RESUMEN
AIMS: Peripheral cortisol represents one biological measure of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a significant component of the stress system, which is altered by chronic alcohol consumption. However, whether heavy alcohol use affects the HPA axis differentially between the sexes and whether basal cortisol levels are a biomarker of prospective alcohol intake is unknown. METHODS: We recruited light moderate (LM) and binge-heavy (BH) drinkers of alcohol (n = 118). Repeated fasting morning cortisol levels were studied over a 2-hour period to assess basal levels while participants underwent a neuroimaging scan. RESULTS: Significantly higher average cortisol levels in BH compared to LM groups across four timepoints were observed (P < .018). Overall sex differences were observed with women showing higher initial cortisol levels at the first timepoint with a blunted decrease over the morning relative to men (P < .003). Average morning cortisol differentially predicted prospective future 30-day daily reports of alcohol consumption by sex and group, such that LM males had a positive significant relationship and BH males had a negative non-significant relationship between cortisol and drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that morning plasma cortisol is upregulated in the BH vs. LM group. Although females had higher initial morning cortisol levels, BH males showed a dysregulated negative relationship between stress and binge drinking in contrast to the LM group. Future work should further investigate the role of cortisol and other stress hormones as biomarkers of problematic drinking behaviors in men and women.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Hidrocortisona , Caracteres Sexuales , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Adulto Joven , Biomarcadores/sangre , Factores Sexuales , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Molecular responses to alcohol consumption are dynamic, context-dependent, and arise from a complex interplay of biological and external factors. While many have studied genetic risk associated with drinking patterns, comprehensive studies identifying dynamic responses to pharmacologic and psychological/placebo effects underlying binge drinking are lacking. We investigated transcriptome-wide response to binge, medium, and placebo alcohol consumption by 17 healthy heavy social drinkers enrolled in a controlled, in-house, longitudinal study of up to 12 days. Using RNA-seq, we identified 251 and 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to binge drinking and placebo, respectively. Eleven protein-coding DEGs had very large effect sizes in response to binge drinking (Cohen's d > 1). Furthermore, binge dose significantly impacted the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway (KEGG: hsa04060) across all experimental sequences. Placebo also impacted hsa04060, but only when administered following regular alcohol drinking sessions. Similarly, medium-dose and placebo commonly impacted KEGG pathways of Systemic lupus erythematosus, Neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and Alcoholism based on the sequence of drinking sessions. These findings together indicate the "dose-extending effects" of placebo at a molecular level. Furthermore, besides supporting alcohol dose-specific molecular changes, results suggest that the placebo effects may induce molecular responses within the same pathways regulated by alcohol.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Efecto Placebo , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Etanol , Estudios Longitudinales , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of physical training as a protective strategy to mitigate alveolar bone damage and blood antioxidant defense caused by ethanol (EtOH) consumption in a binge-drinking pattern. Male Wistar rats aged approximately 90 days were divided into four groups: control, training, EtOH, and training + EtOH. The physical training protocol was conducted on a treadmill for four consecutive weeks, while the animals in the EtOH group were administered EtOH via orogastric gavage for three consecutive days each week, following the binge drink pattern. After the training period, blood and mandibles were collected for plasma oxidative biochemistry analysis, and the alveolar bone was subjected to physicochemical composition analysis, tissue evaluation, and microtomography evaluation. Our results showed that EtOH induced oxidative stress and physical exercise promoted the recovery of antioxidant action. Physical training minimized the damage to the mineral/matrix composition of the alveolar bone due to EtOH consumption and increased the density of osteocytes in the trained group treated with EtOH than in those exposed only to EtOH. Furthermore, physical training reduced damage to the alveolar bone caused by EtOH consumption. Our findings suggest that physical training can serve as an effective strategy to reduce systemic enzymatic oxidative response damage and alleviate alveolar bone damage resulting from alcohol consumption. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore, in addition to physical training, the potential effects of other activities with varying intensities on managing alcohol-induced bone damage.
