Functional and Radiological Outcomes of Surgically Treated Coxa-vara in Children.

BACKGROUND: Coxa vara is a condition in which the neck-shaft angle of the femur decreases below its normal value (<110 degrees) based on age. The deformity can be primarily caused by a congenital defect of the femoral neck cartilage or by secondary causes related to skeletal dysplasia, trauma, infection, and pathological bone disorders. The surgical treatment aims to restore the normal anatomy, thereby improving the mechanics and function of the hip joint. Generally, the HE angles should be corrected to <35 to 40 degrees, converting the shear forces into compressive forces. Our study aims to report the surgical outcome of coxa vara with various pathologies using radiographic measurement and functional scoring. METHODS: Thirty-eight hips in 28 patients who underwent surgery for treatment of coxa-vara from 2013 to 2022 were included. Radiographic parameters like Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle and neck-shaft angle were assessed preoperatively and at the latest follow-up. Harris hip score was used for functional outcome. RESULTS: The mean age was 11.13 (5 to 18). The average follow-up was 48 (ranging from 24 to 96) months. The mean preoperative neck-shaft angle was 82 degrees, and the Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle was 71 degrees. At the latest follow-up, the mean neck-shaft angle was 127 degrees, and the Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle was 33 ( P <0.001). The Harris hip score improved from 63 preoperatively to 92 at the latest follow-up ( P <0.001). There was no recurrence of deformities at the mean follow-up of 37.87 months. Four complications occurred with k-wire fixation in whom revalgus osteotomy was done. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical correction of coxa vara in various pathologies can be done successfully with the Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle corrected to ≤ 35 degrees or the neck shaft angle corrected to >110 degrees to prevent deformity recurrence. The majority of the patients reported improvement in hip function. However, a longer-term follow-up is required to determine further outcomes regarding the recurrence of the deformity.

Bilateral Femoral Neck Pseudarthrosis in an Adolescent Girl With Congenital Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia. The Treatment Journey: A Case Report.

CASE: We describe the surgical management of a girl with dwarfism and congenital spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, who presented in adolescence with coxa vara and bilateral pseudarthrosis between the femoral neck and the diaphysis, with asymmetric distal migration at both sites and leg length discrepancy. The patient at 16 years underwent valgus osteotomy in situ and femoral neck fixation in the left hip. The right hip was operated 19 months later. CONCLUSION: Hip dysplasia is common in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, but a debilitating nontraumatic bilateral pseudarthrosis at the base of the femoral neck has not been previously reported. Valgus corrective osteotomies of the femur in situ led to union and allowed the patient to walk.

Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome and an unusual association with mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Campotodactyly-artrhropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is characterized by flexion contracture of the fifth finger (camptodactyly); noninflammatory arthropathy; decreased angle between the shaft and the head of the femur (coxa vara) and pericarditis. Its association with mitral stenosis has not yet been reported. Hereby we report this unique association with CACP syndrome. CASE: An eleven-year-old girl presented with non-productive cough, dyspnea, and orthopnea. She was diagnosed CACP syndrome at the age of seven and a biallelic frameshift mutation in the PRG4 gene was determined. The physical examination revealed pectus excavatum, camptodactyly, genu valgum, tachypnea and orthopnea. The functional capacity was NYHA III-IV. She had 2/6 soft pansystolic murmur at 4th left intercostal space and a rumbling diastolic murmur at apex. Echocardiography revealed an enlarged left atrium, severe stenotic mitral valve with a mean diastolic transmitral gradient of 22.5 mmHg, mild mitral regurgitation and mild apical pericardial effusion. The patient had mitral comissurotomy and partial pericardiectomy operation. Her post-operative transmitral gradient decreased to 6.9 mmHg and the pulmonary pressure was 30 mmHg. Her functional capacity increased to NYHA I-II. CONCLUSIONS: The main defect is the proteoglycan 4 protein which acts like a lubricant in articular and visceral surfaces. Therefore, the leading clinical feature is arthropathy. Cardiac involvement other than clinically mild pericarditis is not usually expected. Three types of proteoglycans (decorin, biglycan, and versican) are present in the mitral valve. This could be the reason of mitral valve involvement in rare cases as like ours. It is important that these patients undergo echocardiographic examination regularly.

