Polymorphism at rs9264942 is associated with HLA-C expression and inflammatory bowel disease in the Japanese.

An expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at rs9264942 was earlier associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C expression in Europeans. HLA-C has also been related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk in the Japanese. This study examined whether an eQTL SNP at rs9264942 could regulate HLA-C expression and whether four SNP haplotypes, including the eQTL SNP at rs9264942 and three SNPs at rs2270191, rs3132550, and rs6915986 of IBD risk carried in the HLA-C*12:02~B*52:01~DRB1*15:02 allele, were associated with IBD in the Japanese. HLA-C expression on CD3e+CD8a+ lymphocytes was significantly higher for the CC or CT genotype than for the TT genotype of rs9264942. The TACC haplotype of the four SNPs was associated with a strong susceptibility to ulcerative colitis (UC) but protection against Crohn's disease (CD) as well as with disease clinical outcome. While UC protectivity was significant but CD susceptibility was not for the CGTT haplotype, the significance of UC protectivity disappeared but CD susceptibility reached significance for the CGCT haplotype. In conclusion, our findings support that the eQTL SNP at rs9264942 regulates HLA-C expression in the Japanese and suggest that the four SNPs, which are in strong linkage disequilibrium, may be surrogate marker candidates of a particular HLA haplotype, HLA-C*12:02~B*52:01~DRB1*15:02, related to IBD susceptibility and disease outcome.

Risk HLA class II alleles and amino acid residues in myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated vasculitis.

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) indicated that myeloperoxidase-ANCA associated vasculitis (AAV) is associated with HLA-DQ. However, susceptibility alleles in these loci have been under-investigated. Here we genotyped 258 Chinese patients with myeloperoxidase-AAV and 597 healthy control individuals at HLA DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DPB1, and extracted the encoded amino acid sequences from the IMGT/HLA database. The replication cohort included 97 cases and 107 controls. T cell epitopes of myeloperoxidase were predicted and docked to the HLA molecules. We found DQA1∗0302 (odds ratio 2.34 (95% confidence interval 1.75-3.14)) and DQB1∗0303 (odds ratio 1.89 (1.45-2.48)) were risk alleles for myeloperoxidase-AAV. They are in overt linkage disequilibrium (r2 0.69) and the haplotype DQA1∗0302-DQB1∗0303 presents a significant risk (haplotype score 6.39) as well. Aspartate160 on the DQ α chain (odds ratio 2.06 (1.60-2.67)), encoded by DQA1∗0302, and isoleucine185 on the DQ ß chain (odds ratio 1.73 (1.38-2.18)), encoded by DQB1∗0303, both located in the α2ß2 domains, conferred significant risk for myeloperoxidase-AAV. Homologous modeling showed that DQα∗160D may confer susceptibility to myeloperoxidase-AAV by altering dimerization of the HLA molecules. Thus, more attention should be paid to the roles of amino acids in the α2ß2 domains in addition to the α1ß1 binding groove of HLA class II molecules.

p53-responsive TLR8 SNP enhances human innate immune response to respiratory syncytial virus.

The Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) has an important role in innate immune responses to RNA viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We previously reported that TLR8 expression was increased directly by the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 via a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs3761624) in the TLR8 promoter, thereby placing TLR8 in the p53/immune axis. Because this SNP is in linkage disequilibrium with other SNPs associated with several infectious diseases, we addressed the combined influence of p53 and the SNP on downstream inflammatory signaling in response to a TLR8 cognate ssRNA ligand. Using human primary lymphocytes, p53 induction by chemotherapeutic agents such as ionizing radiation caused SNP-dependent synergistic increases in IL-6 following incubation with an ssRNA ligand, as well as TLR8 RNA and protein expression along with p53 binding at the TLR-p53 SNP site. Because TLR8 is X-linked, the increases were generally reduced in heterozygous females. We found a corresponding association of the p53-responsive allele with RSV disease severity in infants hospitalized with RSV infection. We conclude that p53 can strongly influence TLR8-mediated immune responses and that knowledge of the p53-responsive SNP can inform diagnosis and prognosis of RSV disease and other diseases that might have a TLR8 component, including cancer.

