RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Isolated value of MRI metrics in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) as a surrogate marker of response to disease-modifying treatment (DMT) and, thus, as decision criteria for DMT escalation in the absence of clinical signs of disease activity is still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DMT escalation based on isolated MRI activity affects clinical outcome. METHODS: Combining data from 5 MS centers in Austria and Switzerland, we included patients with RMS aged at least 18 years who (1) had initiated first-line, low-to-moderate-efficacy DMT (interferon ß, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, or dimethyl fumarate) continued for ≥12 months, (2) were clinically stable (no relapses or disability progression) on DMT for 12 months, (3) had MRI at baseline and after 12 months on DMT, and (4) had available clinical follow-up for ≥2 years after the second MRI. The primary endpoint was occurrence of relapse during follow-up. The number of new T2 lesions (T2L) and DMT strategy (continuing low-/moderate-efficacy DMT vs escalating DMT) were used as covariates in regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 131 patients with RMS, median age of 36 (25th-75th percentiles: 29-43) years, 73% women, were included and observed over a median period of 6 (5-9) years after second MRI. Sixty-two (47%) patients had relapse. Patients who continued first-line DMT had a 3-fold increased risk of relapse given 2 new T2L (hazard ratio [HR] 3.2, lower limit [LL] of 95% CI: 1.5) and a 4-fold increased risk given ≥3 new T2L (HR 4.0, LL-CI: 2.1). Escalation of DMT lowered the risk of relapse in patients with 2 new T2L by approximately 80% (HR 0.2, upper limit [UL] of 95% CI: 1.3) and with ≥3 new T2L by 70% (HR 0.3, UL-CI: 0.8). In case of only 1 new T2L, the increased risk of relapse and the treatment effect did not reach statistical significance of 5%. DISCUSSION: In our real-world cohort of patients clinically stable under low-to-moderate-efficacy DMT, escalation of DMT based on isolated MRI activity decreased risk of further relapse when at least 2 new T2L had occurred. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that clinically stable patients with MS on low-/moderate-efficacy DMT with ≥3 new T2L on MRI who escalate DMT have a reduced risk of relapse and Expanded Disability Status Scale progression.
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Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente , Humanos , Femenino , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Adulto , Crotonatos/uso terapéutico , Resultado del Tratamiento , Nitrilos/uso terapéutico , Toluidinas/uso terapéutico , Hidroxibutiratos , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Acetato de Glatiramer/uso terapéutico , Interferón beta/uso terapéutico , Austria , Suiza , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Aberration of the gastric mucosal barrier homeostasis circuit is one of the key features linked to the onset of gastric ulcers (GU). This work aimed to inspect the gastroprotective influence of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on ethanol-induced GU in rats and to decipher the possible mechanisms entailed. Rats were pretreated with either DMF (80 mg/kg) or omeprazole (OMP) (20 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 2 weeks. After 24 h of starvation, ethanol (5 ml/kg, oral) was employed to trigger GU in rats, while carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as a control. Ethanol notably elevated both macroscopic and microscopic gastric damage. DMF and OMP exhibited similar effects on gastric ulcer healing. DMF intervention led to a substantial improvement in gastric insults. DMF significantly reduced ethanol-triggered gastric lesions, as manifested by decreased gastric secretion, acidity, ulcer surface area percent, reduced leukocyte incursion, and increased mucus percent. DMF upregulated miR-34a-5p expression concomitant with the suppression of high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) and inflammatory responses in gastric mucosal homogenate. DMF improved GU by restoring reduced antioxidant defense mechanisms through the coactivation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and sirtuin1 (SIRT1), indicating the protective role of the PPARγ/SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway. Intriguingly, DMF mitigated apoptosis in ethanol-elicited GU. Taken together, this research implies the potential for the repurposing of DMF as an innovative gastroprotective medication to reestablish the balance of the gastric mucosal barrier via the attenuation of gastric inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