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Antioxidantes , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Etanol , Estrés Oxidativo , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Masculino , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Etanol/toxicidad , RatasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) constitutes a critical public health issue and has sex-specific characteristics. Initial evidence suggests that progesterone and estradiol might reduce or increase alcohol intake, respectively. However, there is a need for a better understanding of how the menstrual cycle in females and the ratio of progesterone to estradiol in females and males influence alcohol use patterns in individuals with AUD. METHODS: In this sex-separated multicenter longitudinal study, the authors analyzed 12-month data on real-life alcohol use (from 21,460 smartphone entries), menstrual cycle, and serum progesterone-to-estradiol ratios (from 667 blood samples at four individual study visits) in 74 naturally cycling females and 278 males with AUD between 2020 and 2022, using generalized and general linear mixed modeling. RESULTS: Menstrual cycle phases were significantly associated with binge drinking and progesterone-to-estradiol ratio. During the late luteal phase, females showed a lower predicted binge drinking probability of 13% and a higher predicted marginal mean of progesterone-to-estradiol ratio of 95 compared with during the menstrual, follicular, and ovulatory phases (binge drinking probability and odds ratios vs. late luteal phase, respectively: 17%, odds ratio=1.340, 95% CI=1.031, 1.742; 19%, odds ratio=1.523, 95% CI=1.190, 1.949; and 20%, odds ratio=1.683, 95% CI=1.285, 2.206; difference in progesterone-to-estradiol ratios, respectively: -61, 95% CI=-105.492, -16.095; -78, 95% CI=-119.322, -37.039; and -71, 95% CI=-114.568, -27.534). In males, a higher progesterone-to-estradiol ratio was related to lower probabilities of binge drinking and of any alcohol use, with a 10-unit increase in the hormone ratio resulting in odds ratios of 0.918 (95% CI=0.843, 0.999) and 0.914 (95% CI=0.845, 0.988), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These ecologically valid findings suggest that high progesterone-to-estradiol ratios can have a protective effect against problematic alcohol use in females and males with AUD, highlighting the progesterone-to-estradiol ratio as a promising treatment target. Moreover, the results indicate that females with AUD may benefit from menstrual cycle phase-tailored treatments.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Alcoholismo , Estradiol , Ciclo Menstrual , Progesterona , Humanos , Femenino , Estradiol/sangre , Progesterona/sangre , Masculino , Adulto , Ciclo Menstrual/sangre , Estudios Longitudinales , Alcoholismo/sangre , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Factores Sexuales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Cultured human skeletal-muscle satellite cells have properties of mesenchymal stem cells (skeletal muscle satellite cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells, SkMSCs) and play anti-inflammatory roles by secreting prostaglandin E2 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). To evaluate the utility of SkMSCs in treating liver diseases, we determined whether SkMSCs could ameliorate acute liver and gut inflammation induced by binge ethanol administration. Binge drinking of ethanol led to weight loss in the body and spleen, liver inflammation and steatosis, and increased serum ALT and AST levels (markers of liver injury), along with increased IL-1ß, TNF-α, and iNOS expression levels in mice. However, levels of these binge-drinking-induced indicators were reduced by a single intraperitoneal treatment of SkMSCs. Furthermore, levels of bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide decreased in the livers and sera of ethanol-exposed mice after SkMSC administration. SkMSCs decreased the extent of tissue inflammation and reduced villus and crypt lengths in the small intestine after alcohol binge drinking. SkMSCs also reduced the leakage of blood albumin, an indicator of leaky gut, in the stool of ethanol-exposed mice. Alcohol-induced damage to human colonic Caco-2/tc7 cells was also alleviated by HGF. Therefore, a single treatment with SkMSCs can attenuate alcoholic liver damage by reducing inflammatory responses in the liver and gut, suggesting that SkMSCs could be used in cell therapy to treat alcoholic liver diseases.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Etanol/efectos adversos , Hepatopatías Alcohólicas/terapia , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Células Satélite del Músculo Esquelético/trasplante , Animales , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/complicaciones , Células CACO-2 , Células Cultivadas , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento de Hepatocito/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación , Hígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatías Alcohólicas/etiología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , RatonesRESUMEN