Genetic variations of NLRP1: susceptibility in psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein (NLRP)1 is part of the inflammasome multiprotein complex involved in the production of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18, two cytokines strongly implicated in psoriasis pathogenesis. Genetic variations in NLRP1 are associated with a predisposition for chronic inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the role of genetic variation in the NLRP1 inflammasome in psoriasis susceptibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6502867, rs8079034, rs878329 and rs12150220) were investigated by TaqMan allelic discrimination in a patient sample comprising 1847 individuals from 478 families and 802 healthy controls. RESULTS: Using the transmission disequilibrium test, a significant increase in the transmission of the NLRP1 rs8079034C and rs878329C alleles to patients with psoriasis was demonstrated (P = 0·006 and P = 0·033, respectively). Furthermore, homozygosity for the rs878329C allele correlated with a younger age of onset. We also observed an increase in the expression of NLRP1 mRNA in the peripheral blood cells of patients with psoriasis. This was accompanied by a higher level of circulating IL-18 and appeared to be associated with the rs878329C allele. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the involvement of NLRP1 and the NLRP1 inflammasome in psoriasis susceptibility and further support the role of innate immunity in psoriasis.

Human leukocyte antigen-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in Americans originating from southern Europe: contrasting patterns of population differentiation between Italian and Spanish Americans.

High-resolution DNA sequencing was used to identify the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 alleles found in 552 individuals from the United States indicating Southern European (Italian or Spanish) heritage. A total of 46 HLA-A, 80 HLA-B, 32 HLA-C, and 50 DRB1 alleles were identified. Frequent alleles included A*02:01:01G (allele frequency = 0.26 in Italian Americans and 0.22 in Spanish Americans); B*07:02:01G (Italian Americans allele frequency = 0.11); B*44:03 (Spanish Americans allele frequency = 0.07); C*04:01:01G and C*07:01:01G (allele frequency = 0.13 and 0.16, respectively, in Italian Americans; 0.15 and 0.12, respectively, in Spanish Americans); and DRB1*07:01:01 (allele frequency = 0.12 in each population). The action of balancing selection was inferred at the HLA-B and -C loci in both populations. The A*01:01:01G-C*07:01:01G-B*08:01:01G-DRB1*03:01:01 haplotype was the most frequent A-C-B-DRB1 haplotype in Italian Americans (haplotype frequency = 0.049), and was the second most frequent haplotype in Spanish Americans (haplotype frequency = 0.021). A*29:02:01-C*16:01:01-B*44:03-DRB1*07:01:01 was the most frequent A-C-B-DRB1 in Spanish Americans (haplotype frequency = 0.023), and was observed at a frequency of 0.015 in Italian Americans. Pairwise F'(st) values measuring the degree of differentiation between these Southern European American populations as well as European and European American populations suggest that Spanish Americans constitute a distinct subset of the European American population, most similar to Mexican Americans, whereas Italian Americans cannot be distinguished from the larger European American population.

Major histocompatibility complex class III (C2, C4, factor B) and C3 gene variants in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

The complement system is an integral part of the host immune system and plays an immunoregulatory role at the interface of innate and acquired immune responses. Limited data are available on the influence of variations in complement genes in infectious diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of genetic variations in complement system components C2, C4, BF, and C3 in PTB (n = 125) compared with healthy controls (n = 125) in the Indian population. The study showed, for the first time, an increased occurrence of null alleles at the C4A, i.e., C4AQ0; an increased frequency of BF*FA and C3*F in patients with PTB compared with healthy individuals, and contributed a risk with odds ratios of 18.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0-108.6, p = 0.0004), 2.9 (95% CI = 1.9-4.37, p(c) = 3.15E-06), and 2.26 (95% CI = 1.5-3.3, p(c) = 6.7E-05), respectively. A combinatorial analysis of complement gene variants as risk determinants and their phenotypic effects in various populations may provide unique insights into the genetic basis of susceptibility to PTB.

