Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial.

This study investigates the effects of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet on body composition in healthy, young, normal-weight women. With the increasing interest in ketogenic diets for their various health benefits, this research aims to understand their impact on body composition, focusing on women who are often underrepresented in such studies. Conducting a randomized controlled feeding trial with a crossover design, this study compares a ketogenic LCHF diet to a Swedish National Food Agency (NFA)-recommended control diet over four weeks. Seventeen healthy, young, normal-weight women adhered strictly to the provided diets, with ketosis confirmed through blood ß-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized for precise body composition measurements. To avoid bias, all statistical analyses were performed blind. The findings reveal that the ketogenic LCHF diet led to a significant reduction in both lean mass (-1.45 kg 95% CI: [-1.90;-1.00]; p < 0.001) and fat mass (-0.66 kg 95% CI: [-1.00;-0.32]; p < 0.001) compared to the control diet, despite similar energy intake and physical activity levels. This study concludes that while the ketogenic LCHF diet is effective for weight loss, it disproportionately reduces lean mass over fat mass, suggesting the need for concurrent strength training to mitigate muscle loss in women following this diet.

Effects of Short-Term Nighttime Carbohydrate Restriction Method on Exercise Performance and Fat Metabolism.

BACKGROUND: The sleep-low method has been proposed as a way to sleep in a low-glycogen state, increase the duration of low glycogen availability and sleep and temporarily restrict carbohydrates to improve exercise performance. However, long-term dietary restriction may induce mental stress in athletes. Therefore, if it can be shown that the effects of the sleep-low method can be achieved by restricting the carbohydrate intake at night (the nighttime carbohydrate restriction method), innovative methods could be developed to reduce weight in individuals with obesity and enhance athletes' performance with reduced stress and in a shorter duration when compared with those of previous studies. With this background, we conducted a study with the purpose of examining the intervention effects of a short-term intensive nighttime carbohydrate restriction method. METHODS: A total of 22 participants were recruited among university students participating in sports club activities. The participants were assigned at random to groups, including a nighttime carbohydrate restriction group of 11 participants (6 males, 5 females; age 22.3 ± 1.23) who started a carbohydrate-restricted diet and a group of 11 participants (5 males, 6 females; age 21.9 ± 7.9) who continued with their usual diet. The present study had a two-group parallel design. In the first week, no dietary restrictions were imposed on either group, and the participants consumed their own habitual diets. In the second week, the total amount of calories and carbohydrate intake measured in the first week were divided by seven days, and the average values were calculated. These were used as the daily calorie and carbohydrate intakes in the second week. Only the nighttime carbohydrate restriction group was prohibited from consuming carbohydrates after 4:00 p.m. During the two-week study period, all participants ran for one hour each day before breakfast at a heart rate of 65% of their maximum heart rate. RESULTS: The results obtained from young adults participating in sports showed significant differences in peak oxygen consumption (V·O2peak), work rate max, respiratory quotient (RQ), body weight and lean body mass after the intervention when compared with before the intervention in the nighttime carbohydrate restriction group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the nighttime carbohydrate restriction method markedly improves fat metabolism even when performed for a short period. This method can be used to reduce body weight in individuals with obesity and enhance athletes' performance. However, it is important to consider the intake of nutrition other than carbohydrates.

Is the Mediterranean Low Fodmap Diet Effective in Managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Gut Microbiota? An Innovative Research Protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms can be effectively managed with the low FODMAP diet. However, its efficacy in reducing inflammation is not yet proven. On the contrary, the Mediterranean diet has anti-inflammatory properties with proven efficacy in treating chronic low-grade inflammation-related diseases. AIM: To publicly share our protocol evaluating the efficacy of the Mediterranean low-FODMAP (MED-LFD) versus NICE recommendations (British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) diet in managing IBS symptoms and quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants meeting the Rome IV criteria will be randomly assigned to MED-LFD or NICE recommendations and they will be followed for six months. Efficacy, symptom relief, quality of life and mental health will be assessed using validated questionnaires. In addition, fecal samples will be analyzed to assess gut microbiota, and to measure branched and short-chain fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (metabolic byproducts from bacteria). Expected results and discussion: By publicly sharing this clinical study protocol, we aim to improve research quality in the field of IBS management by allowing for peer review feedback, preventing data manipulation, reducing redundant research efforts, mitigating publication bias, and empowering patient decision-making. We expect that this protocol will show that MED-LFD can effectively alleviate IBS symptoms and it will provide pathophysiology insights on its efficacy. The new dietary pattern that combines the LFD and the MED approaches allows for the observation of the synergistic action of both diets, with the MED's anti-inflammatory and prebiotic properties enhancing the effects of the LFD while minimizing its limitations. Identifier in Clinical Trials: NCT03997708.