Open reduction versus closed reduction in internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fracture in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The quality of reduction is an important factor affecting clinical outcomes for displaced femoral neck fractures (FNFs). However, concerns remain about the invasiveness of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as compared to that of closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF), and the choice between ORIF and CRIF as an optimal treatment strategy for displaced pediatric FNF remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies published up to December 22, 2022, that compared ORIF and CRIF techniques for treating FNF in children. Pooled analysis identified differences in surgical outcomes between ORIF and CRIF, especially regarding postoperative complications, such as osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), nonunion, coxa vara deformity, leg-length discrepancy LLD, and premature physeal closure (PPC). RESULTS: We included 15 studies with 635 pediatric FNF cases in our review. Of these, 324 and 311 were treated with ORIF and CRIF, respectively. The pooled analysis revealed that no significant differences existed between each reduction technique for ONFH (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-1.56; P = 0.69), nonunion (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.18-1.47; P = 0.21), coxa vara deformity (OR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.20-1.72; P = 0.33), LLD (OR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.18-1.82; P = 0.35), and PPC (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.11-4.92; P = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Despite concerns about the invasiveness of ORIF, no differences in complications exist between ORIF and CRIF after FNF in children. Therefore, we believe that ORIF should be performed in FNF when the fracture is irreducible by closed manner.

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita: Use of complementary 3D reconstruction imaging for preoperative planning.

We present a case of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC), a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that results in short stature and skeletal anomalies. Children with SEDC have disproportionate short-trunked short stature, platyspondyly, coxa vara, and epiphyseal involvement. Those with coxa vara can develop osteoarthritis of the hip early and a valgus hip osteotomy is recommended to preserve hip function and delay progression to osteoarthritis. Surgery is difficult due to the three-dimensional deformity, unossified femoral head, and small patient size. In this case, a patient-specific surgical plan and implant sizing was developed using a composite 3D reconstruction from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The complementary use of both modalities allowed for a complete visualization of the patient's dysplastic femoral head & neck anatomy.

Acquisition of coronal alignment according to the degree of varus deformity in total knee arthroplasty using computer-assisted navigation.

PURPOSE: We have analyzed the surgical outcomes of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using computer-assisted navigation that were performed by a single surgeon in terms of postoperative coronal alignment depending on preoperative varus deformity. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who have undergone navigated primary TKA from January 2016 through December 2019. Two hundred and fifty-six cases with varus deformity of 10° or less were assigned to group 1, and 216 cases with varus deformity of more than 10° were assigned to group 2. The postoperative mechanical hip-knee-ankle (mHKA) angle was measured from scanograms which were taken preoperatively and 3 months after surgery. The postoperative mHKA angle was targeted to be 0°, and the appropriate range of coronal alignment was set as 0 ± 3°. RESULTS: The Pearson correlation showed a significant correlation with the degree of preoperative varus deformity and with the absolute error of postoperative mHKA (p = 0.01). Among all patients, 64 cases (13.6%) were detected as outliers (mHKA > 0° ± 3°) at 3 months after surgery. Of the 64 cases, 25 cases (9.8%) were affiliated to group 1 and 39 cases (18.1%) were affiliated to group 2. Group 2 showed significantly higher occurrence of outliers than group 1 (p = 0.01). Multiple variables logistic regression analysis, which analyzed the difference in the occurrence rate of outliers (mHKA > 0° ± 3°), showed that the occurrence rate of group 2 was 2.04 times higher than group 1. After adjusting for patient's age, gender, and body mass index, the occurrence rate of outliers in group 2 was 2.01 times higher than group 1. CONCLUSION: The benefit of computer-assisted navigation during TKA in obtaining coronal alignment within 0 ± 3° may be lessened when the preoperative varus deformity is severely advanced.

Multiple needle puncture combined with repetitive knee manipulation in total knee arthroplasty for correcting varus deformity.