New insight into the genes susceptible to asthma.

There is considerable worldwide interest in identifying genes related to susceptibility to asthma. Progress has been slow in part because of the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. Although at least 170 genes located on 10 chromosomes have been associated with or in linkage with asthma and asthma-related phenotypes, the majority of the reports have either been preliminary or the results have been controversial. In order to overcome the problems with the inherent complexity of asthma and methodological issues, the authors propose a strategy for identification of asthma susceptibility genes based on theories of systems biology and bioinformatics and candidate gene approach.

Association of plasma soluble CTLA-4 with lung function and gene polymorphism in Chinese asthmatic children.

BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is known to downregulate the T(H)2 immune response. Recent studies have suggested an association of CTLA-4 polymorphisms with allergic diseases. We investigated the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CTLA-4 on asthma traits and plasma sCTLA-4 in 298 Chinese asthmatic children and 175 controls. METHODS: Plasma sCTLA-4, total and allergen-specific IgE concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Six SNPs, namely -1147CT, +49AG, CT60, JO31, JO30 and JO27_1, in CTLA-4 were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Plasma sCTLA-4 was negatively associated with FEV(1)/FVC (r = -0.146, p = 0.036) among our asthmatic patients. Analysis of locus-locus interaction by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction showed that -1147CT was the best model for plasma sCTLA-4 with a cross-validation consistency of 10 out of 10 and a prediction error of 40.9% (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed the association between plasma sCTLA-4 concentration with -1147CT among the 6 SNPs tested (p = 0.002) after adjustment for gender and age. The plasma sCTLA-4 concentration was significantly lower in patients homozygous for the C allele than in T allele carriers (p = 0.001). There was also a significant association between the most common haplotypes with low sCTLA-4 in asthmatics. We could not find any significant association between plasma total IgE, atopy and lung function with the 6 SNPs after Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma sCTLA-4 is associated with lung function and -1147CT polymorphism in Chinese asthmatic children. This may help to identify CTLA-4 signaling as a potential therapeutic target in asthma.

Association of interleukin-18 gene polymorphisms with hepatitis B virus clearance.

The outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be affected by host immune factors. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) was originally discovered as an interferon-gamma-inducing factor and plays a critical role in immune response. We assessed the association between the clearance of HBV infection and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-18 gene. Between March 2002 and December 2004, a total of 1,050 Korean subjects were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: (1) the HBV spontaneous recovery group (n = 320) and (2) the chronic HBV carrier group (n = 730). We analyzed SNPs at four polymorphic sites in the IL-18 gene at positions -667G>T, -148G>C, +8925C>G, and +13925A>C. We observed that the subjects bearing the IL-18 -148C allele [odds ratio (OR), 0.25; confidence interval (CI), 0.09-0.68; P = 0.01], the +8925G allele (OR, 0.36; CI, 0.15-0.88; P = 0.02), and the +13925C allele (OR, 0.25; CI, 0.13-0.82; P = 0.01) were significantly associated with HBV clearance in a recessive model. This study indicates that the -148C, +8925G, and +13925C alleles of the IL-18 gene are likely associated with HBV clearance in a Korean population.

Variation in genes of the epidermal differentiation complex in German atopic dermatitis patients.

The filaggrin (FLG) gene is one of the most widely replicated susceptibility genes for atopic dermatitis (AD) so far. Yet, FLG mutations cannot fully account for the original linkage peak on chromosome 1q21, a region comprising the so-called epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Since the EDC contains numerous genes relevant for epidermal differentiation, we sought to evaluate variation in other genes located in this region in a German AD case-control cohort. Thirty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 21 genes across the EDC were genotyped in 402 unrelated AD patients and 325 non-atopic controls by means of restriction enzyme digestion or TaqMan assays. Allele and genotype frequencies were tested for differences between patients and controls by logistic regression. Haplotype frequencies were evaluated using the famhap software. Except for the already known association with FLG, we did not identify any additional significant associations of EDC genes with AD. Thus, in this German cohort, there is no evidence that additional genes in the EDC region apart from FLG contribute substantially to AD pathogenesis.