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Dimetilfumarato , Etanol , Proteína HMGB1 , MicroARNs , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , PPAR gamma , Sirtuina 1 , Úlcera Gástrica , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Animales , Úlcera Gástrica/inducido químicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamiento farmacológico , Úlcera Gástrica/patología , Etanol/toxicidad , Etanol/efectos adversos , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Sirtuina 1/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Ratas , MicroARNs/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , Masculino , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Proteína HMGB1/genética , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Diroximel fumarate (DRF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are similar disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that reduce disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). We expect that patients on DRF would experience a similar incidence and severity of lymphopenia, given that it is a well-documented side effect of DMF treatment. METHODS: We utilized linear mixed-effects models to test for differences in white blood cell count (WBC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), absolute CD3+ count, absolute CD4+ count, and absolute CD8+ count over time in clinically stable patients with MS on DMF who switched to DRF. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with MS who were clinically stable on DMF switched to DRF. Linear mixed-effects models showed a decrease in ALC when switching medications (ß = -225.70, p < 0.040). In addition, the models showed a decrease in absolute CD8+ counts after switches from DMF to DRF (ß = -85.59, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Patients with MS who are stable on DMF and switch to DRF may experience worsening of lymphopenia and lower absolute CD8+ counts, which may increase their risk of opportunistic infections. These findings indicate that close lymphocyte subset monitoring is clinically important when switching patients with MS from DMF to DRF.
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Dimetilfumarato , Inmunosupresores , Linfopenia , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente , Humanos , Dimetilfumarato/efectos adversos , Linfopenia/inducido químicamente , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recuento de Linfocitos , Sustitución de MedicamentosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the real-world effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on subclinical biomarkers in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and compare with results from clinical trials. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 102 RRMS patients were retrospectively collected and processed using icobrain to assess brain atrophy and to assist semi-manual lesion count. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) annualized percent brain volume change in the first 3 years after DMF-initiation were: -0.33 ± 0.68, -0.10 ± 0.60, and - 0.35 ± 0.71%/year, respectively. No new FLAIR lesions were detected in 73.7%, 77.3%, and 73.3% of the patients during years 1, 2, and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this real-world study were consistent with previous DMF phase III clinical trials, supporting the generalizability of the effects observed in clinical trials to the real-world clinical setting.
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Biomarcadores , Dimetilfumarato , Inmunosupresores , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente , Humanos , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Masculino , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios de Cohortes , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patologíaRESUMEN
Introduction: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been shown to improve disease outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. They may also impair the immune response to vaccines, including the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, available data on both the intrinsic immune effects of DMTs and their influence on cellular response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine are still incomplete. Methods: Here, we evaluated the immune cell effects of 3 DMTs on the response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by comparing MS patients treated with one specific therapy (fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, or natalizumab) with both healthy controls and untreated patients. We profiled 23 B-cell traits, 57 T-cell traits, and 10 cytokines, both at basal level and after stimulation with a pool of SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides, in 79 MS patients, treated with DMTs or untreated, and 32 healthy controls. Measurements were made before vaccination and at three time points after immunization. Results and Discussion: MS patients treated with fingolimod showed the strongest immune cell dysregulation characterized by a reduction in all measured lymphocyte cell classes; the patients also had increased immune cell activation at baseline, accompanied by reduced specific immune cell response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Also, anti-spike specific B cells progressively increased over the three time points after vaccination, even when antibodies measured from the same samples instead showed a decline. Our findings demonstrate that repeated booster vaccinations in MS patients are crucial to overcoming the immune cell impairment caused by DMTs and achieving an immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine comparable to that of healthy controls.