Assessment of Drimia delagoensis (Jessop) Baker Total Phenol, Flavonoids Content and Antioxidant Activity of Both Bulb and Leaves.

Drimia delagoensis has been utilized for its medicinal properties since antiquity. The bulb and leaves are predominantly composed of secondary metabolites that exhibit biological activity. The quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteus method, coulometric analysis, DPPH and the FRAP assays. The ethyl acetate, aqueous, and hexane extracts of the bulb exhibited significantly high total phenolic contents (167.9000±0.3376 µg GAE/mg, 56.2500±0.0043 µg GAE/mg, and 26.4000±0.0198 µg GAE/mg, respectively) compared to the ethyl acetate (49.4400±0.1341 µg QE/mg), aqueous (9.5200±0.1274 µg QE/mg), and hexane leaf extracts (1.8091±0.0049 µg QE/mg). On the other hand, the ethyl acetate leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract of D. delagoensis, was identified as a significant source of natural antioxidants, and its use in the management of diabetic foot ulcers linked with oxidative stress is supported.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anticancer Properties of Drimia maritima Bulb Extracts on Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Cancer is a worldwide health problem and is the second leading cause of death after heart disease. Due to the high cost and severe side effects associated with chemotherapy treatments, natural products with anticancer therapeutic potential may play a promising role in anticancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic characteristics of the aqueous Drimia maritima bulb extract on Caco-2 and COLO-205 colorectal cancer cells. In order to reach such a purpose, the chemical composition was examined using the GC-MS method, and the selective antiproliferative effect was determined in colon cancer cell lines in normal gingival fibroblasts. The intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, and gene expression changes in selected genes (CASP8, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes) were assessed to determine the molecular mechanism of the antitumor effect of the extract. GC-MS results revealed the presence of fifty-seven compounds, and Proscillaridin A was the predominant secondary metabolite in the extract. The IC50 of D. maritima bulb extract on Caco-2, COLO-205, and the normal human gingival fibroblasts were obtained at 0.9 µg/mL, 2.3 µg/mL, and 13.1 µg/mL, respectively. The apoptotic effect assay indicated that the bulb extract induced apoptosis in both colon cancer cell lines. D. maritima bulb extract was only able to induce statistically significant ROS levels in COLO-205 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) revealed a significant decrease in the MMP of Caco-2 and COLO-205 to various concentrations of the bulb extract. At the molecular level, RT-qPCR was used to assess gene expression of CASP8, TNF-α, and IL-6 genes in Caco-2 and COLO-205 cancer cells. The results showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory genes TNF-α and IL-6 were upregulated. The apoptotic initiator gene CASP8 was also upregulated in the Caco-2 cell line and did not reach significance in COLO-205 cells. These results lead to the conclusion that D. maritima extract induced cell death in both cell lines and may have the potential to be used in CRC therapy in the future.

Beneficial properties of Drimia numidica leaf methanolic extract against the cytogenotoxic effects of mitomycin C on human lymphocytes.

This study investigated the phytochemical profile of Drimia numidica leaf methanolic extract, as well as its cyto-genotoxic and cyto/genoprotective potential against mitomycin C (MMC) mediated effects on healthy human lymphocytes. Photosynthetic pigments, trace elements, and secondary metabolites were estimated and/or identified in methanolic extract of mature leaves, and the latter was further used for assessing its in vitro biological effects on MMC-free and/or MMC-treated human lymphocytes (at low, non-toxic concentrations of 0.001 and 0.01% v/v). The results showed that D. numidica leaf methanolic extract, being rich in carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, organic acids and bufadienolides, could be protective against MMC mediated cyto/genotoxic potential in healthy human lymphocytes. Biomolecules possessing antioxidant and antitumor potential, such as beta-carotene and lutein among others, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and their derivatives, minerals such as Si, as well as apigenin- and luteolin-derived glycosides, either individual or in a mixture, could be beneficial rather than harmful, at least at the extract concentrations tested. Although further in vitro and in vivo studies are still needed for elucidating the beneficial (individual and/or additive/synergistic) role of those compounds, the results of the present study are quite promising, thus encouraging new challenges for the appropriate utilization of D. numidica leaf extract.

