Intractable Aspiration Treated With Laryngectomy After SLAD-R Surgery: A Case Report.

A variety of surgical treatment options exist for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) with selective adductor recurrent laryngeal nerve denervation and reinnervation (SLAD-R) being one of the more popular. We present a case of bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP) for SLAD-R resulting in the need for total laryngectomy. We suggest BVFP is more common than reported and that we all must insure optimal long term follow up of our surgical patients. Laryngoscope, 134:4582-4584, 2024.

Quantitative Evaluation of Vocal Bowing Following Bilateral Thyroplasty in Age-Related Vocal Atrophy.

OBJECTIVE: Age-related vocal atrophy (ARVA) is associated with vocal fold bowing, persistent glottal gap during phonation, and dysphonia. Bilateral medialization thyroplasty is sometimes performed in patients with ARVA to improve vocal fold closure and voice. We set out to quantify stroboscopic changes in vocal fold bowing, glottal closure, and abduction angle following bilateral thyroplasty and determine how these changes affect voice quality among patients with ARVA. METHODS: Fifteen individuals with ARVA who underwent bilateral medialization thyroplasty were included in this study. Two independent investigators calculated bowing index (BI), normalized glottal gap area (NGGA), and maximum abduction angle from laryngostroboscopic exams using ImageJ™. Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) and patient-reported measures were collected before and after thyroplasty. RESULTS: Thyroplasty resulted in a 10-point improvement in overall CAPE-V (Mean dif -10; 95% CI -17, -3.3, p < 0.01) and VHI-10 (mean dif -3.8; 95% CI -9.8, 2.3, p = 0.19, n = 8). NGGA and BI significantly decreased following surgery (mean dif -78; 95% CI -155, -1.5, p = 0.05; and mean dif -2.1; 95% CI -2.4, -0.84, p < 0.01, respectively). BI correlated with CAPE-V scores (r = 0.66, 95% CI 0.22, 0.87, p < 0.01). When considering the normalized combined contributions of both NGGA and BI, there was a stronger correlation in CAPE-V scores (r = 0.87, 95% CI 0.50, 0.97, p < 0.01) compared with either measure alone. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroplasty resulted in a decrease in vocal fold bowing, glottal gap area, and CAPE-V scores in patients with ARVA. Correction of vocal bowing and glottal gap, following bilateral thyroplasty, improved voice measures following surgery. Quantitative evaluation of vocal fold morphology may be valuable when assessing the severity and treatment-response in patients with ARVA following bilateral thyroplasty. Laryngoscope, 134:835-841, 2024.

Comparison of Botulinum Toxin Injections and Type 2 Thyroplasty for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia.

OBJECTIVES: Injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) into intrinsic laryngeal muscles is the current gold standard therapy for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD). However, a surgical procedure could potentially offer more stable and long-lasting voice quality to AdSD patients. Here, we report the long-term results of type 2 thyroplasty (TP2) with TITANBRIDGE® (Nobelpharma, Tokyo, Japan) compared with those of BTX injections. METHODS: In total, 73 AdSD patients visited our hospital between August 2018 and February 2022. Patients were provided the option of BTX injections or TP2. They were assessed via the Voice Handicap Index (VHI)-10 before treatments and at scheduled clinical follow-ups at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks for BTX and at 4, 12, 26, and 52 weeks for TP2. RESULTS: Overall, 52 patients selected the BTX injection and had a pre-injection mean VHI-10 score of 27.3 ± 8.8. Following injections, the scores significantly improved to 21.0 ± 11.1, 18.6 ± 11.5, and 19.4 ± 11.7 at 2, 4, and 8 weeks, respectively. There were no significant differences between the pre-injection scores and the 12-week scores (21.5 ± 10.7). Alternately, 32 patients opted to be treated with TP2 and had a pre-treatment mean VHI-10 score of 27.7. All patients reported an improvement in their symptoms. Additionally, the mean VHI-10 score significantly improved to 9.9 ± 7.4 at 52 weeks following treatment. There was a significant difference between the two treatment groups at 12 weeks. Some patients received both treatments. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results provide important insights into the value of TP2 as a potential permanent treatment for AdSD patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:3443-3448, 2023.