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Dimetilfumarato , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod , Esclerosis Múltiple , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Masculino , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/uso terapéutico , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/farmacología , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Natalizumab/uso terapéutico , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Vacunación , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) a central nervous system autoimmune disorder, mainly affecting young adults and more prevalent among women, can lead to sexual dysfunction (SD) among both males and females with MS. Female sexual dysfunction can be defined as dyspareunia, a lack of sexual desire, disorders in the arousal and orgasm phases, and sexual pain disorders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in sexual function among females with MS whose treatment was switched from first-line injectable medications to other agents after a six-month duration. And assess the changes in all three domains of SD. METHODS: In this longitudinal study females diagnosed with MS, aged between 18 and 50 years old, and were candidates for switching their treatment from interferon beta-1a (intra-muscular and subcutaneous), and Glatiramer Acetate (GA), to Fingolimod, Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF), or Natalizumab (NTZ) due to patients' convenience and tolerability and adverse events were included. "Multiple Sclerosis Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-19" was used to evaluate the SD changes before and six months after the new treatment initiation. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS V.24 software. Histograms and the Shapiro-Wilk test were used to assess the normality of the variables; due to the non-normal distribution of quantitative variables (except for age), the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the scores, before and six months after the medication change. The level of significance was considered less than 0.05. RESULTS: Out of 107 female participants (average age: 35.09 ± 5.61), The mean of overall MSISQ-19 scores, before and six months after the medication change were not significant (p-value = 0.091). However, considering the subdomains, the medication changes only affected the tertiary subdomain of MSISQ-19 (p-value = 0.017). Still, the scores of other subdomains did not change significantly (p-value = 0.761 for primary SD and 0.479 for secondary SD). Also, there wasn't any significant difference between EDSS before and after the medication change (p-value = 0.461). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this was the first study, assessing the effect of MS medication change on the improvement of SD among patients. According to the results of the presented cross-sectional study, we found that during a six-month period, the tertiary subdomain of MSISQ-19 symptoms improved significantly, while the changes in other SD domains were not significant.
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Acetato de Glatiramer , Esclerosis Múltiple , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Múltiple/complicaciones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/etiología , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Longitudinales , Acetato de Glatiramer/administración & dosificación , Acetato de Glatiramer/uso terapéutico , Adulto Joven , Factores Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Dimetilfumarato/administración & dosificación , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Inmunosupresores/administración & dosificación , Interferón beta-1a/administración & dosificación , Interferón beta-1a/uso terapéutico , Sustitución de Medicamentos/métodos , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/uso terapéutico , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/administración & dosificación , Natalizumab/administración & dosificación , Natalizumab/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is an aggressive subtype of colorectal cancer that can develop in ulcerative colitis patients and is driven by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Current chemotherapy for CAC, based on 5-fluorouracil and oxalipltin, is not fully effective and displays severe side effects, prompting the search for alternative therapies. Dimethylfumarate (DMF), an activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), is a potent antioxidant and immunomodelatrory drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect on experimental colitis. Here, we investigated the chemotherapeutic effect of DMF on an experimental model of CAC. Male NMRI mice were given two subcutaneous injections of 1,2 Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), followed by three cycles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Low-dose (DMF30) and high-dose of DMF (DMF100) or oxaliplatin (OXA) were administered from the 8th to 12th week of the experiment, and then the colon tissues were analysed histologically and biochemically. DMH/DSS induced dysplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF), oxidative stress, and severe colonic inflammation, with a predominance of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. As OXA, DMF30 reduced ACF multiplicity and crypt dysplasia, but further restored redox status, and reduced colitis severity by shifting macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Surprisingly, DMF100 exacerbated ACF multiplicity, oxidative stress, and colon inflammation, likely through NRF2 and p53 overexpression in colonic inflammatory cells. DMF had a dual effect on CAC. At low dose, DMF is chemotherapeutic and acts as an antioxidant and immunomodulator, whereas at high dose, DMF is pro-oxidant and exacerbates colitis-associated cancer.