PURPOSE: Multiple needle punctures (MNPs), for gap balancing in total knee replacement, have less variability in gap widening compared to the conventional released technique. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of gap-balancing techniques in varus osteoarthritis (OA) knees, by serial MNP, after a total knee prosthesis trial component was placed, combined with repetitive knee manipulation. METHODS: This study was a retrospective, case-matched study of 161 patients. The data were collected from varus OA knee patients, who had total knee arthroplasty by a single surgeon. Sixty-eight patients required MNP, combined with repetitive knee manipulation for gap balancing, and 93 patients did not. Both groups of MNP patients underwent the same surgical technique and postoperative care protocols. RESULTS: Knee society scores, in terms of knee score and functional score, were not different in both groups when we started the study, at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups (p > 0.05). The femorotibial angle was not significantly different between groups at the start of the study, initial postoperative, 6 months, and 1 year (p = 0.74, 0.45, 0.99, and 0.82, respectively). Medial joint opening in knee radiographic was found in 3% of the patients in the MNP group and in 4% of patients in the control group at 1-year follow-up (p = 0.65). CONCLUSION: This study found MNP combined with repetitive knee manipulation was effective, reproductive, and a safe method for varus OA knee. We believe that the cycle of performed needle punctures, knee manipulation, and reevaluation could gradually lengthen the medial soft tissue without risk of over lengthening or medial collateral ligament rupture.

Safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid in children with cerebral palsy undergoing femoral varus derotational osteotomy: a double cohort study.

AIMS: The safety and efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing blood loss after total joint arthroplasty and spinal fusion surgery has been well documented. However, little data exist regarding the effectiveness of intraoperative TXA in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this double cohort study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative TXA in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements for children with CP undergoing a proximal unilateral or bilateral femoral varus derotational osteotomy (VDRO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all paediatric theatre lists between May 2012 and January 2019 for all paediatric (< 16 years old) CP patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral VDRO combined with soft tissue release at our institution. Fifty-one patients were included in our study further subdivided into two individual groups, unilateral and bilateral VDRO. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in demographics such as age, weight, ASA, GMFCS and antiepileptic medication between the groups. However, there were significant statistically differences in TBL and transfusion rates between the groups that received TXA and those that did not, both in unilateral [241 ml (TXA) vs. 369 ml (non-TXA)] and bilateral [287 ml (TXA) vs. 467 ml (non-TXA)] operations. CONCLUSION: TXA successfully reduced TBL (in both TXA subgroups) and the transfusion rates without associated complications. TXA's safety and efficacy should be explored further in adequately powered randomized controlled trials.

Fever after varus derotational osteotomy is common, but not a risk factor for infection.

Postoperative fever in pediatric patients following reconstructive hip surgery is of unknown significance. This study identifies the prevalence of postoperative fever after corrective hip surgery, its relationship to infection, and whether preventative use of anti-pyretics affects patient outcomes.Overall, 222 patients who underwent a varus derotational osteotomy (VDRO) between 11/1/2004 to 8/1/2014 with minimum 6 months follow up were retrospectively identified. Variables included diagnosis, inpatient stay, daily maximum temperature, duration of fever, fever workup, and administration of scheduled anti-pyretics. Fever was defined as temperature ≥38°C.In total, 123/222 (55.4%) and 70/222 (31.5%) had postoperative fevers of ≥38°C and ≥38.5°C, respectively. Average inpatient stay was 2.7 days postoperatively. Temperature (mean = 38.0°C) was greatest on postoperative day 1 (POD1), and 43.7% of patients had T ≥38°C on POD1. Anti-pyretics did not influence the duration of fever. Anti-pyretics on the day of surgery (POD0) did not influence the incidence of fever. Acetaminophen on POD0 significantly reduced likelihood of fever on POD1 (P = .02). Average length of fevers ≥38°C and 38.5°C were 8.4 and 4.2 hours, respectively. 3/18 (16.7%) fever workups administered were positive. Postoperative fever did not predict infection. 9/222 (4/1%) patients had postoperative infection - 5/123 (4.1%) with fever ≥38°C and 4/70 (5.7%) with fever ≥38.5°C. Rates of infection in patients with and without fevers were not significantly different (P = .97 for T ≥38°C and P = .38, for T ≥38.5°C).Though common, postoperative fever does not increase risk of infection. The low prevalence of positive cultures indicates routine fever workups can safely be avoided in most patients.Level of Evidence: III, retrospective comparative study.