Aging people living with HIV (PLWH), especially postmenopausal women may be at higher risk of comorbidities associated with HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), hypogonadism, and at-risk alcohol use. Our studies in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male macaques demonstrated that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) reduced acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG), and at-risk alcohol use decreased HOMA-ß in PLWH. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of ovariectomy (OVX) on glucose-insulin dynamics and integrity of pancreatic endocrine function in CBA/SIV-infected female macaques. Female macaques were administered CBA (12-15 g/kg/wk) or isovolumetric water (VEH) intragastrically. Three months after initiation of CBA/VEH administration, all macaques were infected with SIVmac251, and initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) 2.5 mo postinfection. After 1 mo of ART, macaques were randomized to OVX or sham surgeries (n = 7 or 8/group), and euthanized 8 mo post-OVX (study endpoint). Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIVGTT) were performed at selected time points. Pancreatic gene expression and islet morphology were determined at study endpoint. There was a main effect of CBA to decrease AIRG at Pre-SIV and study endpoint. There were no statistically significant OVX effects on AIRG (P = 0.06). CBA and OVX decreased the expression of pancreatic markers of insulin docking and release. OVX increased endoplasmic stress markers. CBA but not OVX impaired glucose-insulin expression dynamics in SIV-infected female macaques. Both CBA and OVX altered integrity of pancreatic endocrine function. These findings suggest increased vulnerability of PLWH to overt metabolic dysfunction that may be exacerbated by alcohol use and ovarian hormone loss.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/complicaciones , Glucemia/metabolismo , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/etiología , Resistencia a la Insulina , Insulina/sangre , Ovariectomía/efectos adversos , Páncreas/metabolismo , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/complicaciones , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/patogenicidad , Animales , Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/sangre , Trastornos del Metabolismo de la Glucosa/fisiopatología , Macaca mulatta , Páncreas/fisiopatología , Factores de Riesgo , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The goal of the present studies was to determine long-lasting effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE), a rodent model of binge patterns of ethanol consumption, on (i) behavioral sensitivity to ethanol challenge in adulthood using the Loss of Righting Reflex (LORR) test; (ii) ethanol pharmacokinetics and ethanol-metabolizing enzyme expression when re-challenged with ethanol as adults; and (iii) induction of neuroimmune gene expression during an adult binge-like ethanol challenge. To evaluate the impact of AIE on ethanol sensitivity in adulthood, adult rats received a sedative ethanol dose of 3.5 g/kg and were tested for the LORR. Sexually dimorphic effects were observed, with AIE males showing more rapid recovery than vehicle exposed controls, an effect that was completely absent in females. Rats exposed to the same AIE procedure were challenged with 0.75, 1.5, or 3.0 g/kg i.p. ethanol in adulthood. Female rats with a history of AIE displayed a small increase in ethanol clearance rate when challenged with 0.75 g/kg, however no other significant differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics were noted. To assess persistent AIE-associated changes in neuroimmune gene expression, rats were challenged with 0 or 2.5 g/kg ethanol. Both male and female adult rats with a history of AIE displayed sensitized hippocampal IL-6 and IκBα gene expression in response to ethanol challenge. Changes in cytokine gene expression as well as ethanol sensitivity assessed by LORR were not shown to be the result of changes in ethanol pharmacokinetics and point to AIE altering other mechanisms capable of significantly altering the neuroimmune and behavioral response to ethanol.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/genética , Etanol/administración & dosificación , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/inmunología , Corticosterona/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Masculino , Ratas , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Current models of compulsive-like quinine-adulterated alcohol (QuA) drinking in mice, if improved, could be more useful for uncovering the neural mechanisms of compulsive-like alcohol drinking. The purpose of these experiments was to further characterize and improve the validity of a model of compulsive-like QuA drinking in C57BL/6J mice. We sought to determine whether compulsive-like alcohol drinking could be achieved following 2 or 3 weeks of Drinking-in-the-Dark (DID), whether it provides evidence for a robust model of compulsive-like alcohol drinking by inclusion of a water control group and use of a highly concentrated QuA solution, whether repeated QuA exposures alter compulsive-like drinking, and whether there are sex differences in compulsive-like alcohol drinking. METHODS: Male and Female C57BL/6J mice were allowed free access to either 20% alcohol or tap water for 2 hours each day for approximately 3 weeks. After 2 or 3 weeks, the mice were given QuA (500 µM) and the effect of repeated QuA drinking sessions on compulsive-like alcohol drinking was assessed. 