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Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis , Sulfato de Dextran , Dimetilfumarato , Macrófagos , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/patología , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Asociadas a Colitis/prevención & control , Sulfato de Dextran/toxicidad , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/patología , Colon/metabolismo , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Colitis/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Focos de Criptas Aberrantes/patología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/toxicidadRESUMEN
Oncolytic virotherapy, using viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔ51) and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) to selectively attack cancer cells, faces challenges such as cellular resistance mediated by the interferon (IFN) response. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis and is recognized for its anti-cancer properties and has been shown to enhance both VSVΔ51 and HSV-1 oncolytic activity. Tepilamide fumarate (TPF) is a DMF analog currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of TPF in enhancing the effectiveness of oncolytic viruses. In vitro, TPF treatment rendered 786-0 carcinoma cells more susceptible to VSVΔ51 infection, leading to increased viral replication. It outperformed DMF in both increasing viral infection and increasing the killing of these resistant cancer cells and other cancer cell lines tested. Ex vivo studies demonstrated TPF's selective boosting of oncolytic virus infection in cancer cells without affecting healthy tissues. Effectiveness was notably high in pancreatic and ovarian tumor samples. Our study further indicates that TPF can downregulate the IFN pathway through a similar mechanism to DMF, making resistant cancer cells more vulnerable to viral infection. Furthermore, TPF's impact on gene therapy was assessed, revealing its ability to enhance the transduction efficiency of vectors such as lentivirus, adenovirus type 5, and adeno-associated virus type 2 across various cell lines. This data underscore TPF's potential role in not only oncolytic virotherapy but also in the broader application of gene therapy. Collectively, these findings position TPF as a promising agent in oncolytic virotherapy, warranting further exploration of its therapeutic potential.
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Viroterapia Oncolítica , Virus Oncolíticos , Replicación Viral , Humanos , Viroterapia Oncolítica/métodos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Virus Oncolíticos/fisiología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Fumaratos/farmacología , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efectos de los fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has shown potential for protection in various animal models of neurological diseases. However, the impact of DMF on changes in peripheral immune organs and the central nervous system (CNS) immune cell composition after ischemic stroke remains unclear. METHODS: Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice with photothrombosis ischemia and patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) were treated with DMF. TTC staining, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the infarct volume and changes in immune cells in the periphery and the CNS. RESULTS: DMF reduced the infarct volume on day 1 after PT. DMF reduced the percentages of peripheral immune cells, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes, on day 1, followed by NK cells on day 3 and B cells on day 7 after PT. In the CNS, DMF significantly reduced the percentage of monocytes in the brain on day 3 after PT. In addition, DMF increased the number of microglia in the peri-infarct area and reduced the number of neurons in the peri-infarct area in the acute and subacute phases after PT. In AIS patients, B cells decreased in patients receiving alteplase in combination with DMF. CONCLUSION: DMF can change the immune environment of the periphery and the CNS, reduce infarct volume in the acute phase, promote the recruitment of microglia and preserve neurons in the peri-infarct area after ischemic stroke.
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Dimetilfumarato , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Animales , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/inmunología , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Pronóstico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Switching disease-modifying therapy (DMT) may be considered for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) if a patient's current therapy is no longer optimal. This was particularly important during the recent COVID-19 pandemic because of considerations around immune deficiency and impaired vaccine response associated with B cell-depleting DMTs. This real-world, single-center study aimed to evaluate change or decline in functional ability and overall disease stability in people with RRMS who were switched from B cell-depleting ocrelizumab (OCRE) to diroximel fumarate (DRF) because of safety concern related to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Adults with RRMS were included if they had been clinically stable for ≥ 1 year on OCRE. Data collected at baseline and 1 year post switch included relapse rate, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood work for assessment of peripheral immune parameters, the Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). RESULTS: Participants (N = 25) had a mean (SD) age of 52 (9) years, and a mean (SD) duration of 26 (8) months' treatment with OCRE before the switch to DRF. Median washout duration since the last OCRE infusion was 7 months (range 4-18 months). No participants relapsed on DRF during follow-up, and all remained persistent on DRF after 1 year. There were no significant changes in peripheral immune parameters, other than an increase in the percentage of CD19+ cells 1 year after switching (p < 0.05). Similarly, there were no significant changes in CAB, OCT, and PROs. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that transition to DRF from OCRE may be an effective treatment option for people with RRMS who are clinically stable but may need to switch for reasons unrelated to effectiveness. Longer follow-up times on larger samples are needed to confirm these observations.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/efectos adversos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Factores Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Dimetilfumarato/efectos adversos , Resultado del Tratamiento , COVID-19 , Sustitución de Medicamentos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Diroximel fumarate (DRF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are orally administered fumarate disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS). The safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of DRF were evaluated in the phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 study. No Evidence of Disease Activity (NEDA-3) is a composite efficacy endpoint used in clinical trials for MS defined as no relapse, no 24-week confirmed disability progression (CDP), no new/newly enlarging T2 lesions, and no new gadolinium-enhancing lesions. As NEDA outcomes in studies may be confounded by initial disease activity, the objective of this analysis was to evaluate NEDA-3 in EVOLVE-MS-1 for newly enrolled patients and patients who were re-baselined after approximately 7 weeks. METHODS: Patients entered EVOLVE-MS-1 as either newly enrolled or having completed the 5-week phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-2 study of DRF and DMF. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed at baseline before each study (approx. 7 weeks apart) and at weeks 48 and 96 in EVOLVE-MS-1. Therefore, patients entering from EVOLVE-MS-2 were re-baselined after approximately 7 weeks. NEDA-3 outcomes on DRF are reported for prior DRF, prior DMF, and de novo patient groups. RESULTS: Of 1057 patients in EVOLVE-MS-1, 239 (22.6%) had rolled over from receiving DRF in EVOLVE-MS-2 ("prior DRF"), 225 (21.3%) had rolled over from receiving DMF in EVOLVE-MS-2 ("prior DMF"), and 593 (56.1%) were newly enrolled ("de novo"). At week 48, Kaplan-Meier estimates of NEDA-3 were 72.3% (prior DRF), 72.1% (prior DMF), and 62.1% (de novo); at week 96, estimates were 50.2% (prior DRF), 48.2% (prior DMF), and 36.5% (de novo). CONCLUSIONS: In EVOLVE-MS-1, after re-baselining at approximately 7 weeks, approximately half of DRF-treated patients achieved NEDA-3 at week 96, compared with 36.5% of patients who were not re-baselined. Re-baselining may be useful for assessing efficacy of DMTs by mitigating the influence of disease activity prior to the onset of efficacy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: NCT03093324 (EVOLVE-MS-2); NCT02634307 (EVOLVE-MS-1).
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Dimetilfumarato , Fumaratos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente , Humanos , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Fumaratos/uso terapéutico , Fumaratos/farmacología , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del Tratamiento , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Método Doble CiegoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is one of the most widespread tumors among women worldwide, which is difficult to treat due to the presence of chemoresistance and the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis. There is a pressing necessity to develop efficient treatments to improve response for treatment and increase prolong survival of breast cancer patients. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted interest for its features as a noninvasive and relatively selective cancer treatment. This method relies on light-activated photosensitizers that, upon absorbing light, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) with powerful cell-killing outcomes. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor, plays a key role in cancer development by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Inhibiting NF-κB can sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an NF-κB inhibitor approved by the FDA for multiple sclerosis treatment, has further shown promise in suppressing breast cancer cell growth in vitro. We hypothesized that combining PDT with Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) could further enhance therapeutic efficacy for both treatment modalities. METHODS: In the current study, we explored the PDT effect of 1 and 2 mM aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and low-power He-Ne laser irradiation combined with different concentrations of DMF (2.5, 1.25, or 0.652 µg/ml) against hormone nonresponsive AMJ13 breast cancer cell line that is derived from Iraqi patient. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that co-administration with all tested DMF concentrations significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of PDT antitumor effect. The combination index analysis showed presence of synergism in combining PDT with DMF. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that the combination of PDT with DMF could be a promising novel strategy against triple negative breast cancer that could be applied clinically due to the fact that both of these treatments are already clinically approved therapies.
