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1.
Vet Ital ; 60(1)2024 Mar 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38722262

RESUMEN

The present research delved into the transmission patterns, diagnostic methods, molecular traits, and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium species. The research was undertaken to enhance comprehension of the epidemiology and the potential for zoonotic transmission. A total of 80 goat-kid samples were tested, 7 were confirmed positive by mZN microscopy and 12 by nested-PCR. By PCR, 18SSUrRNA, HSP70, and GP60 amplicons were tested for Cryptosporidium. The restriction enzymes viz., SspI, VspI and MboII were used to genotype 12 Cryptosporidium positive samples by which C. parvum and C. bovis mixed infections were detected. Quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR was used to transcriptionally screen the COWP-subunit genes to assess the severity of the infection in goat-kids, which showed upregulation of COWP6 and COWP4, while COWP9 and COWP3 genes were downregulated. A silent mutation was found at the codon CCA→CCC, which is being reported for the first time in goat field isolates. Phylogenetic and sequencing analyses confirmed the presence of the anthropozoonotic IIe subtype.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Animales , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiosis/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Microscopía/veterinaria , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética
2.
PLoS Pathog ; 20(5): e1011820, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38718306

RESUMEN

The production of IFN-γ is crucial for control of multiple enteric infections, but its impact on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) is not well understood. Cryptosporidium parasites exclusively infect epithelial cells and the ability of interferons to activate the transcription factor STAT1 in IEC is required for parasite clearance. Here, the use of single cell RNA sequencing to profile IEC during infection revealed an increased proportion of mid-villus enterocytes during infection and induction of IFN-γ-dependent gene signatures that was comparable between uninfected and infected cells. These analyses were complemented by in vivo studies, which demonstrated that IEC expression of the IFN-γ receptor was required for parasite control. Unexpectedly, treatment of Ifng-/- mice with IFN-γ showed the IEC response to this cytokine correlates with a delayed reduction in parasite burden but did not affect parasite development. These data sets provide insight into the impact of IFN-γ on IEC and suggest a model in which IFN-γ signalling to uninfected enterocytes is important for control of Cryptosporidium.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Interferón gamma , Mucosa Intestinal , Ratones Noqueados , Animales , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Criptosporidiosis/inmunología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Ratones , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Cryptosporidium , Células Epiteliales/parasitología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Enterocitos/parasitología , Enterocitos/metabolismo , Enterocitos/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Receptor de Interferón gamma , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Receptores de Interferón/metabolismo , Receptores de Interferón/genética , Transducción de Señal
3.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 199, 2024 May 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38698452

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Enteric parasitic infections remain a major public health problem globally. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. and Giardia spp. are parasites that cause diarrhea in the general populations of both developed and developing countries. Information from molecular genetic studies on the speciation of these parasites and on the role of animals as vectors in disease transmission is lacking in Ghana. This study therefore investigated these diarrhea-causing parasites in humans, domestic rats and wildlife animals in Ghana using molecular tools. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from asymptomatic school children aged 9-12 years living around the Shai Hills Resource Reserve (tourist site), from wildlife (zebras, kobs, baboons, ostriches, bush rats and bush bucks) at the same site, from warthogs at the Mole National Park (tourist site) and from rats at the Madina Market (a popular vegetable market in Accra, Ghana. The 18S rRNA gene (18S rRNA) and 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) for Cryptosporidium spp., the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) for Giardia spp. and the 18S rDNA for Cyclospora spp. were analyzed in all samples by PCR and Sanger sequencing as markers of speciation and genetic diversity. RESULTS: The parasite species identified in the fecal samples collected from humans and animals included the Cryptosporidium species C. hominis, C. muris, C. parvum, C. tyzzeri, C. meleagridis and C. andersoni; the Cyclopora species C. cayetanensis; and the Gardia species, G. lamblia and G. muris. For Cryptosporidium, the presence of the gp60 gene confirmed the finding of C. parvum (41%, 35/85 samples) and C. hominis (29%, 27/85 samples) in animal samples. Cyclospora cayetanensis was found in animal samples for the first time in Ghana. Only one human sample (5%, 1/20) but the majority of animal samples (58%, 51/88) had all three parasite species in the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results of fecal sample testing for parasites, we conclude that animals and human share species of the three genera (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia), with the parasitic species mostly found in animals also found in human samples, and vice-versa. The presence of enteric parasites as mixed infections in asymptomatic humans and animal species indicates that they are reservoirs of infections. This is the first study to report the presence of C. cayetanensis and C. hominis in animals from Ghana. Our findings highlight the need for a detailed description of these parasites using high-throughput genetic tools to further understand these parasites and the neglected tropical diseases they cause in Ghana where such information is scanty.