Eight Weeks of Intermittent Exercise in Hypoxia, with or without a Low-Carbohydrate Diet, Improves Bone Mass and Functional and Physiological Capacity in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

In an increasingly aging and overweight population, osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are major public health concerns. T2DM patients experience prejudicial effects on their bone health, affecting their physical capacity. Exercise in hypoxia (EH) and a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) have been suggested for therapeutic benefits in T2DM, improving bone mineral content (BMC) and glycemic control. This study investigated the effects of EH combined with an LCD on body composition and functional and physiologic capacity in T2DM patients. Older T2DM patients (n = 42) were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) control group: control diet + exercise in normoxia; (2) EH group: control diet + EH; (3) intervention group: LCD + EH. Cardiopulmonary tests (BRUCE protocol), body composition (DEXA), and functional capacity (6MWT, handgrip strength) were evaluated. Body mass index (kg/m2) and body fat (%) decreased in all groups (p < 0.001). BMC (kg) increased in all groups (p < 0.001) and was significantly higher in the EH and EH + LCD groups (p < 0.001). VO2peak improved in all groups (p < 0.001), but more so in the hypoxia groups (p = 0.019). Functional capacity was increased in all groups (p < 0.001), but more so in the EH group in 6MWT (p = 0.030). EH with and without an LCD is a therapeutic strategy for improving bone mass in T2DM, which is associated with cardiorespiratory and functional improvements.

Dietary Survey of Japanese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on a Low-Carbohydrate Diet: An Observational Study.

The nutrient intake of persons with diabetes placed on a low-carbohydrate diet remains unclear. This study aimed to assess nutrient intake in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with a low-carbohydrate diet. The brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire was used to collect the dietary information of 335 outpatients at Kitasato Institute Hospital, while their clinical characteristics were collected from their electronic medical records. The median age, HbA1c level, and body mass index of the participants were 68 (60-74) years, 49 (45-55) mmol/mol [6.7 (6.3-7.2)%], and 24.0 (21.8-26.7) kg/m2, respectively; median energy intake was 1457 (1153-1786) kcal/day; and protein-energy, fat-energy, and available carbohydrate-energy ratios were 18.6 (15.7-21.4)%E, 36.8 (31.6-43.2)%E, and 34.6 (26.0-42.4)%E, respectively. As the available carbohydrate-energy ratio decreased, the fat-energy ratio increased significantly. The total dietary fibre and salt intake were 7.1 (5.6-8.4) g/1000 kcal and 6.5 (5.6-7.5) g/1000 kcal, respectively. Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus placed on a low-carbohydrate diet had a fat-to-energy ratio exceeding 30%, while the fat-energy ratio increased as the carbohydrate-energy ratio decreased.

Effects of basic carbohydrate counting versus standard dietary care for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (The BCC Study): a randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines recommend basic carbohydrate counting (BCC), or similar methods to improve carbohydrate estimation skills and to strive for higher consistency in carbohydrate intake potentially improving glycaemic control. However, evidence for this approach in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of a structured education program in BCC as add-on to standard dietary care on glycaemic control in individuals with T2D. METHODS: The BCC Study was a randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial. Individuals with T2D aged 18-75 years with glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 53-97 mmol/mol (7.0-11.0%) were randomly assigned (1:1) to BCC or standard dietary care. The primary outcomes were differences in changes in HbA1c or glycaemic variability (calculated as mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions [MAGE]) between groups after six months of intervention. RESULTS: Between September 2018 and July 2021, 48 participants were randomly assigned, 23 to BCC and 25 to standard dietary care. Seven participants did not receive the allocated intervention. From a baseline-adjusted mean of 65 mmol/mol (95% CI 62-68 [8.1%, 7.8-8.4]), HbA1c changed by -5 mmol/mol (-8 to -1 [-0.5%, -0.7 to -0.1]) in BCC and -3 mmol/mol (-7 to 1 [-0.3%, -0.6 to 0.1]) in standard care with an estimated treatment effect of -2 mmol/mol (-7 to 4 [-0.2%, -0.6 to 0.4]); p = 0.554. From a baseline-adjusted mean of 4.2 mmol/l (3.7 to 4.8), MAGE changed by -16% (-33 to 5) in BCC and by -3% (-21 to 20) in standard care with an estimated treatment effect of -14% (-36 to 16); p = 0.319. Only median carbohydrate estimation error in favour of BCC (estimated treatment difference -55% (-70 to -32); p < 0.001) remained significant after multiple testing adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: No glycaemic effects were found but incorporating BCC as a supplementary component to standard dietary care led to improved skills in estimating carbohydrate intake among individuals with T2D.