3-minute front-loading, 2 hour binge-drinking, and blood alcohol concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Compulsive-like QuA drinking was achieved after 3 weeks, but not 2 weeks, of daily alcohol access as determined by alcohol history mice consuming significantly more QuA than water history mice and drinking statistically nondifferent amounts of QuA than nonadulterated alcohol at baseline. Thirty-minute front-loading of QuA revealed that alcohol history mice front-loaded significantly more QuA than water history mice, but still found the QuA solution aversive. Repeated QuA exposures did not alter these patterns, compulsive-like drinking did not differ by sex, and BACs for QuA drinking were at the level of a binge. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that compulsive-like QuA drinking can be robustly achieved following 3 weeks of DID and male and female C57BL/6J mice do not differ in compulsive-like alcohol drinking.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Conducta Compulsiva/sangre , Conducta Compulsiva/psicología , Etanol/administración & dosificación , Etanol/sangre , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Alcohol use remains abundant in patients with traumatic injury. Previous studies have suggested that serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%dCDT) levels, relative to blood alcohol levels (BALs), may better differentiate episodic binge drinkers from sustained heavy consumers in admitted patients with traumatic injury. We characterized %dCDT levels and BAL levels to differentiate binge drinkers from sustained heavy consumers in admitted trauma patients and their associations with outcomes. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study assessed %dCDT and BAL levels in admitted male and female patients with traumatic injury (≥18 y) at an American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma level-1 center from July 2014 to June 2016. We designated patients with %dCDT levels ≥1.7% (CDT+) as chronic alcohol users and dichotomized acutely intoxicated patients using three different BAL-level thresholds. Primary outcomes included in-hospital complications, along with prolonged ventilation and intensive care unit length of stay, both defined as the top decile. Secondary outcomes included rates of drug or alcohol withdrawal and all-cause mortality. Analyses were adjusted for clinical factors. RESULTS: We studied 715 patients (77.5% men, 60.6% ≤ 40 y of age, median Injury Severity Score: 14, 41.7% motor vehicle crashes, 17.9% gunshot wounds, 11.1% falls). While 31.0% were CDT+, 48.7% were BAL>0. After adjusting for CDT levels, BAL levels >0, >100, or >200 were not associated with adverse outcomes. However, CDT+ relative to patients with CDT were associated with complications (adjusted odds ratio: 1.96 [1.24-3.09]), prolonged ventilation days (3.23 [1.08-9.65]), and prolonged intensive care unit stays (2.83 [1.20-6.68]). CONCLUSIONS: In this 2-year prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study, we found that %dCDT levels, relative to BAL levels, may better stratify admitted patients with traumatic injury into acute versus chronic alcohol users, identifying those at higher risk for in-hospital complications.
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Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/sangre , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Nivel de Alcohol en Sangre , Transferrina/análogos & derivados , Heridas y Lesiones/sangre , Accidentes de Tránsito , Adolescente , Adulto , Alcoholismo/sangre , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Tiempo de Internación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Transferrina/análisis , Resultado del Tratamiento , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiología , Heridas y Lesiones/terapia , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/sangre , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance leading to significant economic and medical burdens. Pigs are an attractive model for studying alcohol abuse disorder due to the comparable alcohol metabolism and consumption behavior, which are in stark contrast to rodent models. This study investigates the usage of a porcine model for voluntary binge drinking (BD) and a detailed analysis of gait changes due to motor function deficits during alcohol intoxication. METHODS: Adolescent pigs were trained to drink increasing concentration (0-8%) of alcohol mixed in a 0.2% saccharin solution for 1 h in a two bottle choice test for 2 weeks. The training period was followed by a 3-week alcohol testing period, where animals were given free access to 8% alcohol in 0.2% saccharin solution and 0.2% saccharin water solution. Blood alcohol levels were tested