Asunto(s)
Animales Domésticos , Animales Salvajes , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Cyclospora , Ciclosporiasis , Heces , Animales , Ghana/epidemiología , Cyclospora/genética , Cyclospora/aislamiento & purificación , Cyclospora/clasificación , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Heces/parasitología , Ciclosporiasis/epidemiología , Ciclosporiasis/parasitología , Ciclosporiasis/veterinaria , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/transmisión , Humanos , Niño , Animales Domésticos/parasitología , Ratas , ADN Protozoario/genética , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Giardiasis/veterinaria , Giardiasis/parasitología , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Diarrea/parasitología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/epidemiología , Filogenia , Giardia/genética , Giardia/aislamiento & purificación , Giardia/clasificación
4.
Front Immunol ; 15: 1379798, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38756777

RESUMEN

Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a poorly controlled zoonosis caused by an intestinal parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, with a high prevalence in livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats). Young animals are particularly susceptible to this infection due to the immaturity of their intestinal immune system. In a neonatal mouse model, we previously demonstrated the importance of the innate immunity and particularly of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) among mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in controlling the acute phase of C. parvum infection. These immune populations are well described in mice and humans, but their fine characterization in the intestine of young ruminants remained to be further explored. Methods: Immune cells of the small intestinal Peyer's patches and of the distal jejunum were isolated from naive lambs and calves at different ages. This was followed by their fine characterization by flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses (q-RT-PCR and single cell RNAseq (lamb cells)). Newborn animals were infected with C. parvum, clinical signs and parasite burden were quantified, and isolated MP cells were characterized by flow cytometry in comparison with age matched control animals. Results: Here, we identified one population of macrophages and three subsets of cDC (cDC1, cDC2, and a minor cDC subset with migratory properties) in the intestine of lamb and calf by phenotypic and targeted gene expression analyses. Unsupervised single-cell transcriptomic analysis confirmed the identification of these four intestinal MP subpopulations in lamb, while highlighting a deeper diversity of cell subsets among monocytic and dendritic cells. We demonstrated a weak proportion of cDC1 in the intestine of highly susceptible newborn lambs together with an increase of these cells within the first days of life and in response to the infection. Discussion: Considering cDC1 importance for efficient parasite control in the mouse model, one may speculate that the cDC1/cDC2 ratio plays also a key role for the efficient control of C. parvum in young ruminants. In this study, we established the first fine characterization of intestinal MP subsets in young lambs and calves providing new insights for comparative immunology of the intestinal MP system across species and for future investigations on host-Cryptosporidium interactions in target species.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium parvum , Homeostasis , Animales , Criptosporidiosis/inmunología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Cryptosporidium parvum/inmunología , Ovinos , Bovinos , Homeostasis/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/parasitología , Fagocitos/inmunología , Fagocitos/parasitología , Animales Recién Nacidos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/parasitología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/parasitología , Intestinos/parasitología , Intestinos/inmunología , Rumiantes/parasitología , Rumiantes/inmunología
5.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 11218, 2024 05 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38755395