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Ácido Aminolevulínico , Neoplasias de la Mama , Proliferación Celular , Dimetilfumarato , FN-kappa B , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Humanos , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Ácido Aminolevulínico/farmacología , Femenino , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate whether switching disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) from sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators to either natalizumab (NTZ) or dimethyl fumarate (DMF) could restore the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This study included 9 controls and 33 patients with MS: 7 patients treated with DMF, 7 patients treated with NTZ, 9 patients treated with S1P receptor modulators, and 10 patients who had switched DMTs from S1P receptor modulators to DMF or NTZ by the second vaccine dose. The patients who had switched DMTs were classified into two groups, based on whether their lymphocyte counts were above or below 1000/µL at the time of vaccination. In addition, relapses within 6 months after switching DMTs were also evaluated in these patients. Six months after the second dose of the vaccination, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies were evaluated in all participants, and spike specific CD4+ T cells were also assessed in patients who had switched DMTs from S1P receptor modulators. RESULTS: Patients treated with S1P receptor modulators had lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies than the controls and patients treated with DMF and NTZ. On the other hand, in patients who had switched DMTs from S1P receptor modulators, a recovery of lymphocyte counts above 1000/µL resulted in restored humoral and cellular immune responses to the vaccination. There were no neurological relapses in patients who had switched DMTs from S1P receptor modulators to NTZ. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination is expected to be effective in patients whose lymphocyte counts have recovered due to switching DMTs from S1P receptor modulators. Switching DMTs from S1P receptor modulators to NTZ before vaccination may be beneficial in achieving efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, with a reduced risk of relapse.
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COVID-19 , Dimetilfumarato , Esclerosis Múltiple , Natalizumab , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Femenino , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Adulto , Natalizumab/uso terapéutico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Moduladores de los Receptores de fosfatos y esfingosina 1/uso terapéutico , Moduladores de los Receptores de fosfatos y esfingosina 1/farmacología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/uso terapéutico , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Vacunación/métodos , Sustitución de Medicamentos , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chronic stress-induced neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the development and exacerbation of mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF), an effective therapeutic agent approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, has been widely reported to display anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. However, the impact of DMF on chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders and the exact underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS: We established a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). DMF was administered orally 1 h before daily stress session for 10 days in CSDS + DMF group. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to analyze mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1ß. Immunofluorescence staining was carried out to detect the expression of Iba 1 and c-fos positive cells as well as morphological change of Iba 1+ microglia. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording was applied to evaluate synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability of neurons. RESULTS: DMF treatment significantly alleviated CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Mechanistically, DMF treatment prevented CSDS-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of microglia and NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1ß signaling pathway in basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region important for emotional processing. Furthermore, DMF treatment effectively reversed the CSDS-caused disruption of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission balance, as well as the increased intrinsic excitability of BLA neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide new evidence that DMF may exert anxiolytic effect by preventing CSDS-induced activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1ß signaling pathway and alleviating hyperactivity of BLA neurons.
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Ansiedad , Dimetilfumarato , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Neuronas , Estrés Psicológico , Animales , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Estrés Psicológico/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Psicológico/inmunología , Ratones , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Amígdala del Cerebelo/efectos de los fármacos , Amígdala del Cerebelo/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Caspasa 1/metabolismo , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Derrota SocialRESUMEN
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD); however, it remains unclear whether this is a cause or consequence of the pathogenic process. Analysing multiple aspects of mitochondrial biology across several Drosophila models of C9orf72-ALS/FTD, we found morphology, oxidative stress, and mitophagy are commonly affected, which correlated with progressive loss of locomotor performance. Notably, only genetic manipulations that reversed the oxidative stress levels were also able to rescue C9orf72 locomotor deficits, supporting a causative link between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and behavioural phenotypes. Targeting the key antioxidant Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, we found that genetic reduction of Keap1 or pharmacological inhibition by dimethyl fumarate significantly rescued the C9orf72-related oxidative stress and motor deficits. Finally, mitochondrial ROS levels were also elevated in C9orf72 patient-derived iNeurons and were effectively suppressed by dimethyl fumarate treatment. These results indicate that mitochondrial oxidative stress is an important mechanistic contributor to C9orf72 pathogenesis, affecting multiple aspects of mitochondrial function and turnover. Targeting the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway to combat oxidative stress represents a therapeutic strategy for C9orf72-related ALS/FTD.