An alternative fixation method for femoral varus derotational osteotomy in spastic cerebral palsy: the Rush rod.

The objective of this study is to present the clinical and radiographic data collected from patients who were treated with a varus derotational osteotomy using Rush rod fixation and compare this to published norms of outcomes using blade plate fixation. A retrospective chart and radiograph review was conducted after identifying 44 patients with 61 hips who underwent varus derotational osteotomy with Rush rod fixation at our institution between 2006 and 2016. We identified 44 patients with 61 hips who underwent the procedure. Information from follow-up clinic visits was gathered and any complications were noted. The patients' radiographs were analyzed to measure neck-shaft angle, center-edge angle, and acetabular index. At the time of surgery, 44 patients (61 hips) also had soft tissue releases performed, 44 (61 hips) had an open reduction of the hip, and 39 (55 hips) had Dega acetabular osteotomies performed as well. The average pre-operative neck-shaft angle was measured at 163.0° (range 128-180) with average post-operative neck-shaft angles measuring 111.3° (range 85-167). The acetabular index improved from an average of 33.3° (range 16-60) to 16.4 (range 4-35). Post-operative Center-Edge Angle measured 29.7° (range 5-45). There were no infections or cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We present an alternative fixation method for performing varus derotational osteotomy of the proximal femur in children with cerebral palsy using the Rush rod. In our retrospective analysis of 61 hips undergoing this procedure, we present comparable radiographic outcomes with decreased complication rates. Level of evidence: Retrospective comparative study to previously published results, Level III.

Adult Idiopathic Bilateral Coxa Vara with Hip Osteoarthritis Treated with Bilateral Proximal Femur Osteotomy: A Case Report.

CASE: We reported a case of a 25-year-old woman with idiopathic bilateral coxa vara who had initial presentation of hip osteoarthritis. She was later treated with bilateral subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy. A good functional outcome was recorded without nonunion or deformity recurrence. The arthritis of the hips also decelerated. CONCLUSIONS: Coxa vara first diagnosed in adulthood was relatively uncommon, and the cause in this present case was uncertain. Subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy seemed to be a suitable treatment for this case.

Valgus Hip Osteotomy in Children With Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita: Midterm Results.

BACKGROUND: Coxa vara has been frequently reported in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC), and proximal femoral osteotomy has been described as a useful treatment. The aim of this study was to discuss the clinical, radiographic, and gait outcomes after valgus extension osteotomy of the proximal femur. Changes of lumbar lordosis, associated with coxa vara correction, are reported as well as the outcome differences between different ages. METHODS: Records of children with SEDC, who were followed at our institution between 2004 and 2014, were reviewed; and children had hip surgery were identified. Hip pain and passive range of motion, radiographic neck shaft angle (NSA), and Hilgenreiner trochanteric (H-T) angle, sagittal spinopelvic parameters, and gait data were recorded. Preoperative and last follow-up data were compared. Outcomes were also compared between 3 age groups. RESULTS: Of the 79 children with SEDC, 26 children (12 boys and 14 girls) had hip osteotomy in 48 hips. Mean age at surgery was 9.6 years and the mean follow-up was 5 years. Preoperative hip pain was noted in 30 hips. At the last follow-up, 3 hips were painful at the extreme range of motion. Passive range of motion, NSA, and H-T improved postoperatively. Although NSA was maintained over the follow-up, H-T deterioration was noted. Spinopelvic measurements changed significantly and gait data remained stable except pelvic tilt that reduced significantly after surgery. The changes of radiographic measurements in each age group were similar to the total group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In children with SEDC, surgical correction of coxa vara, by proximal femoral valgus osteotomy, is an effective treatment that improves hip pain and range of motion in addition to the radiographic alignment of the proximal femur and the sagittal spinopelvic alignment. Children are expected to maintain their level of function after surgery and to have good results over the midterm regardless of their age at surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic study.

Transfixing Kirshner wires for fixation of intertrochanteric valgus osteotomies in management of pediatric coxa vara.