Place of laryngoscopy and neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery. Recommendations of the AFCE (Association francophone de chirurgie endocrinienne) with the SFE (Société française d'endocrinologie) and the SFMN (Société française de médecine nucléaire).

Preoperative laryngoscopy is mandatory when there is a history of cervical or thoracic surgery, dysphonia, posteriorly developed thyroid carcinoma, or significant lymph node involvement in the central compartment. Postoperative laryngoscopy should be performed for any postoperative dysphonia, swallowing difficulties, respiratory symptoms, or loss of signal during neuromonitoring of the recurrent and/or vagus nerve. Neuromonitoring can be useful in thyroid surgery because it lowers the rate of transient recurrent palsy (RP), although no impact on permanent RP has been demonstrated. It facilitates location of the recurrent nerve. Continuous neuromonitoring of the vagus nerve can, in some situations, allow early detection of a signal drop during dissection near the recurrent nerve.

Durability of Titanium Implants Following Type II Thyroplasty for Adductor Type Spasmodic Dysphonia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the durability of current titanium implants (TI) used in voice improvement surgery for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD), which is type II thyroplasty (T2T), and identify the effects of their fractures on vocal functions. METHODS: A total of 36 ADSD patients who underwent T2T had the following exams: The CT scans of the larynx were performed 1 year after the surgery to assess the fractures of TI. The improvement in the mean voice handicap index 10 (VHI-10) scores and the success rate between nonfractured (NFR) and fractured (FR) groups were compared. RESULTS: It was indicated that TI was broken in 21 cases (58.3%). In one case (2.7%), a fracture on the part of the bridge that connects both sides of the plates was observed, and fractures at holes placed on the plates in the other 35 cases (55.6%). The mean VHI-10 score improved from 27.2 ± 8.1 to 11.4 ± 7.9 in the NFR group and from 26.3 ± 4.9 to 9.7 ± 7.9 in the FR group. The success rates were 66.6% in the NFR group and 71.5% in the FR group. No statistical difference was observed in the improvement in the mean VHI-10 scores, and the success rate between the two groups. However, two cases resulted in failure in the FR group, whereas no worsened case was observed in the NFR group. CONCLUSION: The current TI used in T2T has low durability and could result in the worsening of vocal symptoms after the surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:3028-3033, 2023.

High Tracheal Resection With Intralaryngeal Extension as an Alternative to Cricotracheal Resection for Treatment of Subglottic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Some patients with subglottic stenosis (SGS) require open airway reconstruction, which traditionally involves resection of the anterior cricoid cartilage. As an alternative, we present a novel technique: cricoid-sparing high tracheal resection with excision of subglottic stenotic tissue from below. A novel set of posterior circumferential cricoid sutures is used to reline the exposed cricoid plate. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Single tertiary care center. METHODS: The surgical technique is described and illustrated. A chart review was performed for all patients who underwent surgery between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2021. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (100% female) underwent this airway resection and reconstruction surgery during the study time period. After a mean follow-up of 12 months, no patients required tracheostomy. Twelve of 14 patients (86%) had durable airways. Two patients (14%) have required repeated endoscopic procedures for recurrent stenosis and are considered treatment failures. None exhibited postoperative dysfunction to suggest posterior cricoarytenoid muscle injury. Thirteen patients (93%) had a postoperative normal voice or only transient dysphonia. One patient had permanent unilateral vocal fold paralysis. CONCLUSION: Cricoid-sparing high tracheal resection is a safe and effective alternative to cricotracheal resection, especially for predominantly posterior SGS. The cricoid cartilage and cricothyroid muscles are left undisturbed, potentially decreasing the risk of postoperative dysphonia, namely lowered fundamental frequency. This is especially meaningful in the setting of a predominantly female patient population.