Effect of variation in ITGAE on risk of sarcoidosis, CD103 expression, and chest radiography.

The integrin alpha(E)beta(7) is believed to play a key role in retention of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues of gut, urogenital tract and lung. Five common single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning ITGAE, the gene encoding the alpha(E) (CD103) unit, were genotyped in 556 sarcoidosis patients and 465 controls. The -1088 A/G polymorphism was associated with sarcoidosis (P=0.004). An increased risk of disease was found for homozygous carriers of the A allele vs. carriers of the G allele (P=0.001, odds ratio=1.63 [1.22-2.17]). Analysis of lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage and in vitro functional tests showed higher percentages of CD103+CD4+ T cells for the sarcoidosis risk genotype. Radiographic staging at disease outcome revealed prevalence of -1088 AA genotype in patients with fibrosis (P=0.01). A higher proportion of CD103+CD4+ T cells and ITGAE -1088 AA genotype might be associated with fibrosis formation in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

A TLR2 polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes and allergic asthma.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and allergic asthma are immune-mediated diseases. Pattern recognition receptors are proteins expressed by cells in the immune system to identify microbial pathogens and endogenous ligands. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CD14 are members of this family and could represent a molecular link between microbial infections and immune-mediated diseases. Diverging hypotheses regarding whether there exists a common or inverse genetic etiology behind these immune-mediated diseases have been presented. We aimed to test whether there exist common or inverse associations between polymorphisms in the pattern recognition receptors TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 and T1D and allergic asthma. Eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in TLR2 (2), TLR4 (12) and CD14 (4) in 700 T1D children, 357 nuclear families with T1D children and 796 children from the 'Environment and Childhood Asthma' study. Allele and haplotype frequencies were analyzed in relation to diseases and in addition transmission disequilibrium test analyses were performed in the family material. Both T1D and allergic asthma were significantly associated with the TLR2 rs3804100 T allele and further associated with the haplotype including this SNP, possibly representing a susceptibility locus common for the two diseases. Neither TLR4 nor CD14 were associated with T1D or allergic asthma.

Gene-centric association mapping of chromosome 3p implicates MST1 in IBD pathogenesis.

Association mapping and candidate gene studies within inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) linkage regions, as well as genome-wide association studies in Crohn's disease (CD) have led to the discovery of multiple risk genes, but these explain only a fraction of the genetic susceptibility observed in IBD. We have thus been pursuing a region on chromosome 3p21-22 showing linkage to CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) using a gene-centric association mapping approach. We identified 12 functional candidate genes by searching for literature cocitations with relevant keywords and for gene expression patterns consistent with immune/intestinal function. We then performed an association study composed of a screening phase, where tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated in 1,020 IBD patients, and an independent replication phase in 745 IBD patients. These analyses identified and replicated significant association with IBD for four SNPs within a 1.2 Mb linkage disequilibrium region. We then identified a non-synonymous coding variant (rs3197999, R689C) in the macrophage-stimulating 1 (MST1) gene (P-value 3.62 x 10(-6)) that accounts for the association signal, and shows association with both CD and UC. MST1 encodes macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), a protein regulating the innate immune responses to bacterial ligands. R689C is predicted to interfere with MSP binding to its receptor, suggesting a role for this gene in the pathogenesis of IBD.