BACKGROUND: Coxa vara is a radiological term describing a decrease in the neck-shaft angle to 120° or less. Coxa vara is associated with pathomechanical changes that can manifest clinically. If left untreated, coxa vara can affect the normal development of the pediatric hip. Valgus osteotomy is the standard surgical treatment for coxa vara, but there is no consensus regarding the optimal osteotomy technique and fixation method. The work reported here aimed to highlight transfixing wires as a fixation method for valgus osteotomy applied as treatment for various types of pediatric coxa vara. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 16 cases of pediatric coxa vara with different etiologies in 9 patients with a mean age of 39.9 ± 15.2 months. Radiological and clinical evaluations and scoring of the condition of each patient according to the Iowa Hip Score were performed pre- and postoperatively. Transfixing wires and a protective spica were used for the fixation of a V-shaped, laterally based, closing-wedge valgus osteotomy in all cases. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 14 to 102 months, with a mean duration of 33.3 ± 27.7 months. RESULTS: The mean Hilgenreiner epiphyseal angle (HEA) was corrected from 81.7 ± 2.2° to 24.3 ± 3.5° and the mean femoral neck-shaft angle (FNSA) was improved from 86.9 ± 4.2° to 138.6 ± 3.5°. No recurrence of the deformity was observed during the follow-up periods considered here. The osteotomy site united after an average of 11.7 ± 2.2 weeks with no secondary displacement, and in cases of developmental coxa vara there was progressive ossification of the neck defect with no surgery-related complications. Clinical results were markedly improved by the osteotomy, with a mean postoperative Iowa Hip Score at last follow-up of 95.06 ± 2.6, compared to a mean preoperative score of 57.4 ± 3.6. CONCLUSIONS: Transfixing wires protected in a hip spica cast represent a simple, easy, and reliable fixation method for valgus osteotomies performed to correct pediatic coxa vara. It assures stable fixation and rapid healing of the osteotomy without loss of the achieved correction, it completely avoids the femoral neck affording marked protection to the growth plate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Management of Coxa Vara Septica and Pseudoarthrosis of the Femoral Neck: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Coxa vara and pseudoarthrosis of the femoral neck after septic hip arthritis is a very rare disease. The aim of this study was to present a case with pseudoarthrosis of the femoral neck, with coxa vara after neonatal septic arthritis of the right hip, and treatment of the pseudarthrosis with proximal femoral valgus osteotomy. CASE REPORT A 12-month-old female, who had suffered neonatal septic arthritis with a five-day history of fever and painful right hip now demonstrated painless limping to the right hip, pelvic obliquity, Trendelenburg-Duchenne gait, limitation of hip abduction, lower-extremity length discrepancy with 3.0 cm of shortening of right femur, and walking on her tiptoes. In addition, a viable femoral head, coxa vara, and pseudoarthrosis of the femoral neck were observed. At the age of 26-months, the patient had a realignment valgus osteotomy of the proximal femur and adductor tenotomy was performed. At the last follow-up postoperative evaluation, at the age of four and a half years, the patient showed successful consolidation of pseudoarthrosis, correction of Trendelenburg gait, restored right lower extremity alignment, and corrected lower-extremity length discrepancy. CONCLUSIONS In the case of coxa vara and pseudoarthrosis of the femoral neck, realignment of the proximal femoral valgus osteotomy and bone grafting of the pseudoarthrosis resulted in ossification of the femoral neck as the epiphyseal plate was placed at right angle to the compressive forces.

Trochantoplasty for Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With Coxa Vara Deformity.

BACKGROUND: In total hip arthroplasty (THA) of hips with coxa vara, the femoral stems might be inserted in a varus alignment. To avoid varus insertion, we designed a technique, which we termed "trochantoplasty." In this procedure, the medial half of the greater trochanter was removed during THA. METHODS: We evaluated 30 patients (31 hips) who had coxa vara deformity and underwent THA using trochantoplasty at the mean follow-up of 5 years (range, 3-9 years). RESULTS: All stems were inserted in the neutral position. One Vancouver type 1 periprosthetic femoral fracture occurred after a fall at postoperative 2 months. At the latest follow-up, the mean power of abductor was 4.3 (range, 3-5). Four patients had moderate limp whereas 26 patients had slight limp. The abduction at 90° flexion ranged from 15° to 45° (mean, 35°). There was no revision. All prostheses had bone-ingrown stability without any detectable wear or osteolysis. The mean Harris hip score was improved from 66.9 to 89.4 points. CONCLUSION: Trochantoplasty can be used to avoid varus insertion of the femoral stem while performing THA in patients with coxa vara deformity without compromising the abductor mechanism.