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Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral , Proteína C9orf72 , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Demencia Frontotemporal , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch , Mitocondrias , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , Estrés Oxidativo , Fenotipo , Transducción de Señal , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/metabolismo , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Proteína C9orf72/genética , Proteína C9orf72/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Animales , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/genética , Humanos , Demencia Frontotemporal/genética , Demencia Frontotemporal/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Mitofagia/genética , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , MasculinoRESUMEN
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that significantly impacts the central nervous system, leading to a range of complications. While intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is a rare but highly morbid complication, more common CNS complications include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and other CNS infections. This severe form of stroke, known for its high morbidity and mortality rates, presents a critical challenge in the management of MS. The use of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) in treating MS introduces a nuanced aspect to patient care, with certain medications like Dimethyl Fumarate and Fingolimod showing potential in reducing the risk of ICH, while others such as Alemtuzumab and Mitoxantrone are associated with an increased risk. Understanding the intricate relationship between these DMDs, the pathophysiological mechanisms of ICH, and the individualised aspects of each patient's condition is paramount. Factors such as genetic predispositions, existing comorbidities, and lifestyle choices play a crucial role in tailoring treatment approaches, emphasising the importance of a personalised, vigilant therapeutic strategy. The necessity for ongoing and detailed research cannot be overstated. It is crucial to explore the long-term effects of DMDs on ICH occurrence and prognosis in MS patients, aiming to refine clinical practices and promote patient-centric, informed therapeutic decisions. This approach ensures that the management of MS is not only comprehensive but also adaptable to the evolving understanding of the disease and its treatments.
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Hemorragia Cerebral , Esclerosis Múltiple , Humanos , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Esclerosis Múltiple/complicaciones , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiología , Hemorragia Cerebral/inducido químicamente , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Mitoxantrona/uso terapéutico , Mitoxantrona/efectos adversos , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/uso terapéutico , Clorhidrato de Fingolimod/efectos adversos , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Dimetilfumarato/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Neurological and cardiac injuries are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality following pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Preservation of mitochondrial function may be critical for reducing these injuries. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has shown potential to enhance mitochondrial content and reduce oxidative damage. To investigate the efficacy of DMF in mitigating mitochondrial injury in a pediatric porcine model of IHCA, toddler-aged piglets were subjected to asphyxia-induced CA, followed by ventricular fibrillation, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and random assignment to receive either DMF (30 mg/kg) or placebo for four days. Sham animals underwent similar anesthesia protocols without CA. After four days, tissues were analyzed for mitochondrial markers. In the brain, untreated CA animals exhibited a reduced expression of proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system (CI, CIV, CV) and decreased mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.001). Despite alterations in mitochondrial content and morphology in the myocardium, as assessed per transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial function was unchanged. DMF treatment counteracted 25% of the proteomic changes induced by CA in the brain, and preserved mitochondrial structure in the myocardium. DMF demonstrates a potential therapeutic benefit in preserving mitochondrial integrity following asphyxia-induced IHCA. Further investigation is warranted to fully elucidate DMF's protective mechanisms and optimize its therapeutic application in post-arrest care.