and gait analysis was performed pre-alcohol consumption, last day of training, and Day 5 of each testing period. RESULTS: Pigs voluntarily consumed alcohol to intoxication at all timepoints with blood alcohol concentration (BAL) ≥80 mg/dl. Spatiotemporal gait parameters including velocity, cadence, cycle time, swing time, stance time, step time, and stride length were perturbed as a result of intoxication. The stratification of the gait data based on BAL revealed that the gait parameters were affected in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: This novel adolescent BD porcine model with inherent anatomical and physiological similarities to humans display similar consumption and intoxication behavior that is likely to yield results that are translatable to human patients.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Etanol/administración & dosificación , Intoxicación Alcohólica/sangre , Animales , Nivel de Alcohol en Sangre , Modelos Animales , Sacarina/administración & dosificación , PorcinosRESUMEN
AIMS: Rodent studies propose potential mechanisms linking excessive drinking and pain hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia), such that stress hormones (i.e. epinephrine and cortisol) mediate induction and maintenance of alcohol withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. The first aim of this study was to examine whether hyperalgesia would occur within 48 h after a drinking episode in healthy young adult binge drinkers. The second was to examine whether stress hormones and negative effect would be associated with binge drinking or alcohol withdrawal-associated hyperalgesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional experiment was conducted in five groups with naturally occurring drinking (mean age = 19.6, range 18-29 years): abstainers (n = 43, 54% female), moderate drinkers with (n = 50, 50% female) or without recent drinking (i.e. within 48 h, n = 23, 26% female) and binge drinkers with (n = 36, 58% female) or without recent drinking (n = 25, 44% female). All types of drinkers endorsed drinking about 2-3 times a month and 2-3 years of drinking history. RESULTS: Muscle pressure pain thresholds were significantly lower in the binge group with recent drinking compared to other groups, but cutaneous mechanical and heat pain thresholds were not significantly different across the five groups. Basal epinephrine levels were significantly higher in binge groups regardless of recent drinking, but cortisol and negative effect were not significantly different across the five groups. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show that alcohol withdrawal-associated muscle hyperalgesia may occur in healthy episodic binge drinkers with only 2-3 years of drinking history, and epinephrine may play a role in binge drinking-associated hyperalgesia.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/complicaciones , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/diagnóstico , Hiperalgesia/diagnóstico , Hiperalgesia/etiología , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Epinefrina/sangre , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Hiperalgesia/sangre , Masculino , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/sangre , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a promising biomarker for gestational alcohol exposure. Studies show PEth accumulation in maternal and fetal blood following alcohol exposure; however, distribution of specific PEth homologues (16:0/18:1, 16:0/18:2, 16:0/20:4) in maternal and fetal blood is unknown. Additionally, PEth levels in highly vulnerable FASD targets in maternal and fetal compartments remain unexplored. We hypothesized that all 3 major PEth homologues will be detectable in the maternal and fetal blood, the maternal uterine artery (a reproductive tissue that delivers oxygen and nutrients to fetoplacental unit), and fetal brain regions following gestational binge alcohol exposure and that homologue distribution profiles will be tissue-specific. METHODS: Pregnant rats received once-daily orogastric gavage of alcohol (Alcohol; BAC 216 mg/dl@4.5g/kg/d; BAC 289 mg/dl@6g/kg/d) or iso-caloric maltose dextrin (Pair-fed control) from gestation days (GD) 5 to 20 or 21. Following chronic exposure, maternal and fetal tissues were analyzed for PEth homologue concentrations utilizing LC-MS/MS technology. RESULTS: All 3 PEth homologues were detected in alcohol-exposed maternal blood, fetal blood, maternal uterine artery, and fetal brain regions (hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum). In both maternal and fetal blood, respectively, PEth 16:0/18:2 was more abundant compared to 16:0/18:1 (p < 0.0001,~66%,↑; p = 0.0159, 20.4%↑) and 16:0/20:4 (p = 0.0072,~25%↑; p = 0.0187, 19.4%↑). Maternal PEth 16:0/20:4 was ~ 42% higher than 16:0/18:1 (p = 0.0015). Maternal PEth 16:0/18:2 and 16:0/20:4 were ~ 25%↑ and ~ 20%↑ higher than in fetal blood (p < 0.05). No homologue differences were detected in the maternal uterine artery. In all fetal brain regions, PEth 16:0/18:1 was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than 16:0/18:2 (~48 to 78%↑) and 16:0/20:4 (~31 to 62%↑) concentrations. PEth 16:0/20:4 was ~ 18% higher than 16:0/18:1 (p < 0.05) in the fetal hippocampus and cortex. CONCLUSION: All major PEth homologues were detected in maternal and fetal blood following chronic gestational binge alcohol exposure; homologue distribution profiles were tissue-specific. This study also provides insights into PEth accumulation in critical FASD targets, specifically the maternal uterine artery and fetal brain.