RESUMEN

Cryptosporidium spp. are significant zoonotic intestinal parasites that induce diarrhea and even death across most vertebrates, including humans. Previous studies showed that sheep are important hosts for Cryptosporidium and that its distribution in sheep is influenced by geography, feeding patterns, age, and season. Environmental factors also influence the transmission of Cryptosporidium. Molecular studies of Cryptosporidium in sheep have been conducted in only a few regions of China, and studies into the effect of sheep-housing environments on Cryptosporidium transmission are even rarer. To detect the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in large-scale sheep-housing farms, a total of 1241 fecal samples were collected from sheep, 727 environmental samples were taken from sheep housing, and 30 water samples were collected in six regions of China. To ascertain the existence of the parasite and identify the species of Cryptosporidium spp., we conducted nested PCR amplification of DNA extracted from all samples using the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene as a target. For a more in-depth analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. subtypes, C. xiaoi-and C. ubiquitum-positive samples underwent separate nested PCR amplification targeting the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The amplification of the Cryptosporidium spp. SSU rRNA gene locus from the whole genomic DNA of all samples yielded a positive rate of 1.2% (20/1241) in fecal samples, 0.1% (1/727) in environmental samples, and no positive samples were found in water samples. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in large-scale housed sheep was 1.7%, which was higher than that in free-ranging sheep (0.0%). The highest prevalence of infection was found in weaning lambs (6.8%). Among the different seasons, the peaks were found in the fall and winter. The most prevalent species were C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum, with the former accounting for the majority of infections. The distribution of C. xiaoi subtypes was diverse, with XXIIIc (n = 1), XXIIId (n = 2), XXIIIe (n = 2), and XXIIIl (n = 4) identified. In contrast, only one subtype, XIIa (n = 9), was found in C. ubiquitum. In this study, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum were found to be the predominant species, and Cryptosporidium was found to be present in the environment. These findings provide an important foundation for the comprehensive prevention and management of Cryptosporidium in intensively reared sheep. Furthermore, by elucidating the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and its potential role in environmental transmission, this study deepens our understanding of the intricate interactions between animal health, environmental contamination, and public health dynamics.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Granjas , Heces , Variación Genética , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Ovinos/parasitología , China/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/transmisión , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/transmisión , Prevalencia , Heces/parasitología , Filogenia
6.
J Water Health ; 22(3): 612-626, 2024 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38557575

RESUMEN

In a recent monitoring study of Minnesota's public supply wells, Cryptosporidium was commonly detected with 40% of the wells having at least one detection. Risk factors for Cryptosporidium occurrence in drinking water supply wells, beyond surface water influence, remain poorly understood. To address this gap, physical and chemical factors were assessed as potential predictors of Cryptosporidium occurrence in 135 public supply wells in Minnesota. Univariable analysis, regression techniques, and classification trees were used to analyze the data. Many variables were identified as significant risk factors in univariable analysis and several remained significant throughout the succeeding analysis techniques. These factors fell into general categories of well use and construction, aquifer characteristics, and connectedness to the land surface, well capture zones, and land use therein, existence of potential contaminant sources within 200-feet of the well, and variability in the chemical and isotopic parameters measured during the study. These risk categories, and the specific variables and threshold values we have identified, can help guide future research on factors influencing Cryptosporidium contamination of wells and can be used by environmental health programs to develop risk-based sampling plans and design interventions that reduce associated health risks.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Agua Subterránea , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Humanos , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Minnesota , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Abastecimiento de Agua , Pozos de Agua , Factores de Riesgo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
7.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 126, 2024 Apr 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38561770

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Ethno-veterinary practices could be used as a sustainable developmental tool by integrating traditional phytotherapy and husbandry. Phytotherapeutics are available and used worldwide. However, evidence of their antiparasitic efficacy is currently very limited. Parasitic diseases have a considerable effect on pig production, causing economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality. In this respect, especially smallholders and organic producers face severe challenges. Parasites, as disease causing agents, often outcompete other pathogens in such extensive production systems. A total of 720 faecal samples were collected in two farms from three age categories, i.e. weaners, fatteners, and sows. Flotation (Willis and McMaster method), modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained faecal smear, centrifugal sedimentation, modified Blagg technique, and faecal cultures were used to identify parasites and quantify the parasitic load. RESULTS: The examination confirmed the presence of infections with Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Balantioides coli (syn. Balantidium coli), Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi, and Trichuris suis, distributed based on age category. A dose of 180 mg/kg bw/day of Allium sativum L. and 90 mg/kg bw/day of Artemisia absinthium L. powders, administered for 10 consecutive days, revealed a strong, taxonomy-based antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlighted the therapeutic potential of both A. sativum and A. absinthium against gastrointestinal parasites in pigs. Their therapeutic effectiveness may be attributed to the content in polyphenols, tocopherols, flavonoids, sterols, sesquiterpene lactones, and sulfoxide. Further research is required to establish the minimal effective dose of both plants against digestive parasites in pigs.


Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Artemisia absinthium , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Ajo , Parasitosis Intestinales , Parásitos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Femenino , Antiparasitarios/farmacología , Antiparasitarios/uso terapéutico , Granjas , Parasitosis Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Prevalencia
8.
Environ Monit Assess ; 196(5): 439, 2024 Apr 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38592554

RESUMEN

In this study, the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) methodology was applied to estimate the annual risk of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infection associated with a water treatment plant in southern Brazil. The efficiency of the treatment plant in removing protozoa and the effectiveness of the Brazilian legislation on microbiological protection were evaluated, emphasizing the relevance of implementing the QMRA in this context. Two distinct approaches were employed to estimate the mechanical removal of protozoa: The definitions provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the model proposed by Neminski and Ongerth. Although the raw water collected had a higher concentration of Giardia cysts than Cryptosporidium oocysts, the estimated values for the annual risk of infection were significantly higher for Cryptosporidium than for Giardia. From a general perspective, the risk values of protozoa infection were either below or very near the limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In contrast, all the risk values of Cryptosporidium infection exceeded the threshold established by the USEPA. Ultimately, it was concluded that the implementation of the QMRA methodology should be considered by the Brazilian authorities, as the requirements and guidelines provided by the Brazilian legislation proved to be insufficient to guarantee the microbiological safety of drinking water. In this context, the QMRA application can effectively contribute to the prevention and investigation of outbreaks of waterborne disease.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Giardia , Medición de Riesgo
9.
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi ; 36(1): 105-110, 2024 Mar 27.
Artículo en Chino | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38604694

RESUMEN

Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal parasite that is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Human infection may occur following ingestion of water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts, and children and immunocompromised individuals are at a high risk of infections. The main symptoms of Cryptosporidium infections include diarrhea, vomiting, malnutrition, and even death. Because of high sensitivity and rapid procedures, molecular tests are helpful for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and may reduce the public health risk of cryptosporidiosis. This review summarizes the advances in the latest prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections during recent years.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Niño , Humanos , Criptosporidiosis/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Cryptosporidium/genética , Prevalencia , Diarrea/parasitología , Heces/parasitología
10.
PLoS Pathog ; 20(4): e1011906, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38669269

RESUMEN

The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. Current treatment options are inadequate and multiple preclinical compounds are being actively pursued as potential drugs for cryptosporidiosis. Unlike most apicomplexans, Cryptosporidium spp. sequentially replicate asexually and then sexually within a single host to complete their lifecycles. Anti-cryptosporidial compounds are generally identified or tested through in vitro phenotypic assays that only assess the asexual stages. Therefore, compounds that specifically target the sexual stages remain unexplored. In this study, we leveraged the ReFRAME drug repurposing library against a newly devised multi-readout imaging assay to identify small-molecule compounds that modulate macrogamont differentiation and maturation. RNA-seq studies confirmed selective modulation of macrogamont differentiation for 10 identified compounds (9 inhibitors and 1 accelerator). The collective transcriptomic profiles of these compounds indicates that translational repression accompanies Cryptosporidium sexual differentiation, which we validated experimentally. Additionally, cross comparison of the RNA-seq data with promoter sequence analysis for stage-specific genes converged on a key role for an Apetala 2 (AP2) transcription factor (cgd2_3490) in differentiation into macrogamonts. Finally, drug annotation for the ReFRAME hits indicates that an elevated supply of energy equivalence in the host cell is critical for macrogamont formation.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Proteínas Protozoarias , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Protozoarias/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida/efectos de los fármacos , Cryptosporidium/efectos de los fármacos , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Humanos , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología
11.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 14: 1367359, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38660488

