RESUMEN
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic represents a global threat, and the interaction between the virus and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is a key determinant of the range of hosts that can be infected by the virus. However, the mechanisms underpinning ACE2-mediated viral entry across species remains unclear. Using infection assay, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 entry mediated by ACE2 of 11 different animal species. We discovered that ACE2 of Rhinolophus sinicus (Chinese rufous horseshoe bat), Felis catus (domestic cat), Canis lupus familiaris (dog), Sus scrofa (wild pig), Capra hircus (goat), and Manis javanica (Malayan pangolin) facilitated SARS-CoV-2 entry into nonsusceptible cells. Moreover, ACE2 of the pangolin also mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry, adding credence to the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated from pangolins. However, the ACE2 proteins of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat), Gallus gallus (red junglefowl), Notechis scutatus (mainland tiger snake), or Mus musculus (house mouse) did not facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry. In addition, a natural isoform of the ACE2 protein of Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) with the Y217N mutation was resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the possible impact of this ACE2 mutation on SARS-CoV-2 studies in rhesus monkeys. We further demonstrated that the Y217 residue of ACE2 is a critical determinant for the ability of ACE2 to mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry. Overall, these results clarify that SARS-CoV-2 can use the ACE2 receptors of multiple animal species and show that tracking the natural reservoirs and intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 is complex.
Asunto(s)
Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/genética , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/química , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/inmunología , Animales , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/inmunología , Gatos , Pollos/virología , Quirópteros/virología , Perros , Elapidae/virología , Euterios/virología , Expresión Génica , Cabras/virología , Células HEK293 , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Macaca mulatta/virología , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Unión Proteica , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Especificidad de la Especie , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/química , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Porcinos/virología , Internalización del VirusRESUMEN
The reptilian paramyxoviruses FDLV and GOV initiated the production and release of cytokines like IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 37 degrees C. The target cells produced the cytokines without replication of virus.