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Etanol/administración & dosificación , Feto/metabolismo , Glicerofosfolípidos/metabolismo , Animales , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/tendencias , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Etanol/toxicidad , Femenino , Feto/efectos de los fármacos , Glicerofosfolípidos/sangre , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Autoadministración , Distribución Tisular/efectos de los fármacos , Distribución Tisular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies suggest that decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the amygdala play a role in anxiety and alcohol use disorder. The association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and amygdala function in humans with alcohol use disorder is still unclear, although neuroimaging studies have also implicated the amygdala in alcohol use disorder and suggest that alcohol use disorder is associated with disrupted functional connectivity between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex during aversive states. METHODS: The current study investigated whether plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in individuals with and without alcohol use disorder (n = 57) were associated with individual differences in amygdala reactivity and amygdala-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during 2 forms of aversive responding captured via functional magnetic resonance imaging: anxiety elicited by unpredictable threat of shock and fear elicited by predictable threat of shock. We also examined whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor and brain function were associated with binge drinking episodes and alcohol use disorder age of onset. RESULTS: During anxiety, but not fear, lower levels of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor were associated with less connectivity between the left amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, within individuals with alcohol use disorder (only), lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during anxiety were associated with more binge episodes within the past 60 days and a lower age of alcohol use disorder onset. There were no associations between brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and focal amygdala task reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the results indicate that plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are related to amygdala circuit functioning in humans, particularly during anxiety, and these individual differences may relate to drinking behaviors.
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Alcoholismo , Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Ansiedad , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/sangre , Conectoma , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Adulto , Edad de Inicio , Alcoholismo/sangre , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/fisiopatología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Ansiedad/sangre , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Reacción de Prevención/fisiología , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: In current clinical practice, prenatal alcohol exposure is usually assessed by interviewing the pregnant woman by applying questionnaires. An alternative method for detecting alcohol use is to measure the biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). However, few studies measure CDT during pregnancy. This study examines the utility of CDT biomarker in the screening of alcohol exposure during early pregnancy. METHODS: A cohort of 91, first-trimester pregnant women assigned to a public reference maternity hospital, was screened using the Green Page (GP) questionnaire, an environmental exposure tool. CDT levels and other biomarkers of alcohol use were measured and compared with questionnaire data. RESULTS: About 70% of the mothers in the study consumed alcohol during early pregnancy and 22% met high-risk criteria for prenatal exposure to alcohol. CDT measurement showed a statistically significant area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with a value of 0.70. For a value of 0.95% of CDT, a specificity of 93% was observed. The most significant predictors of CDT were the number of binge drinking episodes, women's body mass index and European white race. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with a CDT value >0.95% would be good candidates for the performance of the GP questionnaire during early pregnancy in order to detect potential high-risk pregnancy due to alcohol exposure.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Embarazo/sangre , Transferrina/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/etiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Curva ROC , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Transferrina/análisis , Población BlancaRESUMEN