Dietetic Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A National Survey of Dietary Approaches and Decision-making Factors.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There has been a growing emphasis on dietary therapies for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Furthermore, there has been an evolving evidence base for the low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet, gluten-free diet (GFD), and lactose-free diet. This study examines the dietary approaches employed and the factors influencing dietetic decision-making for IBS interventions. METHODS: Participants, including registered dietitians and nutritionists, were recruited from diverse healthcare settings at the point of registration for the 4th Sheffield National Dietetic Gastroenterology Symposium, 2023. A 15-question online survey investigated the practices of dietitians and nutritionists in managing IBS patients, covering dietary approaches, decision-making factors, and patient education. The evidence base for different dietary interventions was provided and a follow-up survey assessed symposium attendees, views on current IBS dietary practices. RESULTS: Out of 731 respondents, primarily registered dietitians (93%) and females (93%), 54% spent 10-50% of clinic time on IBS. Respondents noted that a GFD (34%), low lactose (32%), and traditional dietary advice (TDA) (18%) were the most frequently used dietary interventions that patients try before seeking professional advice. Delegates were asked to rank their dietary intervention preferences pre- and post-meeting (after the evidence base had been presented): TDA pre-meeting 75% versus post-meeting 87% (p=0.04), fibre modification 59% versus 6% (p<0.0001), low FODMAP 25% versus 10% (p=0.0001), low lactose 12% versus 62% (p<0.0001) and GFD 6% to 23% (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: TDA remains the choice of diet for dietitians. After our educational event, the use of low-lactose and gluten-free diet significantly increased. Factors influencing the decision-making process were based on patient acceptability, counselling time, supporting evidence base and dietary triggers.

A diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols improves abdominal and overall symptoms in persons with all subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (LFD) improves symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previous studies have focused on patients with IBS and diarrhea (IBS-D). It is unclear whether LFD is effective for IBS with constipation (IBS-C) or IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M). This open-label, real-world study evaluates the relative effectiveness of the LFD among IBS subtypes. METHODS: This study analyzes data from a service that provides low-FODMAP meals to individuals with IBS. Participants met with a registered dietitian and completed the IBS symptom severity survey (IBS-SSS) before and after undergoing a 2-4-week period of FODMAP restriction. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants with ≥50-point decrease in IBS-SSS between the three IBS subtypes. KEY RESULTS: After FODMAP restriction, 90% of participants with IBS-D, 75% with IBS-C, and 84% with IBS-M met the primary endpoint (p = 0.045). Similar improvement was seen for a 100-point decrease, but the difference between IBS subtypes was not significant (p = 0.46). After FODMAP restriction, all groups had statistically significant improvement in total IBS-SSS as well as individual symptom categories. Improvement in IBS-SSS subcategories was similar among the groups except for the categories of bloating severity (IBS-M had greatest improvement) and bowel movement satisfaction (IBS-C had less improvement). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: Though the proportion of responders was highest for IBS-D and lowest for IBS-C, the LFD led to robust improvement in overall symptoms in all IBS subtypes. Key individual symptoms also showed significant improvements in all IBS subtypes.