RESUMEN

Cryptosporidium parvum is a common cause of a zoonotic disease and a main cause of diarrhea in newborns. Effective drugs or vaccines are still lacking. Oocyst is the infective form of the parasite; after its ingestion, the oocyst excysts and releases four sporozoites into the host intestine that rapidly attack the enterocytes. The membrane protein CpRom1 is a large rhomboid protease that is expressed by sporozoites and recognized as antigen by the host immune system. In this study, we observed the release of CpRom1 with extracellular vesicles (EVs) that was not previously described. To investigate this phenomenon, we isolated and resolved EVs from the excystation medium by differential ultracentrifugation. Fluorescence flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments identified two types of sporozoite-derived vesicles: large extracellular vesicles (LEVs) and small extracellular vesicles (SEVs). Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) revealed mode diameter of 181 nm for LEVs and 105 nm for SEVs, respectively. Immunodetection experiments proved the presence of CpRom1 and the Golgi protein CpGRASP in LEVs, while immune-electron microscopy trials demonstrated the localization of CpRom1 on the LEVs surface. TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that LEVs were generated by means of the budding of the outer membrane of sporozoites; conversely, the origin of SEVs remained uncertain. Distinct protein compositions were observed between LEVs and SEVs as evidenced by their corresponding electrophoretic profiles. Indeed, a dedicated proteomic analysis identified 5 and 16 proteins unique for LEVs and SEVs, respectively. Overall, 60 proteins were identified in the proteome of both types of vesicles and most of these proteins (48 in number) were already identified in the molecular cargo of extracellular vesicles from other organisms. Noteworthy, we identified 12 proteins unique to Cryptosporidium spp. and this last group included the immunodominant parasite antigen glycoprotein GP60, which is one of the most abundant proteins in both LEVs and SEVs.


Asunto(s)
Cryptosporidium parvum , Vesículas Extracelulares , Proteínas Protozoarias , Esporozoítos , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Cryptosporidium parvum/metabolismo , Esporozoítos/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/análisis , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Animales , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Humanos , Proteoma/análisis , Proteómica , Citometría de Flujo
12.
PLoS One ; 19(4): e0297967, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38656969

RESUMEN

Infectious disease cryptosporidiosis is caused by the cryptosporidium parasite, a type of parasitic organism. It is spread through the ingestion of contaminated water, food, or fecal matter from infected animals or humans. The control becomes difficult because the parasite may remain in the environment for a long period. In this work, we constructed an epidemic model for the infection of cryptosporidiosis in a fractional framework with strong and weak immunity concepts. In our analysis, we utilize the well-known next-generation matrix technique to evaluate the reproduction number of the recommended model, indicated by [Formula: see text]. As [Formula: see text], our results show that the disease-free steady-state is locally asymptotically stable; in other cases, it becomes unstable. Our emphasis is on the dynamical behavior and the qualitative analysis of cryptosporidiosis. Moreover, the fixed point theorem of Schaefer and Banach has been utilized to investigate the existence and uniqueness of the solution. We identify suitable conditions for the Ulam-Hyers stability of the proposed model of the parasitic infection. The impact of the determinants on the sickness caused by cryptosporidiosis is highlighted by the examination of the solution pathways using a novel numerical technique. Numerical investigation is conducted on the solution pathways of the system while varying various input factors. Policymakers and health officials are informed of the crucial factors pertaining to the infection system to aid in its control.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Criptosporidiosis/transmisión , Criptosporidiosis/inmunología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Humanos , Animales , Cryptosporidium/inmunología
13.
BMC Microbiol ; 24(1): 113, 2024 Apr 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38575881

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium is a highly pathogenic parasite responsible for diarrhea in children worldwide. Here, the epidemiological status and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in children with or without diarrhea were investigated with tracking of potential sources in Wenzhou City, China. METHODS: A total of 1032 children were recruited, 684 of whom had diarrhea and 348 without, from Yuying Children's Hospital in Wenzhou, China. Samples of stool were collected from each participant, followed by extraction of DNA, genotyping, and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 1032 (2.1%) children were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. with 2.5% (17/684) and 1.4% (5/348) in diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children, respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified, including C. parvum (68.2%; 15/22), C. felis (13.6%; 3/22), C. viatorum (9.1%; 2/22), and C. baileyi (9.1%; 2/22). Two C. parvum subtypes named IIdA19G1 (n = 14) and IInA10 (n = 1), and one each of C. felis (XIXa) and C. viatorum (XVaA3g) subtype was found as well. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first research that identified Cryptosporidium in children of Wenzhou, China, using PCR. Identification of zoonotic C. parvum, C. felis, C. viatorum, and their subtypes indicate potential cross-species transmission of Cryptosporidium between children and animals. Additionally, the presence of C. baileyi in children suggests that this species has a wider host range than previously believed and that it possesses the capacity to infect humans.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Niño , Animales , Humanos , Cryptosporidium/genética , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Diarrea/epidemiología , China/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Genotipo , Probabilidad
14.
Epidemiol Infect ; 152: e64, 2024 Apr 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38616329