Screening for insecticidal toxicity of Urginea maritima (L.) bulbs and Asphodelus microcarpus (L.) tubers for the control of Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae).

This research was conducted to determine the effect of geographical distribution on morphological characteristics of plants and some chemical compounds such as polyphenols. Moreover, we explore the contact toxicity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts from Urginea maritima bulbs and Asphodelus microcarpus tubers collected from three localities in the North West of Tunisia against Tribolium castaneum adults. The toxicity results demonstrated that both of the studied plant extracts had an effective control against T. castaneum at concentration 7.5 µL/L air, thus total mortality reached. In addition, results showed plant extracts with methanol exhibited high mortality percentage of T. castaneum. On the other hand, results revealed that chemical composition of U. maritime bulbs and A. microcarpus tuber extract depends on the soil components and geographical distribution of plants. The present investigation confirmed that A. microcarpus and U. maritima may be recommended as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticide against T. castaneum.

To decipher the phytochemical agent and mechanism for Urginea indica mediated green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and investigation of its antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Globally, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is one of the commonest bloodstream infections associated with clinical complications and high mortality. Thence, devising effective and targeted biogenic silver based strategies are in great demand. However, limited insights regarding the biosynthesis methodologies impedes the possible scale up and commercial potentials. We, hereby demonstrate the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles using the phytochemical agent extracted and purified from bulb extract of Urginea indica. The chemical structure of the phytochemical agent is investigated by various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques and was found closely relatable to N-ethylacetamide. Ag nanoparticles synthesis by this agent was found to have a strong Surface Plasmon band at 402 nm. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy further validated the formation of Ag nanoparticles with face-centred cubic structure with a size range of 20-30 nm. The biogenic metal nanoparticles have shown potential antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA (within a range of 10-50 µg/mL). The nanoparticles have also shown promising anti-biofim activity against the above mentioned strains. The nanoparticles were expected to induce ROS mediated bactericidal mechamism. Cell viability and in-vitro infection studies advocate noticeable biocompatibility and future clinical potential of the developed nanoparticles against Staphylococcus infections.

Effect οf elicitοrs οn cell suspensiοn culture οf Urginea maritima L. tοwards prοductiοn οf prοscillaridin A.

BACKGROUND: Urginea maritima (L.f.) Baker (Hyacinthaceae) is a perennial bulbous medicinal plant that is currently at risk of extinction. Squill (white sea onion) is an analogous cardiotonic to digitalis. The purpose of the current work was to assess the optimal growth conditions for Urginea cells to synthesize the cardiac glycoside proscillaridin A by involving illumination, carbon source, methyl jasmonate (MJ), and culture system. RESULTS: When cells were cultured for 28 days at 21 ± 2 ∘C in the dark on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 1 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/L Kin and 30 g/L sucrose, the cell proliferation, and proscillaridin A synthesis were effectively controlled. At low concentrations, MJ stimulated the synthesis of proscillaridin A (PsA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of suspension extracts demonstrated that the callus maintained in MS media enriched with 1 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/L Kin yielded a greater formation of Proscillaridin A (141.31 mg/g DW) than untreated plants. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that in vitro cultures of U. maritima may be an excellent source of proscillaridin A. Moreover, it is one of the most important cardiac glycoside, which has been found to exhibit anticancer activities. Suspension cultures of Urginea cells could be as highly productive as a callus culture.

Phytochemical Screening, Antifungal, and Anticancer Activities of Medicinal Plants Thymelaea Hirsuta, Urginea Maritima, and Plantago Albicans.

Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetone extracts of the medicinal plants Thymelaea hirsuta L., Urginea maritima L., and Plantago albicans L. (aerial parts) were evaluated for their phytochemical compositions, antimycotic activity against dermatophytes, and antiproliferative activity against different human cancer cell lines. Among them, the ethanolic extracts showed the highest phytochemical contents along with hyperactivities and were then selected for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of different characteristic peak values with various functional chemical groups of the active components. However, U. maritima extracts through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed distinctive peaks related to phenolic, amines, amides, aromatic, alkanes, alkyne, cyclopentanone, conjugated aldehyde, nitro, methoxy, uronic acids, aromatic esters, tertiary alcohol or ester, secondary and primary alcohols, aliphatic ether, sulfoxide, vinylidene, and halo compounds. Many bioactive main compounds with reported biological activities were detected by GC/MS (%) in the ethanolic extract of T. hirsuta, U. maritima, and P. albicans. All studied dermatophytes included a diverse set of virulence factors, including phospholipase, protease, keratinase, hemolysis, and melanoid production, all of which play vital roles in dermatophytic infection. Ethanolic extract of P. albicans inhibited the growth of Trichophyton soudanense totally and Trichophyton erinacei in addition to all Microsporum species. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of Trichophyton hirsuta at concentrations of 25 g/mL totally prevented the growth of all Trichophyton species. EtOH extract of U. maritima completely prevented the growth (100% inhibition) of all dermatophytic strains under study at the lowest concentration of 12.5 µg/mL. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed considerable morphological modifications and structural alterations in dermatophyte species exposed to ethanolic extract of these plants. The viability of HCT-116, HepG-2, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines was reduced after treatment with the ethanolic extracts of T. hirsuta, U. maritima, and P. albicans individually with IC50 values (10.0, 9.97, 48.5, and 56.24 µg/mL), (26.98, 25.0, 17.11, and 9.52 µg/mL), and (9.32, 7.46, 12.50, and 16.32 µg/mL), respectively. Our work revealed the significance of these traditional ethnomedical plants as potent sources for biologically active pharmaceuticals with potential applicability for the treatment of fungal and cancer diseases.

GC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Studies of Different Extracts of Chaetomium globosum Isolated from Urginea indica.

To discover new natural resources with biological effects, the chemical investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extract's Chaetomium globosum isolated from roots of Urginea indica. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the presence of the major chemical constituents present in the methanol extract (1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, 5-(1-methylethylidene), 5,9-hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, decane), chloroform extract (acetic acid, diethoxy-, ethyl ester, 2,2-bis(ethylsulfonyl)propane, 3-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl) furan), and hexane extract (3-hexanone, 4,4-dimethyl, decane,2,6-dimethyldecane, decane, 2,4,6-trimethyl, decane, 2,4,6-trimethyl, 1-butanesulfinamide, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-N-methyl, decane). The total compound identified (56.2%) in chloroform extract, (54.72%) in hexane extract, and (65%) in methanol extract. The antioxidant effects were performed using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that the methanol extract showed significantly the highest anti-DPPH with an IC50 value of 37.61 ± 1.37 µg/mL, followed by chloroform and hexane extracts with IC50 values of 40.82 ± 3.60 and 45.20 ± 2.54 µg/mL, respectively. The antifungal activity of extracts was evaluated against pathogens fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Rosellinia necatrix, Cladosporium xanthochromaticum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Methanolic and chloroform extracts showed maximum inhibition against all test pathogens, while hexane extract showed minimum inhibition.

Antiproliferative Bufadienolides from the Bulbs of Drimia altissima.

The bulbs of the South African Drimia altissima (Asparagaceae or Hyacinthaceae sensu APGII) have yielded a range of previously undescribed bufadienolides, drimianins A-G (1-7), the known bufadienolides bovogenin A (8), 3ß-O-ß-d-glucopyranosylbovogenin A (9), scillaren F (10), and altoside (11), the known homoisoflavonoid (3S)-3-(4'-methoxybenzyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxychroman-4-one (urgineanin C), the sesquiterpenoids 1ß,6α-dihydroxy-4(15)-eudesmene and 6α-hydroxy-4(15)-eudesmen-1-one, polybotrin, adenosine, and 9R-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester. The bufadienolides isolated were tested at 10 µM in the NCI-60 cancer cell screen, and nine of these were selected for further screening at five concentrations. Drimianins C (3) and E (5) showed activity at the nanomolar level against a number of human cancer cell lines in the NCI-60 screen.

Isolation and characterisation of altissimin: a novel cytotoxic flavonoid C-apioglucoside from Drimia altissima (Asparagaceae).