TNF gene polymorphisms in Graves' disease: TNF-308 A/G meta-analysis.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis, are associated with human MHC polymorphisms. The present study analysed two polymorphisms within tumour necrosis factor (TNF) genes (TNF-308 A/G SNP and TNFb (CT)n microsatellite) in a sample of 106 GD patients and 199 controls from the Tunisian population. The present study was designed to investigate genetic association of these polymorphisms (taken separately or considered as a haplotype) with GD development. Statistical analysis confirmed the association between the TNF-308 A allele and GD (p = 0.002), previously reported in a Tunisian familial study. The data from the present study suggest that the TNF-308 A allele plays a role in GD pathogenesis in the Tunisian population. This association was further confirmed by a meta-analysis on eight published studies (p < 0.0001). Haplotype analysis with GD revealed an associated haplotype (TNFb3-TNF-308 G haplotype: chi2 = 13.16; p = 0.0003).

Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B alleles in Euro-Brazilians.

Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) was identified within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I region and was located 46 kb centromeric from HLA-B locus. It functions as a ligand for human gammadelta T, CD8 T and natural killer (NK) cells by binding the NKG2D receptor. The aims of the present study were to determine the distribution of MICA alleles and MICA-HLA-B haplotypes in a sample of Euro-Brazilians. Through the combination of three typing methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe, PCR-sequence-specific primer and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, 19 alleles were detected besides a MICA gene deletion in a sample composed by 204 unrelated Euro-Brazilians. The most commonly observed alleles were: MICA*00801 (25.3%), MICA*00201 (17.7%) and MICA*00901 (13.7%). The GCT repeat polymorphism variant A6 was the most commonly found. The most frequent haplotype found in this study was MICA*00901-B*51 (8.1%), followed by haplotypes MICA*00201-B*35 (6.1%) and MICA*00801-B*07 (6.1%). MICA*00801 truncated product, and its low affinity for NKG2D receptor may work as an inhibitor in its putative soluble form. It may also be that selective forces may favor MICA*00801 heterozygosity with NKG2D high affinity MICA alleles enabling activation and inhibition of cytotoxic activity of cells expressing the NKG2D receptor. The possibility of selective neutrality or of balancing selection still provides no explanation for MICA gene polymorphisms. Is it maintained by genetic drift or by the influence of migratory waves? Are there favored alleles while others present the same adaptive value?

Uncoupling the roles of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 genes in multiple sclerosis.

Genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with the MHC located on chromosome 6p21. This signal maps primarily to a 1-Mb region encompassing the HLA class II loci, and it segregates often with the HLA-DQB1*0602, -DQA1*0102, -DRB1*1501, -DRB5*0101 haplotype. However, the identification of the true predisposing gene or genes within the susceptibility haplotype has been handicapped by the strong linkage disequilibrium across the locus. African Americans have greater MHC haplotypic diversity and distinct patterns of linkage disequilibrium, which make this population particularly informative for fine mapping efforts. The purpose of this study was to establish the telomeric boundary of the HLA class II region affecting susceptibility to MS by assessing genetic association with the neighboring HLA-DRB5 gene as well as seven telomeric single nucleotide polymorphisms in a large, well-characterized African American dataset. Rare DRB5*null individuals were previously described in African populations. Although significant associations with both HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 loci were present, HLA-DRB1*1503 was associated with MS in the absence of HLA-DRB5, providing evidence for HLA-DRB1 as the primary susceptibility gene. Interestingly, the HLA-DRB5*null subjects appear to be at increased risk for developing secondary progressive MS. Thus, HLA-DRB5 attenuates MS severity, a finding consistent with HLA-DRB5's proposed role as a modifier in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Additionally, conditional haplotype analysis revealed a susceptibility signal at the class III AGER locus independent of DRB1. The data underscore the power of the African American MS dataset to identify disease genes by association in a region of high linkage disequilibrium.

Genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: update and future direction.

Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) both have substantive genetic determinants. Numerous candidate regions and genes have now been replicated in disease susceptibility, and to a lesser extent in disease expression, in both disease entities. Intensive efforts are now under way or are being planned to perform genome-wide association scans (GWAS) in psoriasis and PsA. A major determinant of success for GWAS is likely to be accumulation of multiple large well-phenotyped cohorts, sophisticated data management, and verification of the findings. At the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA), members of the GRAPPA genetics committee presented a discussion of the genetics of psoriasis and PsA, including future trends. This article is a summary of that presentation and a review of the literature.