Coxa vara in postseptic arthritis of the hip in children.

The behavior and treatment of coxa vara and pseudarthrosis of the proximal femur secondary to sepsis is not well described. The aim of this study is to describe the pathoanatomy for coxa vara and pseudarthrosis in postseptic hips, evaluate progression of neck shaft angle (NSA), and discuss treatment. This is a retrospective case series of 20 patients (21 hips). There were 11 hips with predominant avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis without pseudarthrosis (type 1) and 10 with pseudarthrosis (type 2). The interobserver κ value was 0.79. There was a decrease in NSA from 110.3° to 99.3° during an average follow-up duration of 5.2 years (range: 2-14 years). The average change in NSA between the initial presentation and the final follow-up was 5.5° in type 1 and 17.1° in type 2. Nine patients underwent a surgical intervention. In cases where subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy was performed, the mean preoperative NSA was 94° and the mean NSA at the final follow-up was 128°; all operated pseudarthroses healed without bone grafting. Acetabuloplasty is not necessary in most cases.

Percutaneous multiplanar subtrochanteric osteotomy with external fixation for developmental coxa vara (preliminary results).

Developmental coxa vara (DCV) develops during early childhood between the age of independent walking and 6 years. The deformity includes a decrease in the neck-shaft angle and femoral retroversion. Recently, good results have been reported using external fixator systems for the correction of proximal femoral deformities secondary to slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Perthes' disease in children, and percutaneous proximal femoral osteotomy for coxa vara. This preliminary study was performed to evaluate the results of percutaneous subtrochanteric osteotomy in restoring the normal alignment and orientation (radiographic outcome), thereby restoring the normal mechanics of the hip joint, overcoming shortening of the limb, and re-establishing the length-tension relationship of the abductor muscles (functional outcome). During the period between January 2009 and January 2012, a prospective study was conducted involving 30 (33 hips) patients with DCV and a preoperative Hilgenreiner's epiphyseal angle of 60° or greater on coronal radiographs. Clinical and radiological (anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis) evaluation of patients was carried out preoperatively and postoperatively until union was achieved and fixator removal was carried out, and then at 6 months and at the final follow-up, with a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 33 months after surgery and an average of 20.8 months. We used the technique described by Sabharwal and colleagues (2005) to perform an acute, opened wedge subtrochanteric valgus-flexion-derotation femoral osteotomy using a percutaneous multiple drill hole technique. A low-profile Ilizarov external fixator was applied in each case. The average operative time (including anesthesia time) was 74 (range 60-130) min. The average time spent in the external fixator until union was 11 (range 7-15) weeks. The average intraoperative blood loss was 35 (range 10-150) ml, and no patient developed hemodynamic instability or required any postoperative blood transfusion. The hospital stay averaged 1.2 (range 1-2) days. Hilgenreiner's epiphyseal angle preoperatively averaged 70.6° (ranging from 55° to 90°). At 6 months it averaged 40.6° (ranging from 15° to 60°). At final follow-up it averaged 41.16° (ranging from 15° to 60°). Percutaneous subtrochanteric osteotomy with external fixation appears safe and effective in treating multiplanar proximal femoral deformities associated with DCV in children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Varus will have varus; a radiological study to assess and predict varus stem placement in uncemented femoral stems.