Flavonoids are a class of biologically active compounds with various proven nutraceutical benefits. In flavonoid C-glycosides, the aglycones are attached to sugar residues via cleavage-resistant C-C bonds which alter typical flavonoid pharmacokinetic properties. In these compounds, the combination of biological activities from the flavonoid moieties and sugar residues create unique and more diverse biological functions than those of O-glycosylated and unsubstituted flavonoids. Through a series of reverse phase chromatography techniques and various spectroscopic methods, the phytochemical investigation of Drimia altissima (L.F.) Ker Gawl., a specie from the Asparagaceae family, led to the isolation and chemical characterisation of a novel C-glucosylflavonoid, altissimin, with a unique apioglucoside arrangement to the apigenin aglycone. Altissimin was found to possess strong in vitro anti-proliferative activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells.

Phytochemical profile and insecticidal activity of Drimia pancration (Asparagaceae) against adults of Stegobium paniceum (Anobiidae).

Chemical and spectroscopic investigation of the bulbs of Drimia pancration resulted in the isolation of one known flavonol (1), never isolated from this plant species, and of three previously described steroidal saponins (2-4), but whose configuration at their stereogenic centres was not clearly determined. By mean of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, nuclear overhauser effects (NOE) and two-dimensional NMR spectra the full stereochemical structures of compounds 2-4 were proved and all the 1H and 13C signals were assigned. Furthermore, the methanol and butanol extracts of D. pancration were tested against adults of Stegobium paniceum beetles. Despite the non-significant results regarding the repellent activity and contact toxicity, promising results were obtained from the feeding tests.

The comparison of therapeutic effect of Clobetasol propionate lotion and squill extract in alopecia areata: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

Alopecia areata is a chronic inflammatory disease that characterized by round or oval patches of non-scarring hair loss. From the past, Urginea maritima (white squill) was used for the treatment of hair loss in Iranian traditional medicine. We aimed the comparison of Clobetasol lotion and squill extract efficacy in treatment of alopecia areata in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. The 42 patients were randomized into two groups. Both groups received topical squill and clobetasol lotion twice daily lotion for 12 weeks. Clinical evaluation included size of patches (using 1×1 cm2 schablone), total number of grown hair and number of terminal hair was performed every 2 weeks. Re-growth of terminal coarse hairs was evaluated using a semi-quantitative regrowth score (RGS) (0: no regrowth, 1: growth of <25%, 2: growth of 25-50%, 3: growth of 51-75%, 4: growth of >75%). There were significant differences between RGS4 in two groups after 2- and 3-month treatment (P<0.05). At the end of follow-up period, the mean hair growth rates increased significantly from 6.5 to 11.3 in squill group (P = 0.031) and it improved significantly from 10.3 to 17.9 in clobetasol group (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences between mean hair growth rates in two groups after 3-month treatment (P = 0.969). The lotion 2% of U. maritima bulbs extract showed good effect in 45% patients with patchy alopecia areata and showed moderate effect on re-growth of terminal hairs.

Therapeutic Aspects of Squill; An Evidence-Based Review.

From ancient times, medicinal plants have been usually utilized to treat many disorders, but today, interest in these herbs is again aroused, because of their fewer side effects and low-cost. In traditional medicine, for many diseases, various medicinal herbs have been suggested so far. Drimia maritime, also named squill, is an important medicinal plant for the treatment of many diseases, especially respiratory diseases. In the current evidence-based study, we conducted a review of the general characteristics, ingredients, administration form, and side effects of squill in traditional medicine. For this purpose, traditional Persian medicine literatures and electronic databases were examined including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Many compounds are isolated from D.maritima, including scillaren, scillirubroside, scillarenin, and bufadienolide glycosides. Oxymel is the most commonly used form of squill for various diseases, especially respiratory diseases. Besides, squill has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular, digestive, and dermatological disorders, it is also used against various cancer cells for its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. Moreover, there is relatively reliable evidence of its benefits for bacterial and helminthic infections, rheumatism, edema, gout, abortion induction, healing of wounds and urine induction. It seems that supplementary studies are required to explore the bioactive agents and their effective mechanisms.

Drimia indica: A Plant Used in Traditional Medicine and Its Potential for Clinical Uses.

Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop (Asparagaceae) is a reputed Ayurvedic medicine for a number of therapeutic benefits, including for cardiac diseases, indigestion, asthma, dropsy, rheumatism, leprosy, and skin ailments. The present work aimed to critically and extensively review its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and taxonomy together with the mechanisms of action of selected extracts of D. indica. A systematic literature survey from scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science as well as from some textbooks and classical texts was conducted. The plant, mainly its bulb, contains various bioactive constituents, such as alkylresorcinols, bufadienolides, phytosterols, and flavonoids. Various scientific studies have proven that the plant has anthelmintic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. The present work concludes that D. indica has the potential to treat various diseases, mainly microbial infections. This review also suggests that bufadienolides, flavonoids, and steroids might be responsible for its bioactive potential.

Urginea indica attenuated rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory paw edema in diverse animal models of acute and chronic inflammation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Urginea indica has been used in the traditional system of medicine to treat various inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: Present study investigates the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of U. indica on joint inflammation using different models of acute and chronic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FCA-induced arthritic rat model, a model of chronic joint inflammation, was used to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of plant extracts (500 mg/kg, each extract). Macroscopic arthritic scoring, digital water plethysmometery, and histopathological evaluation (H & E staining) were performed to measure the severity of arthritis. Acute inflammatory models like, carrageenan-, histamine- and serotonin-induced paw edema models were used to evaluate effects of U. indica, and supported by xylene-induced ear edema model. RESULTS: Both extracts significantly inhibited arthritic development, paw edema, bone erosion, pannus formation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Treatment with U. indica extracts resulted in almost normalization of altered counts of white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, and red blood cells (RBCs), along with Hb content. Both extracts were found safe in terms of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as determined by non-significant difference of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), urea, and creatinine levels among all groups. U. indica significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced paw edema. There are several mechanisms involved in the attenuation of carrageenan-induced paw edema; inhibition of autacoids is one of those important mechanisms. The autacoid inhibition was confirmed by reduction of histamine- and serotonin-induced paw edema found in plant extract treated groups. Suppression of xylene-induced ear edema by plant extract further validated the suggested mechanism of autacoid inhibition. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of isopropyl palmitate in the highest quantity (26.852%). CONCLUSIONS: This study validated the folkloric uses of U. indica and showed that plant possessed anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties which might be ascribed to inhibition of autacoids.

Characterization of the chemical composition of Drimia numidica plant parts using high-resolution mass spectrometry: study of their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

Drimia species have been used since ancient times for their medicinal properties. Their bulbs are considered as the main source of secondary metabolites with biological activity but the chemical composition of the other plant parts has not yet been considered. The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing knowledge with new data on the total phenolic content, the antioxidant activity and the chemical profile of different parts of Drimia numidica. The total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the antioxidant activity with DPPH· and ABTS·+ reagents. The separation and the identification of the compounds were performed with liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF/HRMS). The extract of leaves presented the highest phenolic content while the highest antioxidant activity was presented by the extract of flowers. Results of the chemical analysis verify the presence of bufadienolides and phenolic compounds. Graphical abstract.

Chemical characterization and acaricidal activity of Drimia maritima (L) bulbs and Dittrichia viscosa leaves against Dermanyssus gallinae.

The emergence of resistance to chemical acaricides in Dermanyssus gallinae, together with their toxicity and high costs, has prompted investigations into the use of plant extracts as alternatives to chemical acaricidal treatments. Drimia maritima bulbs and Dittrichia viscosa (D. viscosa) leaf extracts were here characterized by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS, and their toxicity against D. gallinae was evaluated using contact methods. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in D. maritima extracts, with glucoscilliphaeoside derivatives (i.e., quercetin, kaempferol and bufadienolides) as the major components. Twenty-four phenolic compounds, mainly caffeic acid derivatives, were detected in D. viscosa extracts. D. maritima extracts displayed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) acaricidal activity than D. viscosa extracts, with 100% of D. gallinae mortality at a concentration of 100 mg/mL following 24 h exposure. The mortality rate of D. gallinae induced by D. viscosa extracts ranged from 25 to 45% following 48 h exposure at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The acetonic extract of D. viscosa and D. maritima displayed the highest efficacy against D. gallinae. This study provides evidence of the diversity of bioactive compounds present in D. maritima bulbs and D. viscosa leaf extracts, which are both efficacious against D. gallinae. The higher efficacy of D. maritima bulb extracts might be linked to the presence of bufadienolides in its extracts.