RESUMEN

Occurrence of cryptosporidiosis has been associated with weather conditions in many settings internationally. We explored statistical clusters of human cryptosporidiosis and their relationship with severe weather events in New Zealand (NZ). Notified cases of cryptosporidiosis from 1997 to 2015 were obtained from the national surveillance system. Retrospective space-time permutation was used to identify statistical clusters. Cluster data were compared to severe weather events in a national database. SaTScan analysis detected 38 statistically significant cryptosporidiosis clusters. Around a third (34.2%, 13/38) of these clusters showed temporal and spatial alignment with severe weather events. Of these, nearly half (46.2%, 6/13) occurred in the spring. Only five (38%, 5/13) of these clusters corresponded to a previously reported cryptosporidiosis outbreak. This study provides additional evidence that severe weather events may contribute to the development of some cryptosporidiosis clusters. Further research on this association is needed as rainfall intensity is projected to rise in NZ due to climate change. The findings also provide further arguments for upgrading the quality of drinking water sources to minimize contamination with pathogens from runoff from livestock agriculture.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Tiempo (Meteorología) , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto , Preescolar , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Niño , Femenino , Anciano , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Agrupamiento Espacio-Temporal , Lactante , Brotes de Enfermedades , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estaciones del Año , Recién Nacido
15.
Comp Med ; 74(2): 92-98, 2024 Apr 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38565307

RESUMEN

Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are zoonotic protozoal pathogens, spread by a fecal-oral route, which can infect a wide range of hosts including but not limited to dogs and humans. Giardia was recently estimated to be present in 37% to 50% of kennel-housed dogs. Cryptosporidium infections in kennel-housed dogs have been reported in 7% to 21% of the population. The goal of this study was to define demographic factors and fecal scores associated with positive screening test cases of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in kennel-housed laboratory dogs in the state of Texas. Fecal samples were collected from 153 clinically normal laboratory dogs at an academic research facility and a local laboratory dog supplier. We used 3 diagnostic tests evaluated in parallel to determine test positivity to each organism: a human point-of-care coproantigen test, a direct immunofluorescent assay, and an in-house polymerase chain reaction. Dogs were significantly more likely to test positive for Giardia (45%) than Cryptosporidium (7%) (P < 0.01). Dogs that were 18 mo of age or younger had 3 times the odds (P = 0.009) of subclinical Giardia infection compared with older dogs. We found no significant relationship between age and Cryptosporidium prevalence. Dogs with hard feces (fecal score 1-2) at the time of screening had 0.34 times lower odds ( P = 0.049) of testing positive for Giardia than dogs with normal feces, but no statistically significant relationship was found between fecal score and Cryptosporidium -positive test status. With these findings, we demonstrated the value of considering age and fecal score when choosing which dogs to screen for subclinical Giardia. Additional studies with larger sample sizes should be conducted to determine the relationship between age and fecal score and subclinical Cryptosporidium infection.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Enfermedades de los Perros , Heces , Giardia lamblia , Giardiasis , Animales , Perros , Giardiasis/veterinaria , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Heces/parasitología , Masculino , Femenino , Texas/epidemiología , Giardia lamblia/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Prevalencia
16.
J Water Health ; 22(4): 773-784, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38678429

RESUMEN

This study aims to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria spp. oocysts in fish specimens in the river Kura. It was conducted during the 2021-2022 at two sites: Mingachevir reservoir in central Azerbaijan and in Neftchala district where the river finally enters the Caspian Sea through a delta of the Kura River estuary. The diagnosis of oocysts was performed microscopically. Fine smears from the intestine epithelial layers stained by Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium oocysts. To identify Eimeria oocysts, each fish's faecal material and intestinal scrapings were examined directly under a light microscope in wet samples on glass slides with a coverslip. Results revealed a prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria species infections in fish hosts from both territories Rutilus caspicus, Alburnus filippi, Abramis brama orientalis and Carassius gibelio. Of 170 investigated fish specimens, 8.8% (15/170) were infected with Cryptosporidium species oocysts. Eimeria species oocysts were identified in 20.6% (35/170). The presence of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria infections in fish specimens are natural infections. However, their presence in fish species may be attributed to the age of the fish species and water pollution. This is the first report regarding the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fish species in Azerbaijan.


Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Cyprinidae , Eimeria , Enfermedades de los Peces , Ríos , Animales , Azerbaiyán/epidemiología , Ríos/parasitología , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Eimeria/aislamiento & purificación , Cyprinidae/parasitología , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Oocistos/aislamiento & purificación
17.
Parasitol Res ; 123(3): 160, 2024 Mar 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480554

RESUMEN

Dog faecal samples examined from January 2019 to December 2019 were retrospectively analysed for frequency of endoparasites. The examinations were performed with several different methods: 29,219 samples were examined by flotation method and sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin concentration (SAFC) technique, 1,330 samples by Baermann-Wetzel migration technique, 12,221 samples using a Giardia coproantigen enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 1,180 samples using a Cryptosporidium coproantigen ELISA, 1,671 samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for Giardia duodenalis and 447 samples by PCR testing for Cryptosporidium spp.. A total of 7.1% of the samples were positive for parasites in the microscopical examination using the flotation method and SAFC technique. The parasites found included Cystoisospora spp. (2.8%), Giardia duodenalis (2.3%), Ancylostomatidae (1.8%), Toxocara canis (1.6%), Trichuris vulpis (0.7%), Toxascaris leonina (0.5%), Capillaria spp. (0.2%), Angiostrongylus vasorum (0.2%), Crenosoma vulpis (0.1%), Taeniidae (0.1%), Sarcocystis spp. (0.03%), Dipylidium caninum (0.01%), Diphyllobothrium latum (< 0.01%), Spirurida (< 0.01%) and Opisthorchiidae (< 0.01%). Using the Baermann-Wetzel migration technique, Angiostrongylus vasorum was found in 0.75% and Crenosoma vulpis in 0.3% of the samples. ELISAs for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. revealed 13.9% and 1.0% positive faecal samples, and Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. PCRs 19.4% and 2.0%, respectively. Dogs in the first year of life were more frequently infected with parasites than older animals. In the microscopic examination using flotation method and SAFC technique, the significantly highest detection rates were found in dogs up to six months of age (p < 0.001).


Asunto(s)
Angiostrongylus , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Enfermedades de los Perros , Giardia lamblia , Parasitosis Intestinales , Parásitos , Perros , Animales , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Prevalencia , Alemania/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología
18.
Acta Trop ; 254: 107186, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38513912

RESUMEN

Bats stand as one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom and are key players in the global transmission of emerging pathogens. However, their role in transmitting Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and genetic diversity of the two pathogens in fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaultii) in Hainan, China. Ten fresh fecal specimens of fruit bats were collected from Wanlvyuan Gardens, Haikou, China. The fecal samples were tested for E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and partial small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, respectively. Genetic heterogeneity across Cryptosporidium spp. isolates was assessed by sequencing 4 microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS16). The findings showed that out of the ten specimens analyzed, 2 (20 %) and seven (70.0 %) were tested positive for E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of two novel Cryptosporidium genotypes with 94.4 to 98.6 % sequence similarity to C. andersoni, named as Cryptosporidium bat-genotype-XXI and bat-genotype-XXII. Three novel sequences of MS1, MS2 and MS16 loci identified here had 95.4 to 96.9 % similarity to the known sequences, which were deposited in the GenBank. Two genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, including a novel genotype named HNB-I and a zoonotic genotype PigEbITS7. The discovery of these novel sequences provides meaningful data for epidemiological studies of the both pathogens. Meanwhile our results are also presented that the fruit bats infected with E. bieneusi, but not with Cryptosporidium, should be considered potential public health threats.