Importance: The prevalence of high-intensity binge drinking (HIBD), defined as consuming 2 or more times the binge threshold defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), is rapidly increasing in the United States. While the relationship between alcohol consumption and lipid and liver function enzyme (LFT) biomarkers has been previously examined, the associations of HIBD with those biomarkers remain unknown. Objective: To examine associations of HIBD with lipid and LFT levels in a cross-sectional sample enriched with participants who engage in HIBD. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional study using data from the NIAAA clinical sample collected from March 3, 2005, to August 21, 2017, with participants recruited for either the NIAAA screening protocols or inpatient alcohol treatment program. For this study, participants were stratified by self-reported alcohol consumption into 4 sex-specific binge levels: nonbinge and 1, 2, and 3 or more times the binge threshold (levels I, II, and III). Multivariable analyses examined the odds of clinically high levels of lipids and LFTs across binge levels. Analyses were performed from December 3, 2018, to January 30, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltransferase. Results: A total of 2065 participants underwent protocol screening; 1519 with data available on alcohol consumption, body mass index, lipid levels, and LFT levels were included in the final analyses. Mean (SD) age was 39.7 (12.1) years; mean (SD) body mass index was 26.6 (5.1); 978 (64.4%) were male; 718 (47.3%) were white; and 578 (31.1%) consumed alcohol at the nonbinge level, 321 (21.2%) at level I, 239 (15.7%) at level II, and 318 (25.1%) at level III. High-intensity binge drinking was associated with 2- to 8-fold increased odds for clinically high levels of HDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and all LFTs (eg, for HDL-C: level III odds ratio [OR], 8.65; 95% CI, 4.75-15.77 and for γ-glutamyltransferase: level III OR, 8.21; 95% CI, 5.90-11.43). Increased HIBD frequency (days consuming at levels II and III) was associated with increased odds for clinically high levels of HDL-C, total cholesterol, and all LFTs (per unit increase in days consuming at the respective binge level) (eg, for HDL-C: level II OR, 1.025; 95% CI, 1.014-1.036 and level III OR, 1.033; 95% CI, 1.019-1.047 and for γ-glutamyltransferase: level II OR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.019-1.037 and level III OR, 1.033; 95% CI, 1.019-1.047). Conclusions and Relevance: High-impact binge drinking was significantly associated with increased odds for clinically high levels of lipids and LFTs. Given that HIBD is increasingly common among US adults, targeted interventions aimed at reducing HIBD may have important health benefits.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/fisiopatología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Transferasas/metabolismo , Adulto , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/metabolismo , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/enzimología , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hígado/enzimología , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Masculino , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
A biomarker that could indicate problematic drinking in adolescents and/or reflect changes in heavy drinking would be a valuable addition to prevention, treatment, and research efforts. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) is a valid biomarker of heavy drinking in adults; however, it is not well examined in adolescents. Adolescents with alcohol dependence (AD) (n = 21; 9 females) and non-dependent controls (ND) (n = 6; 3 females), ages 14-20, were interviewed to determine drinks per drinking day, peak number of drinks, and percent days heavy drinking (≥4 standard drinks/day). Blood samples from participants were assayed for percent of transferrin that was carbohydrate deficient (%CDT). Analyses compared groups on drinking and %CDT, examined the relationship between %CDT and indices of drinking, and provided preliminary estimates of the test validity of %CDT for heavy drinking in adolescents. Among adolescents with AD, %CDT was significantly and strongly correlated (r = .54) with percent heavy drinking days, and this relationship was consistent for both males and females. AD adolescents did not differ from ND on mean %CDT levels, despite significantly greater alcohol use. Indicators of test validity showed that %CDT had low sensitivity (33%) but adequate specificity (83%) for heavy drinking. Results provide proof of concept that %CDT is a potentially valuable tool to use in alcohol treatment and research in adolescents. Even if %CDT does not discriminate between adolescents with and without alcohol dependence, it could be an effective monitoring tool to indicate changes over time in binge drinking. Improved %CDT measurement methods might enhance its utility.