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Asfixia , Dimetilfumarato , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Paro Cardíaco , Mitocondrias , Animales , Paro Cardíaco/metabolismo , Paro Cardíaco/tratamiento farmacológico , Asfixia/metabolismo , Asfixia/tratamiento farmacológico , Asfixia/complicaciones , Porcinos , Dimetilfumarato/farmacología , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patología , Humanos , Miocardio/metabolismo , Miocardio/patología , Fosforilación Oxidativa/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The nasal administration route has been studied for the delivery of active molecules directed to the Central Nervous System, thanks to the anatomical connection between the nasal cavity and the brain. Dimethyl fumarate is used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, with a role as an immunomodulator towards T- T-cells and a cytoprotector towards neurons and glial cells. Its use in therapy is hindered by its low aqueous solubility, and low stability, due to hydrolysis and sublimation at room temperature. To overcome this limitation, in this study we evaluated the feasibility of using two amorphous ß-cyclodextrin derivatives, namely hydroxypropyl ß-cyclodextrin and methyl ß-cyclodextrin, to obtain a nasally administrable powder with a view to nose-to-brain administration. Initially, the interaction product was studied using different analytical methods (differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction) to detect the occurrence of binary product formation, while phase solubility analysis was used to probe the complexation in solution. The dimethyl fumarate-cyclodextrin binary product showing best solubility and stability properties was subsequently used in the development of a chitosan-based mucoadhesive nasally administrable powder comparing different preparative methods. The best performance in terms of both hydrolytic stability and DMF recovery was achieved by the powder obtained via freeze-drying.
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Administración Intranasal , Quitosano , Dimetilfumarato , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Polvos , Solubilidad , beta-Ciclodextrinas , Dimetilfumarato/administración & dosificación , Dimetilfumarato/química , Dimetilfumarato/farmacocinética , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/administración & dosificación , beta-Ciclodextrinas/química , beta-Ciclodextrinas/administración & dosificación , Encéfalo/metabolismo , 2-Hidroxipropil-beta-Ciclodextrina/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Rastreo Diferencial de Calorimetría , Difracción de Rayos X/métodosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a common cerebrovascular disease. Considering the risks and benefits of surgery, a significant proportion of patients with unruptured IA (UIA) choose conservative observation. Previous studies suggest that inflammation of aneurysm wall is a high-risk factor of rupture. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other pathways. Animal experiments found DMF reduces the formation and rupture of IAs. In this study, DMF will be evaluated for its ability to reduce inflammation of the aneurysm wall in high-resolution vessel wall imaging. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a multi-centre, randomised, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Three hospitals will enrol a total of 60 patients who have UIA with enhanced wall. Participants will be assigned randomly in a 1:1 proportion, taking either 240 mg DMF or placebo orally every day for 6 months. As the main result, aneurysm wall enhancement will be measured by the signal intensity after 6 months of DMF treatment. Secondary endpoints include morphological changes of aneurysms and factors associated with inflammation. This study will provide prospective data on the reduction of UIA wall inflammation by DMF. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (approval no: KY2022-064-02). We plan to disseminate our research findings through peer-reviewed journal publication and relevant academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05959759.
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Dimetilfumarato , Aneurisma Intracraneal , Humanos , Dimetilfumarato/uso terapéutico , Aneurisma Intracraneal/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Doble Ciego , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Adulto , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Allergic asthma is a widely prevalent inflammatory condition affecting people across the globe. T cells and their secretory cytokines are central to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Here, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory impact of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in allergic asthma with more focus on determining its effect on T cell responses in allergic asthma. By utilizing the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma model, we observed that DMF administration reduced the allergic asthma symptoms and IgE levels in the OVA-induced mice model. Histopathological analysis showed that DMF treatment in an OVA-induced animal model eased the inflammation in the nasal and bronchial tissues, with a particular decrease in the infiltration of immune cells. Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis exhibited that treatment of DMF in an OVA-induced model reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokine (IL4, IL13, and IL17) while augmenting anti-inflammatory IL10 and Foxp3 (forkhead box protein 3). Mechanistically, we found that DMF increased the expression of Foxp3 by exacerbating the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the in-vitro activation of Foxp3+ Tregs leads to an escalated expression of Nrf2. Notably, CD4-specific Nrf2 deletion intensified the allergic asthma symptoms and reduced the in-vitro iTreg differentiation. Meanwhile, DMF failed to exert protective effects on OVA-induced allergic asthma in CD4-specific Nrf2 knock-out mice. Overall, our study illustrates that DMF enhances Nrf2 signaling in T cells to assist the differentiation of Tregs, which could improve the anti-inflammatory immune response in allergic asthma.