[Long-term outcomes of lateral vocal fold autologous fat injection for unilateral vocal fold paralysis].

Objective: To investigate the long-term outcomes of patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis resulting in dysphonia treated with lateral vocal fold autologous fat injection. To analyze the factors that may affect the long-term efficacy of the procedure. Methods: From July 2003 to June 2020, 163 patients (86 males and 77 females), aged 9-73 years (mean (34.50±12.94) years) with unilateral vocal fold paralysis resulting in dysphonia underwent transoral laryngoscopic injection of autologous fat into the lateral vocal folds. Subjective auditory perception assessment (GRBAS scale), objective acoustic assessment, voice handicap index (VHI) evaluation and stroboscopic laryngoscopy were compared before and after the surgery. Patients were followed up for 1 to 18 years, with median follow-up time of 6 years. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of 163 patients, 17 patients (10.4%) had mild hoarseness (G1) and 146 patients (89.6%) had moderate to severe hoarseness (G2-3). Stroboscopic laryngoscopy revealed an arch-shaped vocal fold on the affected side, fixed in the paramedian position or abduction position, with obvious glottic closure fissure. Postoperatively, voice recovered to normal (G0) in 139 patients (85.3%), mild hoarseness (G1) in 18 patients (11.0%) and moderate hoarseness (G2) in 6 patients (3.7%). Of these, 131 patients (80.4%) showed significant improvement in hoarseness, 29 patients (17.8%) showed mild improvement and 3 patients (1.8%) showed no significant improvement in hoarseness. Objective acoustic parameters of Jitter, Shimmer, NHR and MPT improved significantly, as did VHI scores. Stroboscopic laryngoscopy showed medialization of the affected vocal folds, improved vocal fold closure and normal or nearly normal vocal fold mucosal waves. With a fat injection volume of 3.0-4.5 ml, the patient's subjective auditory perception scores of G, R, B and A improved more significantly within 3 months after surgery, and both VHI and MPT were significantly better since 1 year after surgery. With bilateral vocal fold injection, the B and A scores improved significantly from 1 month postoperatively compared to unilateral injections(unilateral vs. bilateral injection 1 month post-operation, tB scores=1.42,tA scores=1.51,P<0.05). Conclusions: The long-term efficacy of autologous fat injection in the paraglottic space for the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was stable. The efficacy of the surgery was related to the amount of fat injected, unilateral or bilateral of the injection.

[Spasmodic Dysphonia].

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a chronic voice disorder characterized by excessive or inappropriate contraction of laryngeal muscles during speech. SD manifests as excessive glottic closure (adductor type) or sudden opening of the vocal folds (abductor type). Strained or strangled voice is the main symptom of adductor type SD, while abductor type SD presents with a breathy or absent voice. Adductor type SD accounts for 97% of all SD cases and 70% display abnormal contractions of extra laryngeal muscles. SD is currently understood to be a focal dystonia of inner laryngeal muscle during speech. Injection of botulinum toxin into laryngeal muscles is the primary treatment for SD, similar to other dystonia diseases. As the effects of botulinum toxin last for around three months, patients need repeated injections. There are two kind of surgical procedures which aim to achieve permanent emission, namely type 2 thyroplasty (TP2) and bilateral thyroarytenoid muscle myectomy (TAM). Both of these are effective and over 50% of patients can become symptom-free. However, in some cases, patient voices can become breathy and pitch ranges are reduced. For abductor type SD, there are no effective treatments apart from botulinum toxin injections into posterior cricoarytenoid muscles which open the vocal folds.