BACKGROUND: Varus inclination of the uncemented stem is not necessarily a technical error. The proximal femoral anatomy of hips with a coxa vara deformity frequently predisposes varus inclination. METHODS: We reviewed a series of 200 patients undergoing primary uncemented THA with the Corail® hip system. Preoperative data were based on patient demographics, diagnosis, and radiographic information (preoperative templating-CT measurements), and compared postoperative alignment for each stem and type of stem used. Proximal femoral traits which can alert surgeons, when templating preoperatively, to potential varus alignment were noted. RESULTS: All stems were inserted either in neutral or varus alignments. Low neck shaft angle is strongly predictive of increased varus stem alignment (p<0.001). Stems inserted with higher varus alignment were associated with the preoperative morphological traits associated with coxa vara hip deformities - increased femoral offset (p<0.001), greater trochanteric overhang (p<0.001), greater trochanteric height (p<0.046), and a lower canal flare index (p<0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Varus stem alignment is neither unexpected nor necessarily a technical failure when using this particular uncemented stem system. Coxa vara deformities, due to a combination of morphological traits, are more likely to be inserted with higher varus alignment than hips with normal or higher neck shaft angles. Surgeons need to be aware of this when carrying out preoperative templating and intraoperative assessment, in order to prevent over-compensation for offset, length or stability.

Fixation of Intertrochanteric Valgus Osteotomy with T Plate in Treatment of Developmental Coxa Vara.

BACKGROUND: Although the valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy is considered as a standard surgical treatment for coxa vara, there is no consensus on the optimal method of fixation and osteotomy technique. Fixation of the osteotomy has been achieved by various methods including external fixation and internal fixation with pins and cerclage and a variety of plates. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the results of developmental coxa treated by Y intertrochanteric valgus osteotomy fixed with a T-buttress plate compared with other methods of fixation in the literature. METHODS: Eighteen corrective valgus intertrochanteric femoral osteotomies were performed in 18 patients (18 hips) for treatment of unilateral developmental coxa vara deformity and fixed with a T plate. There were 12 males and 6 females. The right hip was affected in 10 patients and the left hip in 8 patients. Clinically, patients were evaluated by Larson hip score. Radiographically, anteroposterior view of the pelvis and frog leg lateral views of the affected hip were taken preoperatively and compared with the findings at the final follow-up. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 29 months (range, 24 to 36 months). Clinical results showed improvement of the mean Larson hip score from 57.8 to 97.0 (p < 0.001). Radiological results showed that all osteotomies were completely united in 2.4 months (range, 2 to 3 months) with the achievement of the planned correction angle. The average correction of Hilgenreiner's epiphyseal angle improved from 78.2° to 27.8° (p < 0.001) at the final follow-up. The femoral neck shaft angle was improved from 93.7° to 129.9° (p < 0.001) at the final follow-up. Shortening of the affected limb was corrected from 2.8 cm to 1.3 cm (p < 0.001) at the last follow-up. No major serious complications were recorded in the present study. CONCLUSIONS: Intertrochanteric valgus osteotomy of the proximal femur fixed with a T plate may be efficient for treatment of developmental coxa vara. With careful planning, it can result in a low complication rate and insignificant or minimal recurrence rate.

EFFECT OF TRANEXAMIC ACID USE ON POSTOPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY.

AIM: To monitor the effect of tranexamic acid use (Exacyl) on postoperative bleeding (aspiration), autologous blood transfusion (autotransfusion), allogeneic blood transfusion and postoperative anemia (difference between preoperative and immediate postoperative hemoglobin levels) in total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted on a sample of 457 patients who underwent endoprosthetic knee arthroplasty in the interval January 1, 2008-July 3O, 2014 at the Traumatology-Orthopedics Clinic of the Iasi Rehabilitation Hospital. The mean age of the study group was 66 years (range 32-84 years), 74.4% were female, 39.8% presented varus and 6.1% valgus malalignment. The study group was subdivided into two groups: Group 1 served as controls and underwent surgery without the administration of tranexamic acid and Group 2 received tranexamic acid. RESULTS: In group 1 the average amount of blood lost was significantly higher than in group 2, 1168.94 ml vs. 452.9 ml (p < 0.001). The use of a cell saver was required in 70% of group 1 patients with an average amount of auto transfused blood of 480.70 ml, significantly more frequent and in greater amounts than in group 2 (below 10%) with an average of 15.05 ml (p < 0.001). In this study tranexamic acid had not a statistically significant favorable effect on blood transfusion requirements and anemia syndrome. CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid has a favorable effect on postoperative blood loss and its associated complications, with a favorable impact on both early clinical and functional recovery.