industria de la Belleza/economía , Industria de la Belleza/educación , Industria de la Belleza/historia , Imagen Corporal , Historia del Siglo XX , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/economía , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/historia , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/legislación & jurisprudencia , México/etnología , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Movilidad Social/economía , Movilidad Social/historia , Percepción Social , Mujeres/educación , Mujeres/historia , Mujeres/psicología , Salud de la Mujer/etnología , Salud de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/economía , Derechos de la Mujer/educación , Derechos de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudencia , Segunda Guerra MundialRESUMEN
This article employs novel documentation to examine ways in which the Church's moral rules on contraception were (or were not) communicated to parishioners in a predominantly Catholic context in a period of rapid fertility decline: the diocese of Padua, in the northeastern Italian region of Veneto, during the first half of the twentieth century. The account is based on documents that have until now been overlooked: the moral cases discussed during the periodic meetings among Padua priests in the years 191658, and the written answers provided by priests in response to a question asked of them concerning their efforts to combat the limiting of births. This documentation reveals the limited effect on the reproductive behavior of the position of the Catholic Church against birth control.
Asunto(s)
Tasa de Natalidad , Catolicismo , Anticonceptivos , Salud de la Mujer , Derechos de la Mujer , Tasa de Natalidad/etnología , Catolicismo/historia , Catolicismo/psicología , Anticonceptivos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Italia/etnología , Principios Morales , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos/historia , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud de la Mujer/etnología , Salud de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/economía , Derechos de la Mujer/educación , Derechos de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
This article provides a summary of the author's research on human smuggling in Austria comparing migrants from Former Yugoslavia and the Russian Federation. The project's primary intent was to collect more detailed information on migrants seeking asylum in Austria and their use of smuggling services to leave their home countries, including detailed information on demographics, force or threat of force by smugglers, routes and methods of transportation, costs of smuggling, payment methods, and deeper perceptual questions regarding the flight. Another central premise of the article discusses how current distinctions between human smuggling and human trafficking are arbitrary in many regards.
Asunto(s)
Víctimas de Crimen , Demografía , Factores Socioeconómicos , Migrantes , Austria/etnología , Víctimas de Crimen/economía , Víctimas de Crimen/educación , Víctimas de Crimen/historia , Víctimas de Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Demografía/economía , Demografía/historia , Demografía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Federación de Rusia/etnología , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Migrantes/educación , Migrantes/historia , Migrantes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Migrantes/psicología , Transportes/economía , Transportes/historia , Transportes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Yugoslavia/etnologíaRESUMEN
This article compares divorce risks according to marriage type. The common dichotomy between ethnic homogamous and ethnic heterogamous marriages is further elaborated by differentiating a third marriage type; ethnic homogamous marriages between individuals from an ethnic minority group and a partner from the country of origin. Based on the analysis of data concerning the Turkish and Moroccan minorities in Belgium, it has been confirmed that the divorce risk associated with these marriages is higher than that of other ethnic homogamous marriages. However, specific divorce patterns according to marriage type also indicate the importance of differences between the minority groups.