Biochemical profile of non-enzymatic stress markers in the plant species "Urginea maritima" in a Mediterranean natural reserve exposed to oxidative stress.

Protected areas decrease degrading natural ecosystems due to pollution such as air pollution. In 1981, the inhabitants founded Bentael natural reserve in Byblos, Lebanon, to secure their region against urbanization projects, like the recently constructed road that threatens the biodiversity of the reserve. This study was conducted to determine the oxidative stress resulting from this pollution and that menaces 360 floral species among them a rare species "Urginea maritima." In this research, the biomonitoring approach was experienced to assess the oxidative stress. Biomonitoring possesses has the advantage to be low cost and a constructive method to generate valuable data for further examinations. The studied parameters were air pollutants, ascorbic acid, photosynthetic pigments, leave's pH, relative water content, proline, carbohydrates, and hydrogen peroxide, in three chosen spots, near the pollution source (P1), opposite the latter spot (P2), and in an area relatively far from the source of contamination and which was chosen as the control site (Ctrl). The results showed in P1 detection of air pollutants higher of about 80% than in Ctrl, modifications in stress markers: increased concentration of the reactive oxygen species "hydrogen peroxide," rise in the concentration of the osmoregulator amino acid "proline," and depletion in chlorophyll content, in contrast to an increase in pheophytin. All these findings can be exploited as early diagnosis of air pollution and confirmed the ability to use such biomonitor ("Urginea maritima") as a way to assess the environmental pollution levels and consequently affirm the danger of such landscape activities on natural reserves.

C-glycosyl flavone from Urginea indica inhibits proliferation & angiogenesis & induces apoptosis via cyclin-dependent kinase 6 in human breast, hepatic & colon cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Search for novel compounds beneficial to the treatment of cancer attracts a great deal of attention. We earlier demonstrated the isolation of 5,7-dihydroxy-2-[4'-hydroxy-3'-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]-6-C-ß-glucopyranosyl flavone, a novel C-glycosyl flavone from Urginea indica bulb. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of this novel compound on human normal epithelial and breast, hepatic and colon cancer cell lines. METHODS: : The maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC) and cytotoxicity of C-glycosyl flavone were assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Docking studies were performed to predict possible targets. Levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CDK6, Bcl2 and BAX and cytochrome c were quantified by specific ELISA. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using JC-1 dye. Apoptosis was quantified by Annexin V ELISA method. RESULTS: : Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated G0/G1 arrest. In silico docking studies predicted CDK1 and CDK6 as a possible target of C-glycosyl flavone. In vitro study confirmed CDK6 as the main target in C-glycosyl flavone-treated cancer cell lines. C-glycosyl flavone treatment also induced membrane blebbing, chromatin fragmentation and nucleosome formation. C-glycosyl flavone treatment caused marked loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease in Bcl2/BAX ratio and activation of caspase-3 and release of caspase-9 and cytochrome c. In addition, C-glycosyl flavone inhibited the tumour-induced angiogenesis and reduced the vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Similarly, CDK6 inhibitor significantly inhibited proliferation and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis in tested cell lines. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that C-glycosyl flavone may exert induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of angiogenesis via CDK6. Thus, targeting CDK6 using C-glycosyl flavone may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast, hepatic and colon cancers.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by leaf extract of Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. and their cytotoxic effect on mitotic chromosomes of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized using the leaf extract of Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. were tested for induction of cytogenetic abnormality in root tip cells of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop (family Asperagaceae). The leaves are known to be rich in various phytochemicals like flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, which may be responsible for bioreduction, biocapping, and stabilization of nanoparticles. The various instruments used for characterization include UV-VIS spectrophotometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The present study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles on mitotic chromosomes by using root tip cells of D. indica. The root tips of D. indica was treated with suspensions of silver nanoparticles mixed in distilled water at different concentrations viz., 25, 50, 75, and 100% (w/v) for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h and then fixed in 1:3 ethanol: acetic acid following pre-treatment with 0.05% colchicine for cytological analysis. Silver nanoparticles induced a dose dependent decrease of mitotic index in root meristems. Furthermore, the treated meristem cells showed various types of chromosomal and mitotic aberrations such as anaphase bridge, sticky metaphase, lagging, or forward chromosome indicating genotoxic damage.