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Alcoholismo/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Transferrina/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/psicología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Transferrina/análisis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality generally exhibits a U-shaped curve. The longevity observed with moderate alcohol consumption may be explained by other confounding factors, and, if such a relationship is present, the mechanism is not well understood. Indeed, the optimal amount of alcohol consumption for health has yet to be determined. Leukocyte telomere length is an emerging quantifiable marker of biological age and health, and a shorter telomere length is a predictor of increased mortality. Because leukocyte telomere length is a quantifiable and objectively measurable biomarker of aging, we sought to identify the amount of alcohol consumption associated with the longest telomere length and least telomere length attrition. Among over 2,000 participants from two distinct cohort studies, we found no pattern of alcohol consumption that was associated with longer telomere length or less telomere length attrition over time. Binge drinking may reduce telomere length. Using telomere length as a marker of age and health, these data fail to demonstrate any benefits of alcohol consumption, even when consumed in moderation.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/metabolismo , Etanol/farmacología , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Acortamiento del Telómero/efectos de los fármacos , Telómero/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/mortalidad , Biomarcadores , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Longevidad/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Binge drinking, an increasingly common form of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; yet, its effects on the immune system's ability to defend against infectious agents are poorly understood. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Although our previous studies demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure results in reduced alveolar macrophage function and increased Burkholderia virulence in vitro, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of binge alcohol on Burkholderia spp. infection in vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we used the close genetic relatives of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis E264 and B. vietnamiensis, as useful BSL-2 model systems. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were administered alcohol comparable to human binge drinking episodes (4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally 30 min before a non-lethal intranasal infection. In an initial B. thailandensis infection (3 x 105), bacteria accumulated in the lungs and disseminated to the spleen in alcohol administered mice only, compared with PBS treated mice at 24 h PI. The greatest bacterial load occurred with B. vietnamiensis (1 x 106) in lungs, spleen, and brain tissue by 72 h PI. Pulmonary cytokine expression (TNF-α, GM-CSF) decreased, while splenic cytokine (IL-10) increased in binge drunk mice. Increased lung and brain permeability was observed as early as 2 h post alcohol administration in vivo. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly decreased, while intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells increased with 0.2% v/v alcohol exposure in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a single binge alcohol dose suppressed innate immune functions and increased the ability of less virulent Burkholderia strains to disseminate through increased barrier permeability and intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/complicaciones , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/inmunología , Infecciones por Burkholderia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Burkholderia/inmunología , Animales , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/inmunología , Encéfalo/microbiología , Burkholderia/patogenicidad , Burkholderia/fisiología , Infecciones por Burkholderia/sangre , Permeabilidad Capilar , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Etanol/efectos adversos , Femenino , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/inmunología , Pulmón/microbiología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/inmunología , Bazo/microbiología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Moderate ethanol consumption (MEC) is increasing among women. Alcohol exposure usually starts in adolescence and tends to continue until adulthood. We aimed to investigate MEC impacts during adolescence until young adulthood of female rats. Adolescent female Wistar rats received distilled water or ethanol (3 g/kg/day), in a 3 days on-4 days off paradigm (binge drinking) for 1 and 4 consecutive weeks. We evaluate liver and brain oxidative damage, peripheral oxidative parameters by SOD, catalase, thiol contents, and MDA, and behavioral motor function by open-field, pole, beam-walking, and rotarod tests. Our results revealed that repeated episodes of binge drinking during adolescence displayed lipid peroxidation in the liver and brain. Surprisingly, such oxidative damage was not detectable on blood. Besides, harmful histological effects were observed in the liver, associated to steatosis and loss of parenchymal architecture. In addition, ethanol intake elicited motor incoordination, bradykinesia, and reduced spontaneous exploratory behavior in female rats.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/patología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/sangre , Femenino , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Corteza Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Motora/patología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Acetaldehyde, the major cytotoxin formed by the metabolism of alcohol, is responsible for liver injury, extracellular matrix alterations, inflammation, and hangover in heavy drinkers. This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of a standardized polyphenolic extract of clove buds (Clovinol) in ameliorating the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by the accumulation of acetaldehyde after binge drinking. We used a randomized, double-blinded crossover study with 16 male social drinkers. The subjects were randomized into two groups of eight subjects and received either placebo or Clovinol in a single hard shell gelatin capsule (250 mg × 1) per day. The dosage of alcohol was 1 g/kg body weight/day. After 2 weeks of washout period, the treatment regime was reversed. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 0.5, 2, 4, and 12 h after treatment with either placebo or Clovinol, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Hangover severity score was determined by using a validated questionnaire as reported earlier. Results showed faster elimination of blood acetaldehyde with significant decreases in oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and significant enhancement in glutathione and superoxide dismutase as compared with placebo along with an overall reduction of 55.34% in hangover severity in Clovinol-treated subjects. This study demonstrated the efficacy of clove bud polyphenols for alleviating alcohol-related side effects among social drinkers at the studied dose.