Salvage Treatments for Poor Voice Outcomes Following Autologous Fat Injection Laryngoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Fat injection laryngoplasty (FIL) is a common procedure used to correct glottic insufficiency. Nevertheless, few studies have discussed potential treatments for cases with poor voice recovery after FIL. METHODS: Eighteen patients with unfavorable vocal outcomes from FIL were analyzed. Each of these patients presented persistent dysphonia for more than 2 months following FIL, together with bulging vocal folds and poor mucosal wave. We applied microsurgery as the standard treatment to remove excessive fat. Vocal fold steroid injection (VFSI) was administered to patients that were hesitant or declined to undergo microsurgery. Voice outcomes were evaluated using the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), grade-roughness-breathiness (GRB) scores, and smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPs). RESULTS: Six patients underwent microsurgery directly, 6 patients received only VFSIs as a salvage treatment, and the remaining 6 patients received 1 to 3 courses of VFSIs before the decision to undergo microsurgery. Pathology reports were available for 10 patients, and contained 5 instances of adipose tissues, 3 of fat necrosis, 1 of chronic inflammation, and 1 of fibrosis. Seventeen patients reported satisfactory or improved outcomes. We found remarkable improvements in VHI-10, GRB, and CPPs (all P < .05) after salvage treatments for FIL. Subgroup analyses showed comparable voice outcomes for patients undergoing direct microsurgery, VFSI alone, and VFSI followed by microsurgery (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that fat overinjection and/or fibrotic change in the injected vocal folds may cause poor voice outcomes after FIL. Both microsurgery and VFSI could be applied as salvage treatments with good voice recovery profiles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4.

Longitudinal Voice Outcomes and Neoglottic Function After Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy: The Development of a New Scale.

OBJECTIVES: Supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) is an oncologically sound alternative to total laryngectomy that results in long-term alterations in vocal function. Little is known about long-term improvements in dysphonia and the mechanism of vocal recovery is unclear due to the lack of a standardized rating tool: The Pattern, Degree, and Vibration (PDV) Scale. METHODS: Data from 24 individuals were compared over 3 post-operative timepoints after SCPL: 3 to 11, 12 to 35, and over 35 months. Voice outcomes were assessed using the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and the GRBAS scale. Laryngeal exams were deidentified and rated using a novel rating scheme developed using literature review and consensus panel discussions. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in VHI scores, Grade, and Strain over time. There was an increase in the Degree of Closure and a decline in Mucosal Vibration across timepoints. Pattern of Movement (P) was associated with dysphonia Grade. Better Degree of Closure (D) was associated with lower VHI scores and better Grade and Roughness. Mucosal Vibration (V) was associated with reduced Breathiness and Strain but variable Roughness. Age, T-stage, radiation treatment, surgery type, and time to feeding-tube removal were also associated with voicing characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of improvement in several voice parameters over time after the first post-operative year. Various subcomponents of the new PDV rating scale were associated with voice outcomes. Its utility for research and clinical practice merits further investigation.

Voice After Cordectomy Type I or Type II or Radiation Therapy for Large T1a Glottic Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: T1a glottic cancer can be treated with transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) or radiation therapy (RT). Dysphonia is the major disadvantage of TLM, and preservation of voice appears to be the best advantage of RT compared to TLM. Studies on voice outcomes of both options gave conflicting results, but there is a tendency toward better voice outcome after TLM compared to the past. STUDY DESIGN: Nonrandomized retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. METHODS: In total, 172 patients with a cancer lesion involving more than two-thirds of 1 membranous vocal fold underwent cordectomy type I (n = 56) (C1 group) or type II (n = 59) (C2 group) or RT (n = 57) (RT group). GRBASI (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain, instability), videolaryngostroboscopy, Voice Handicap Index-30, acoustic analysis including F0, jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio, cepstral peak prominence, and cepstral spectral index of dysphonia using running speech, and aerodynamic analysis were performed before treatment and 6 and 24 months after treatment. RESULTS: Study groups did not differ significantly on pretreatment voice outcomes (P > .05). The RT group had significantly better voice outcomes at 6 months posttreatment compared to the C1 and C2 groups (P < .05). The C1 group had significantly better voice outcomes at 6 months posttreatment compared to the C2 group (P < .05). The C1 group had significantly better voice outcomes at 24 months posttreatment compared to the RT and C2 groups (P < .05). The RT and C2 groups did not differ significantly at 24 months posttreatment (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Voice outcomes after C2 are equal to RT. C1 has better voice outcomes than RT. C1 and C2 can be the treatment of choice for large T1a glottic cancers.

