The GH-2004 project: the response of IGF1 and type III pro-collagen to the administration of exogenous GH in non-Caucasian amateur athletes.

CONTEXT: The GH-2000 team proposed a method based on IGF1 and type III pro-collagen (P-III-P) to detect exogenously administered GH. As previous studies involved predominantly white European athletes, it is important to assess whether the response of these markers to recombinant human GH (rhGH) differs with ethnicity. OBJECTIVE: To examine the response of serum IGF1 and P-III-P and GH-2000 score to rhGH in non-Caucasian amateur athletes. DESIGN: Double-blind placebo-controlled rhGH administration study. SETTING: Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Southampton General Hospital. SUBJECTS: The study included 31 male and 14 female amateur athletes of different ethnicities. Intervention The subjects were assigned to treatment with placebo or 0.1 IU/kg per day (low dose) or 0.2 IU/kg per day (high dose) rhGH for 28 days. Blood was collected weekly during treatment and on days 35, 42 and 84 during the washout period. Serum IGF1 and P-III-P were measured, and GH-2000 score was calculated. RESULTS: IGF1, P-III-P and GH-2000 score rose in response to both low- and high-dose GH in both men and women. When compared with the Caucasian volunteers of the previous GH-2000 study, mean baseline and placebo-treated P-III-P and GH-2000 score were lower in GH-2004 men and women. Post-GH, however, peak IGF1 or P-III-P did not differ between studies but the peak GH-2000 score was lower in GH-2004 men. There was no difference between studies in the maximal change in IGF1, P-III-P and GH-2000 score in response to GH in either gender. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support a significant ethnic effect on the peak or maximal response to rhGH.

Vocabularies of motive for illicit steroid use among bodybuilders.

Illicit steroid use, for purposes of performance and physique enhancement, is widely deemed unnecessary, wrong and dangerous. Such activity would appear especially foolhardy when engaged in by non-professional athletes who otherwise adhere to 'healthy' exercise regimens. Here a gap exists between many illicit steroid users' actions and societal expectations. Using qualitative data generated in South Wales, this paper explores bodybuilders' vocabularies of motive for illicit steroid use. These accounts which justified, rather than excused, steroid use were predominant during question situations between the participant observer and the researched. In supporting the fundamental tenets of their drug subculture, and as part of the underlying negotiation of self-identity, respondents espoused three main justifications for their own and/or other bodybuilders' illicit steroid use; namely: self-fulfilment accounts, condemnation of condemners and a denial of injury. Here steroid use was rationalised as a legitimate means to an end, observers passing negative judgements were rejected and it was claimed steroids do not (seriously) harm the user's health or threaten society more generally. These vocabularies of motive, acquired and honoured within bodybuilding settings, comprise a complex of subjective meanings which seem to the actor to be an adequate ground for the conduct in question. Similar to other sociological studies, this paper states that it is imperative to explore the social meanings which illicit drug users attach to their 'risk' practices. Without these understandings, researchers and health promoters may struggle to appreciate fully why illicit drug users behave as they do.