The efficacy and real-world effectiveness of a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (LFD) has been shown to effectively reduce irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Effects resulting from real-world studies may differ from those seen in efficacy studies because of the diversity of patients in real-world settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effect of the LFD on reducing IBS symptoms and improving the quality of life (QoL) in efficacy trials and real-world studies. METHODS: Major databases, trial registries, dissertations, and journals were systematically searched for studies on the LFD in adults with IBS. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model with standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Outcomes of interest were all patient-reported: stool consistency, stool frequency, abdominal pain, overall symptoms, adequate symptom relief, IBS-specific QoL and adherence to the LFD. RESULTS: Eleven efficacy and 19 real-world studies were reviewed. The meta-analysis results for abdominal pain (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.54) and QoL (SMD 0.23, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.50) showed the LFD was beneficial in efficacy studies with no statistically significant results for stool frequency (SMD 0.71, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.07). Real-world studies found improvements in abdominal pain and QoL. Due to heterogeneity, no meta-analysis was done for stool consistency and overall symptoms. In these outcomes, results were mostly supportive of the LFD, but they were not always statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest the LFD improves outcomes compared to a control diet (efficacy studies) or baseline data (real-world studies). Because of diverse study designs and heterogeneity of results, a clear superiority of the LFD over control diets could not be concluded. There are no indications of an efficacy-effectiveness gap for the LFD in adults with IBS.

Effects of a low FODMAP diet on the symptom management of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic umbrella review with the meta-analysis of clinical trials.

A low FODMAP diet (LFD) is a common restrictive diet to manage the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, there is no consensus on the alleviating effects of this diet. Herein, a systematic umbrella review with meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of an LFD on IBS symptoms and its secondary outcomes in patients, which were not reported in previous meta-analyses. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science up to December 2023. The methodological quality of systematic reviews and their included trials was evaluated using AMSTAR 2 and the Cochrane risk of bias, respectively. The certainty of the evidence tool was evaluated using the GRADE approach. The data related to IBS symptoms, quality of life (QoL), microbiome diversity, and stool short-chain fatty acids were extracted. A random-effect (if RCTs ≥ 6) or fixed-effect model (if RCTs < 5) was used to recalculate effect sizes and 95% CIs and report them in both qualitative and quantitative terms (pooled risk ratio, Hedges' g, and weighted mean difference). A total of 658 articles were initially identified, with 11 meta-analyses and 24 RCTs reporting 28 outcomes with 1646 participants included. An LFD significantly affected the clinical improvement of total symptoms according to the IBS-SSS questionnaire (RR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.97; P = 0.04) in all the subtypes of IBS and also had favorable effects on stool consistency (WMD: -0.48; 95% CI: -0.902, -0.07) and frequency (WMD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.10) and some other GI symptoms in both less and more than 4 weeks of diet intervention except for stool consistency, which needed more than 4 weeks of LFD implementation. A significant QoL improvement was observed but not in the anxiety and depression state. Furthermore, some studies showed that an LFD may increase fecal pH and dysbiosis and reduce SCFA and the abundance of Bifidobacterium. In conclusion, an LFD can alleviate symptoms and QoL in IBS patients, although dysbiosis may occur. Considering the low certainty of evidence, strong RCTs with more appropriate designs are needed.

Association between insulin sensitivity and lean mass loss during weight loss.

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to assess the relationship between insulin sensitivity and changes in total lean mass (LM) and appendicular LM (ALM) during weight loss. METHODS: Individuals were randomly assigned to either a standard or a moderately reduced carbohydrate diet for 16 weeks. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and insulin sensitivity index (SI) using an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Multiple linear regression was used to determine whether baseline SI was predictive of changes in total LM and ALM. RESULTS: Participants (n = 57; baseline BMI 32.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2) lost an average of 6.8 ± 3.2 kg of body weight (p < 0.001), with 1.5 ± 2.6 kg coming from LM (p < 0.05) and 0.5 ± 0.73 kg from ALM (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that SI was inversely associated with changes in total LM (kilograms; ß = 0.481, p < 0.001), after adjusting for baseline LM, fat mass, acute insulin response to glucose, and weight loss. Similar results were seen when assessing ALM loss (ß = 0.359, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Identifying individuals with low insulin sensitivity prior to weight loss interventions may allow for a personalized approach aiming at minimizing LM loss.