Pre- and Postoperative High-Speed Videolaryngoscopy Findings in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia Following Transoral CO2 LASER-Guided Thyroarytenoid Myoneurectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Vocal cord vibration after transoral CO2 LASER-guided thyroarytenoid (TA) myoneurectomy in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) patients is unclear to date. The precise vibratory patterns in AdSD patients are difficult to evaluate with routine videolaryngostroboscopy. High-speed videolaryngoscopy (HSV) is an ideal choice to evaluate such patients. This study was performed to compare pre- and postoperative, after 6 months, vocal fold vibratory onset delay (VFVOD) and closed phase glottal cycle (CPGC) in AdSD patients following transoral CO2 LASER-guided TA myoneurectomy using the HSV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study, conducted from January, 2016 to January, 2019, of the AdSD patients who underwent transoral CO2 LASER-guided TA myoneurectomy using the HSV. Patient data were acquired from the hospital database to evaluate VFVOD and CPGC from HSV recordings of the patients. VFVOD was calculated as sum of prephonatory delay (PPD) and steady-state delay (SSD). The PPD and SSD were evaluated and compared separately for each patient. The MedCal Version 19.2.6 was used for data analysis. Paired sample t test was performed to compute the significance of the difference between the mean of the dataset. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of nine patients were included in the study, out of which three were females and six were males. The average age was 45.5 ± 6.9 years. The mean of postoperative PPD (166.8 ± 22.1), SSD (76.5 ± 8.6), and CPGC (62.6 ± 4.8) were significantly less than mean of preoperative PPD (222.6 ± 22.1), SSD (97.7 ± 9.5), and CPGC (71.6 ± 5 %), with P values of 0.0007, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decrease in VFVOD and CPGC posttransoral CO2 LASER-guided TA myoneurectomy in AdSD patients after 6 months follow-up. This study also establishes efficiency of the HSV to measure the vocal cord vibration in the patients with AdSD. The primary limitations of the study were the small sample size and its retrospective nature. Future prospective studies with increased sample size can further substantiate the findings of the work performed here.

Effect of Endoscopic Glottoplasty on Acoustic Measures and Quality of Voice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The voice is an important marker of the transition process to the new gender identity of the transgender person. For 20% of patients seeking voice feminization, voice therapy is not completely satisfactory, and surgery should be considered, with endoscopic glottoplasty being the current practice. While the increase in fundamental frequency (F0) after glottoplasty has been well described, no systematic review of the literature or meta-analysis regarding other acoustic parameters and quality of voice has been performed yet. OBJECTIVE: To define the effect of endoscopic glottoplasty on acoustic measures and quality of voice by assessing F0, maximum phonation time (MPT), frequency range, and grade of dysphonia. METHODS: A literature review was performed in Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, LILACS, and Google Scholar, following PRISMA guidelines, with no constraints on publication date. We included studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish that assessed transgender women who underwent endoscopic glottoplasty. All the included articles were measured in terms of their methodological quality. RESULTS: The PRISMA approach yielded 14 studies, totaling 566 patients. There was significant heterogeneity between studies regarding follow-up time, surgical technique and perioperative care. Thirteen studies were submitted to meta-analysis. The results showed significant changes in pre- to postglottoplasty mean differences of F0 = 78.49 Hz (95%CI: 75.69-81.30), MPT = -1.11 seconds (95%CI -1.67 to -0.54), frequency range = -3.55 semitones (95%CI -5.74 to -1.36) and grade of dysphonia on the GRBAS scale = 0.44 (95%CI 0.27-0.61). CONCLUSION: Glottoplasty is effective in significantly increasing fundamental frequency, but slightly decreases MPT, frequency range and vocal quality measured by the grade of dysphonia on the GRBAS scale.