MAST3: a novel IBD risk factor that modulates TLR4 signaling.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder caused by multiple factors in a genetically susceptible host. Significant advances in the study of genetic susceptibility have highlighted the importance of the innate immune system in this disease. We previously completed a genome-wide linkage study and found a significant locus (IBD6) on chromosome 19p. We were interested in identifying the causal variant in IBD6. We performed a two-stage association mapping study. In stage 1, 1530 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from the HapMap database and genotyped in 761 patients with IBD. Among the SNPs that passed the threshold for replication, 26 were successfully genotyped in 754 additional patients (stage 2). One intronic variant, rs273506, located in the microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase gene-3 (MAST3), was found to be associated in both stages (pooled P=1.8 x 10(-4)). We identified four MAST3 coding variants, including a non-synonymous SNP rs8108738, correlated to rs273506 and associated with IBD. To test whether MAST3 was expressed in cells of interest, we performed expression assays, which showed abundant expression of MAST3 in antigen-presenting cells and in lymphocytes. The knockdown of MAST3 specifically decreased Toll-like receptor-4-dependent NF-kappaB activity. Our findings are additional proofs of the pivotal role played by modulators of NF-kappaB activity in IBD pathogenesis.

Association and linkage studies of the 20q11.2 region (GRD-2 locus) with Graves' disease in the Tunisian population.

OBJECTIVE: A genome-wide screen has shown linkage to the GRD-2 locus in Graves' disease (GD). Furthermore, a positional candidate gene maps to this locus; the CD40 gene has been reported to be associated and may predispose to the disease. The aim of this study was to replicate/reject the GRD-2 and to determine if the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the CD40 (CD40 C/T-1) confers susceptibility to GD. METHODS: The present study examined a dataset of 11 families with GD using 10 microsatellite markers and a case-control study consisting of 76 sporadic GD patients and 66 healthy subjects to determine the implication of the GRD-2. Both non-parametric linkage and association tests were performed. Genotyping of the CD40 C/T-1 was carried out using a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: The intrafamilial association and the case-control study showed no association between CD40 C/T-1 and GD. In addition, a high percentage of the C allele (96.9%) of CD40 SNP among control data was observed. The linkage analyses showed that the highest non-parametric LOD score was 1.67 at the D20S119 marker and the maximum attainable LOD score was 1.66. This result provides interesting evidence for linkage between GRD-2 and GD. CONCLUSION: The CD40 gene seems to be not associated with GD in the Tunisian population, whereas the GRD-2 locus could harbour other candidate gene(s) to the genetic susceptibility of GD.

Association of the RIP2 gene with childhood atopic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-2 is a serine/threonine kinase containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) that is involved in the Toll-like receptor-signaling pathway. Although associations between endotoxin exposure or respiratory infection and asthma have been recognized, the genetic influences in these conditions are unclear. The aim of our study was to examine whether polymorphisms or haplotypes in RIP2 were associated with childhood atopic asthma in a Japanese population. METHODS: We screened the RIP2 gene for polymorphisms by direct sequencing and characterized the linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of the gene. Seven variants were genotyped in childhood atopic asthma (n = 300) and normal controls (n = 637) . We conducted case-control and case-only association studies between the variants and asthma-related phenotypes. Haplotype association analyses were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 31 variants were identified and none of the alleles or haplotypes of RIP2 were associated with asthma susceptibility. In the case-only study, an association between an RIP2 promoter polymorphism and childhood severe asthma (P=0.0032; odds ratio (OR) 3.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-7.87) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although polymorphisms in RIP2 are not likely to be associated with the development of asthma, the genetic variants might contribute to asthma severity in the Japanese population.