Global research trend and hotspot in the low FODMAP diet: a bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: According to national guidelines, a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is a second-line therapy option for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and improves functional intestinal symptoms. Numerous noteworthy results have been published in this field over the past fifteen years. This study aims to analyze the global research trend and hotspot of the low FODMAP diet research, and provide a comprehensive perspective and direction for researchers. METHODS: The Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was used to identify low FODMAP diet-related articles and reviews. Three bibliometric programs (CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Scimago Graphic) were utilized to analyze and visualize the annual publications, authors, countries, institutions, journals, citations, and keywords. RESULTS: In total, 843 documents related to the low FODMAP diet research were published in 227 journals by 3,343 authors in 1,233 institutions from 59 countries. The United States, which was the most engaged nation in international collaboration, had the largest annual production and the fastest growth. The most productive organization was Monash University, and the most fruitful researcher was Gibson PR. Nutrients ranked first in terms of the number of published documents. The article "A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome" (Halmos EP, 2014) received the most co-citations. Keywords that appear frequently in the literature mainly involve two main aspects: the clinical efficacy evaluation and mechanism exploration of the low FODMAP diet. The term "gut microbiota" stands out as the most prominent keyword among the burst keywords that have remained prevalent till date. CONCLUSION: The restriction stage of the low FODMAP diet is superior to other dietary therapies for IBS in terms of symptom response, but it has a negative impact on the abundance of gut Bifidobacteria and diet quality. Identification of biomarkers to predict response to the low FODMAP diet is of great interest and has become the current research hotspot.

Beyond Obesity and Overweight: The Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Excess Body Fat in Children : Part 1 - Insulin Resistance as the Root Cause of Pediatric Obesity.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pediatric obesity and comorbidities related to insulin resistance continue to be a growing public health crisis. If lifestyle measures are unsuccessful, pharmacological and surgical interventions are offered. In this paper, we describe the driving force of the obesity crisis: hyperinsulinemia and the development of insulin resistance. We give historical background of key policy issues which have contributed to this pandemic as well as the physiologic mechanisms of insulin resistance. The prevalence of obesity will continue to rise unless the root cause of hyperinsulinemia is addressed. RECENT FINDINGS: Current research on insulin resistance demonstrates that a decreased consumption of carbohydrates is an effective first-line dietary intervention for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Evidence shows it is safe and beneficial. A low-carbohydrate eating pattern can be helpful to address pediatric obesity. However, there must be policy guardrails in place to ensure that this is a sustainable and viable option for children and their families. There must be a change in the nutritional environment to help individuals battle the chronic disease of obesity.

Nutritional safety and status following a 12-week strict low FODMAP diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A low FODMAP diet (LFD) is an established dietary treatment for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, knowledge on the extended effects of the restriction phase regarding nutrient intake, symptom severity, and quality of life (QoL) is sparse. Therefore, our objectives were to evaluate the safety of a dietitian-led 12-week strict LFD on measures of blood biochemistry, nutritional status, symptom severity, and QoL. METHODS: In this open-label dietitian-led 12-week strict LFD intervention for IBS patients with predominantly diarrhea or mixed stool pattern (IBS-D/-M), we collected data on diet intake (3-day dietary record), overnight fasting routine blood samples, body weight, IBS symptoms (IBS Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS)), and IBS-related QoL (IBS-QoL) at baseline and after 12 weeks. KEY RESULTS: Thirty-six participants completed the 12-week follow-up (mean age: 37 years, 67% women, IBS-SSS: 242 (101)). All blood parameters measured were within established reference values at both time points. We found no change in intake of macro- or micronutrients, but several micronutrients were below the recommendations both before and after 12 weeks. BMI slightly decreased, primarily driven by participants with BMI >25 (p < 0.005). QoL improved among most subdomains (p ≤ 0.002), except food avoidance and social reaction. CONCLUSION: An extended dietitian-guided LFD (12 weeks) is not inferior to the participants' baseline diet, since no clinically meaningful changes in nutritionally related blood samples and no changes in macro- or micronutrient intake were observed. However, the intake of several nutrients was below the recommendations at both time points indicating low diet quality.

A randomised controlled trial of additional bolus insulin using an insulin-to-protein ratio compared with insulin-to-carbohdrate ratio alone in people with type 1 diabetes following a carbohydrate-restricted diet.

AIMS: Postprandial hyperglycemia can be problematic for people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) following carbohydrate-restricted diets. Bolus insulin calculated for meal protein plus carbohydrate may help. This study evaluated the effect of additional bolus insulin using an insulin-to-protein ratio (IPR) on glycaemic control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants with T1DM aged ≥18-years were randomly allocated (1:1) to either carbohydrate and protein-based, or carbohydrate-based insulin dosing alone for 12 weeks while following a carbohydrate-restricted diet (50-100 g/day). Measurement of HbA1c and continuous glucose monitoring occurred at baseline and 12 weeks, with assessment of participant experience at 12 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-four participants were randomised, 22 female, mean(SD): age 39.2 years (12.6) years; diabetes duration 20.6 years (12.9); HbA1c 7.3 % (0.8), 56.7 mmol/mol (9.2). Seven in each group used insulin pump therapy. HbA1c reduced at 12 weeks with no difference between treatments: mean (SD) control 7.2 % (1.0), 55.7 mmol/mol (10.6); intervention 6.9 % (0.7), 52.3 mmol/mol (7.2) (p = 0.65). Using additional protein-based insulin dosing compared with carbohydrate alone, there was no difference in glycaemic variability, time spent in euglycemic range (TIR), or below range. Participants using IPR reported more control of their diabetes, but varying levels of distress. CONCLUSIONS: Additional bolus insulin using an IPR did not improve glycaemic control or TIR in patients with well controlled T1DM following a carbohydrate-restricted diet. Importantly, the use of the IPR does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia and may be preferred.