Pre and Post-operative Voice Therapy Intervention for Benign Vocal Fold Lesions: A Systematic Review.

Benign vocal fold lesions cause dysphonia by preventing vocal fold closure, causing irregular vibration and increasing compensatory muscle tension. Voice therapy delivered in addition to phonosurgery may improve voice and quality of life outcomes but the evidence base is lacking and what constitutes voice therapy for this population is not defined. The purpose of this systematic review is to critically evaluate the evidence for pre and post-operative voice therapy to inform the development of an evidence based intervention. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic Review. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched using key terms including dysphonia, phonosurgery, voice therapy and outcomes. Eligible articles were extracted and reviewed by the authors for risk of bias and for information regarding the content, timing and intensity of any pre and post-operative voice therapy intervention. RESULTS: Of the 432 articles identified, 35 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. 5 were RCTs, 2 were individual cohort studies, 1 was a case control study and 26 were case series. There was considerable heterogeneity in participant characteristics. Information was frequently lacking regarding the content timing and intensity of the reported voice therapy intervention, and where present, interventions were highly variable. CONCLUSION: Reporting in relevant literature is limited in all aspects of content, timing and intensity of intervention. Further intervention development work is required to develop a robust voice therapy treatment intervention for this population, before effectiveness work can commence.

Long-Term Voice Outcomes After Type I, Type II, or Type V Cordectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We compare long-term voice outcomes in patients treated with European Laryngeal Society (ELS) classification Type I, Type II, or Type V cordectomy. The aim is to understand the impact of Type V cordectomy on voice outcomes in relation to Type I and Type II cordectomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients treated with Type I, Type II, or Type V cordectomy by a single surgeon over a 20-year period was performed. Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) scores, Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) measures from CAPE-V sentences, and two-rater GRBAS scores were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were identified with a mean follow-up of 52 months. Of these, there were 43 Type I and 19 Type II cordectomies, including 8 in each group with Type V resections. Significant differences in all parameters were noted between the Type I (VHI 5.7, CSID 20.6, Grade 1.3) and the Type II cohorts (VHI 12.6, CSID 36.3, Grade 1.8) who did not undergo Type V cordectomy. Patients undergoing Type V cordectomy demonstrated voice outcomes (VHI 9.4, CSID 35.6, Grade 1.7) which fell between those of Type I and Type II cordectomies. CONCLUSIONS: Better long-term subjective, objective, and computer-analyzed voice outcomes are noted for patients undergoing Type I rather than Type II cordectomy. When Type V cordectomy is performed, voice outcomes are comparable to those of both Type I and Type II cordectomy, a surprising finding given the expectation of worsened dysphonia in longer resections. Further work is needed to explain this finding and define voice outcomes after Type V cordectomy.

Outcomes of Early Versus Delayed Completion Thyroidectomy for Malignancy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether time interval between hemi-thyroidectomy and subsequent completion thyroidectomy impacts outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective review of 68 patients having completion thyroidectomy from August 2012 to December 2019. Patients were separated into two groups based on the time interval between surgeries: early (≤10 days) or delayed (≥90 days). RESULTS: Patients who underwent delayed completion thyroidectomy (n = 17) had significantly higher rates of hypocalcemia and/or hypoparathyroidism (P = .03) and higher rates of requiring postoperative hospitalization (P=.07) compared to those who underwent early completion thyroidectomy (n = 51). Delayed completion had significantly lower risk of developing one or more of dysphonia, dysphagia, or vocal cord paresis postoperatively (P=.02). No patients developed hematoma or wound infection. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed completion thyroidectomy is associated with increased rates of hypocalcemia, but lower rates of dysphonia and dysphagia. Given the low risk of long-term complications in both groups, it may be beneficial to perform completion thyroidectomy early in order to expedite cancer treatment.

Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Spasmodic Dysphonia in Japan: The History and an Update.

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a rare neurological disorder that impairs phonatory function by triggering involuntary and intermittent contractions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. SD is classified into three types: adductor SD (AdSD), abductor SD (AbSD), and mixed SD. Of these, AdSD accounts for 90-95% of disease; younger females are predominantly affected. Botulinum toxin injection into the laryngeal muscles is safe, minimally invasive, and very effective. Here, we review the history of clinical research for SD conducted in Japan. The first use of botulinum toxin injection therapy to treat SD in Japan was by Kobayashi et al. in 1989. The group developed an objective mora (syllable) method to evaluate SD severity. Recently, we conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial of botulinum toxin therapy for AdSD and an open-label trial for AbSD to obtain the approval of such therapy by the Japanese medical insurance system. The mora method revealed significant voice improvement and the evidence was of high quality. Additionally, a clinical trial of type 2 thyroplasty using titanium bridges confirmed the efficacy and safety of such therapy. These studies broadened the SD treatment options and have significantly benefited patients.

Transoral radiofrequency of the terminal branches of the recurrent nerve in the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia: our experience over 11 patients.

PURPOSE: Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) or laryngeal dystonia is as a rare vocal disorder characterized by involuntary action-induced endolaryngeal contraction. In the last decade, botulin toxin injection has become the standard treatment in adductor spasmodic dysphonia necessitating repetitive injections. The purpose of this study is to analyze retrospectively data from patients treated with the minimal-invasive transoral radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy (RFITT) of the terminal branches of the recurrent nerve. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2015, 11 patients (six females and five males aged from 32 to 91 years) with adductor SD were treated with RFITT. Pre-operative and post-operative vocal assessments (VHI-30, GRBASI, and acoustic-aerodynamics measurements), number of surgical revisions, delay between procedures, and post-operative complications were recorded. Statistical analyses were carried out on the first vocal assessment performed 2-8 weeks after the first procedure. RESULTS: Based on available data from ten patients, voice handicap index (VHI) showed improvement with a mean value of -17.7 points (p-value (pval) = 0.014, adjusted p-value (adj pval) = 0.21); instability has also revealed improvement in six patients (pval = 0.05, adj pval = 0.31). Four patients underwent only one procedure including one patient showing still long-term beneficial results after 5 years of follow-up. Other patients required one to three new procedures with an average time between procedures of 15.3 months. Over 24 surgeries performed on a total of 11 patients, one definitive treatment-related severe adverse event was reported. CONCLUSION: Thanks to long-lasting effect, repetitive treatments are less frequent compared to botulin toxin therapy. In our opinion, RFITT is a promising alternative to botulin toxin as a second-step procedure in case of toxin resistance or patient's lack of compliance.

Montgomery® implant extrusion after type I thyroplasty. A CARE case report.

GOAL: To document the first case of Montgomery® implant extrusion after type I thyroplasty for unilateral laryngeal nerve paralysis in adults. CASE: Three years after onset of right idiopathic unilateral laryngeal nerve paralysis resulting in severe dysphonia not improved by speech therapy, a 45-year-old Caucasian woman consulted to improve her voice. Maximum phonation time (MPT) was 5seconds. Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was 64. Type I thyroplasty with n°10 Montgomery® implant was performed without difficulties. Immediate postoperative course was uneventful. One month after thyroplasty, the patient considered her voice normal, with 8sec MPT and VHI of 23. At 4 months, there was implant extrusion through the cervical skin, with 9sec MPT and VHI of 18. CONCLUSION: When performing type I thyroplasty with Montgomery® implant, the otorhinolaryngologist must not only take care to position the implant properly within the thyroid lamina but also ensure that the inner flanges of the implant are well deployed, to achieve proper retention.