Asunto(s)
Quirópteros , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Enterocytozoon , Heces , Genotipo , Microsporidiosis , Animales , Quirópteros/parasitología , Quirópteros/microbiología , Enterocytozoon/genética , Enterocytozoon/aislamiento & purificación , Enterocytozoon/clasificación , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , China/epidemiología , Microsporidiosis/veterinaria , Microsporidiosis/epidemiología , Microsporidiosis/parasitología , Microsporidiosis/microbiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Heces/microbiología , Variación Genética , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ADN de Hongos/genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , ADN Protozoario/genética , Parques Recreativos
19.
Acta Trop ; 254: 107177, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38518835

RESUMEN

Cryptosporidia (Cryptosporidium) is a protozoan that is widely parasitic in the intestinal cells of humans and animals, and it is also an important zoonotic parasite. However, there is no epidemiological investigation on Cryptosporidium spp. infection in infants with diarrhea of Inner Mongolia, the largest livestock region in China. To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, 2435 fresh fecal samples were collected from children with diarrhea in Inner Mongolia Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium was carried out based on its 18S rRNA and gp60 gene sequences. The overall prevalence was 12.85% (313/2435), and in Hohhot (12.15%), it was lower than that in the surrounding city (14.87%) (P < 0.05). Moreover, Cryptosporidium was detected in different seasons and sexes. Concerning the age of children with diarrhea, the prevalence of those age groups between 0 and 1 was obviously lower than others, and there were significant differences in the prevalence at different ages (P < 0.001). Analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence revealed that all the positive samples were Cryptosporidium parvum, and there were 5 subtypes (IIdA23G3, IIdA24G3, IIdA24G4, IIdA25G3, and IIdA25G4). To the best of our knowledge, the above subtypes have not been reported. Our results provide a relevant basis for control and education on food safety and foodborne illness prevention.


Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Diarrea , Heces , ARN Ribosómico 18S , Humanos , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , China/epidemiología , Lactante , Femenino , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Masculino , Diarrea/epidemiología , Diarrea/parasitología , Preescolar , Heces/parasitología , Prevalencia , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Recién Nacido , Niño , ADN Protozoario/genética , Estaciones del Año , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Genotipo , Filogenia , Cryptosporidium parvum/genética , Cryptosporidium parvum/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium parvum/clasificación , ADN Ribosómico/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química
20.
Acta Trop ; 254: 107188, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38531428

RESUMEN

Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis often infect humans, cats, and other mammals, causing diarrhea and being responsible for numerous outbreaks of waterborne and foodborne infections worldwide. The rapid increase in the number of pet cats poses a substantial public health risk. However, there were few reports about the infection of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis infections in pet cats in Henan Province, central China. Thus, to understand the prevalence and genetic distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in pet cats, and to evaluate the zoonotic potential, possible transmission routes and public health implications of isolates, fecal samples (n = 898) were randomly collected from pet cats in 11 cities in Henan Province, central China. Nested PCR based on the SSU rRNA gene and bg gene was used to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, respectively. The prevalence was 0.8 % (7/898) and 2.0 % (18/898) for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis respectively. Additionally, the Cryptosporidium spp. positive isolates were identified as C. parvum subtype IIdA19G1 by gp60 gene. In the present study, the IIdA19G1 subtype was discovered in pet cats for the first time in China, enriching the information on the host type and geographical distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in China. For G. duodenalis, a total of 18 G. duodenalis positive samples were identified, belonging to four assemblages: a zoonotic assemblage A1 (4/898), three host-specific assemblages C (8/898), D (5/898), and F (1/898). Interestingly, we found that pet cats infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis are more likely to experience emaciation symptoms compared to the negative group. More importantly, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis detected in the present study were low, but the subtype IIdA19G1 of Cryptosporidium spp. and the assemblages A1, C, D, and F of G. duodenalis have the potential for zoonotic transmission. Thus, we should focus on preventing and controlling the risk of cross-species transmission that may occur in pet cats in Henan Province.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos , Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Heces , Giardia lamblia , Giardiasis , Mascotas , Animales , Gatos , China/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/transmisión , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Cryptosporidium/genética , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/clasificación , Heces/parasitología , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardia lamblia/aislamiento & purificación , Giardia lamblia/clasificación , Mascotas/parasitología , Prevalencia , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Giardiasis/veterinaria , Giardiasis/parasitología , Giardiasis/transmisión , ADN Protozoario/genética , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Genotipo , Zoonosis/parasitología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/transmisión
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