Beyond Obesity and Overweight: the Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Excess Body Fat In Children : Part 2 - the Prescription of Low-Carbohydrate Eating as the First Approach.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pediatric obesity and comorbidities related to insulin resistance continue to be a growing public health crisis. If lifestyle measures are unsuccessful, pharmacological and surgical interventions are offered. In this paper, we describe the driving force of the obesity crisis: hyperinsulinemia and the development of insulin resistance. We give historical background of key policy issues which have contributed to this pandemic as well as the physiologic mechanisms of insulin resistance. The prevalence of obesity will continue to rise unless the root cause of hyperinsulinemia is addressed. RECENT FINDINGS: Current research on insulin resistance demonstrates that a decreased consumption of carbohydrates is an effective first-line dietary intervention for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. Evidence shows it is safe and beneficial. A low-carbohydrate eating pattern can be helpful to address pediatric obesity. However, there must be policy guardrails in place to ensure that this is a sustainable and viable option for children and their families. There must be a change in the nutritional environment to help individuals battle the chronic disease of obesity.

A low FODMAP diet plus traditional dietary advice versus a low-carbohydrate diet versus pharmacological treatment in irritable bowel syndrome (CARIBS): a single-centre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Dietary advice and medical treatments are recommended to patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Studies have not yet compared the efficacy of dietary treatment with pharmacological treatment targeting the predominant IBS symptom. We therefore aimed to compare the effects of two restrictive dietary treatment options versus optimised medical treatment in people with IBS. METHODS: This single-centre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial was conducted in a specialised outpatient clinic at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Participants (aged ≥18 years) with moderate-to-severe IBS (Rome IV; IBS Severity Scoring System [IBS-SSS] ≥175) and no other serious diseases or food allergies were randomly assigned (1:1:1) by web-based randomisation to receive a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) plus traditional IBS dietary advice recommended by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (hereafter the LFTD diet), a fibre-optimised diet low in total carbohydrates and high in protein and fat (hereafter the low-carbohydrate diet), or optimised medical treatment based on predominant IBS symptom. Participants were masked to the names of the diets, but the pharmacological treatment was open-label. The intervention lasted 4 weeks, after which time participants in the dietary interventions were unmasked to their diets and encouraged to continue during 6 months' follow-up, participants in the LFTD group were instructed on how to reintroduce FODMAPs, and participants receiving pharmacological treatment were offered diet counselling and to continue with their medication. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who responded to the 4-week intervention, defined as a reduction of 50 or more in IBS-SSS relative to baseline, and was analysed per modified intention-to-treat (ie, all participants who started the intervention). Safety was analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02970591, and is complete. FINDINGS: Between Jan 24, 2017, and Sept 2, 2021, 1104 participants were assessed for eligibility and 304 were randomly assigned. Ten participants did not receive their intervention after randomisation and thus 294 participants were included in the modified intention-to-treat population (96 assigned to the LFTD diet, 97 to the low-carbohydrate diet, and 101 to optimised medical treatment). 241 (82%) of 294 participants were women and 53 (18%) were men and the mean age was 38 (SD 13). After 4 weeks, 73 (76%) of 96 participants in the LFTD diet group, 69 (71%) of 97 participants in the low-carbohydrate diet group, and 59 (58%) of 101 participants in the optimised medical treatment group had a reduction of 50 or more in IBS-SSS compared with baseline, with a significant difference between the groups (p=0·023). 91 (95%) of 96 participants completed 4 weeks in the LFTD group, 92 (95%) of 97 completed 4 weeks in the low-carbohydrate group, and 91 (90%) of 101 completed 4 weeks in the optimised medical treatment group. Two individuals in each of the intervention groups stated that adverse events were the reason for discontinuing the 4-week intervention. Five (5%) of 91 participants in the optimised medical treatment group stopped treatment prematurely due to side-effects. No serious adverse events or treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: Two 4-week dietary interventions and optimised medical treatment reduced the severity of IBS symptoms, with a larger effect size in the diet groups. Dietary interventions might be considered as an initial treatment for patients with IBS. Research is needed to enable personalised treatment strategies. FUNDING: The Healthcare Board Region Västra Götaland, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, AFA Insurance, grants from the Swedish state, the Wilhelm and Martina Lundgren Science Foundation, Skandia, the Dietary Science Foundation, and the Nanna Swartz Foundation.

Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on pain and quality of life in female patients with lipedema: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) compared with a control diet on pain in female patients with lipedema. The secondary objectives were to compare the impact of the two diets on quality of life (QoL) and investigate potential associations of changes in pain with changes in body weight, body composition, and ketosis. METHODS: Adult female patients with lipedema and obesity were randomized to either the LCD or control diet (energy prescription: 1200 kcal/day) for 8 weeks. Body weight and body composition, pain (Brief Pain Inventory measured pain), and QoL (RAND 36-Item Health Survey [RAND-36], Impact of Weight on Quality of Life [IWQOL]-Lite, and Lymphoedema Quality of Life [LYMQOL]) were measured at baseline and at postintervention. RESULTS: A total of 70 female patients (age, mean [SD], 47 [11] years; BMI 37 [5] kg/m2) were included. The LCD group had greater weight loss (-2.8 kg; 95% CI: -4.1 to -1.0; p < 0.001) and larger reduction in pain now (-1.1; 95% CI: -1.9 to -0.3; p = 0.009) compared with the control group. No association was found between changes in pain now and weight loss. Both groups experienced improvements in several QoL dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Diet-induced weight loss in women with lipedema can improve QoL. An energy-restricted LCD seems to be superior to a standard control diet in reducing pain.

Switching diets after 6-months does not result in renewed weight loss: a secondary analysis of a 12-month crossover randomized trial.

Weight change trajectory from diet and lifestyle interventions typically involves rapid weight loss followed by a weight plateau after approximately 6 months. Changing from one weight-loss diet to another at the time of the plateau could instigate renewed weight loss. Therefore, our secondary analysis aimed to assess trajectory of weight loss in a 12-month, randomized, cross-over study. Forty-two adults were randomized to eat a healthy low-fat or healthy low-carbohydrate diet for 6 months then switched to the opposite diet for an additional 6 months. Regardless of diet assignment, participants experienced rapid initial weight loss, which slowed between 3 to 6 months. After switching diets at 6 months, weight modestly decreased until 9 months, but at a rate slower than the initial 3 months and slower than the rate from 3 to 6 months. This suggests that the weight loss plateau typically seen at 6 months is physiological and cannot be overcome by simply switching to a different weight-loss diet.

Assessing 'response' to the low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: Should we be reporting harder primary endpoints?

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The low-FODMAP diet (LFD) has become almost synonymous with IBS care, yet the challenges associated with this rigorous therapeutic approach are often underacknowledged. Despite positive outcomes in RCTs, comparator groups frequently exhibit substantial response rates, raising questions about the definition of 'response'. Whilst the assessment of response in drug trials has evolved to utilize the more stringent FDA/EMA primary clinical endpoints, trials of the LFD have not yet followed. The aim of this article is to opine whether the current approach to the measurement of clinical response to the LFD in clinical trials should be reconsidered. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review of LFD clinical trials from the past decade was conducted, focusing on recorded response metrics for primary clinical endpoints. RESULTS: While response definitions vary, the 50-point IBS-SSS delta emerged as the predominant metric. Notably, no trials to date have adopted the more stringent primary clinical endpoints used in drug trials. Other response measures included binary response metrics (such as 'adequate clinical response'), changes in visual analogue scales or stool form/output, reductions in abdominal pain, as well as changes the magnitude of the IBS-SSS delta. Whether these metrics correspond to a clinically meaningful improvement for the patient is less clear, and as such aligning patient-clinician expectations can be challenging. CONCLUSIONS: A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of 'response' coupled with an emphasis on harder clinical endpoints in the context of clinical trials may serve to better justify the trade-off between symptom-improvement and the inherent challenges associated with this burdensome therapeutic approach.