RESUMEN
In diseases with long-term immunity, vaccination is known to increase the average age at infection as a result of the decrease in the pathogen circulation. This implies that a vaccination campaign can have negative effects when a disease is more costly (financial or health-related costs) for higher ages. This work considers an age-structured population transmission model with imperfect vaccination. We aim to compare the social and individual costs of vaccination, assuming that disease costs are age-dependent, while the disease's dynamic is age-independent. A model for pathogen deterministic dynamics in a population consisting of juveniles and adults, assumed to be rational agents, is introduced. The parameter region for which vaccination has a positive social impact is fully characterized and the Nash equilibrium of the vaccination game is obtained. Finally, collective strategies designed to promote voluntary vaccination, without compromising social welfare, are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Vacunación , Humanos , Vacunación/economía , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Edad , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisiónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The implementation of digital disease surveillance systems at national levels in Africa have been challenged by many factors. These include user applicability, utility of IT features but also stable financial support. Funding closely intertwines with implementations in terms of geographical reach, disease focus, and sustainability. However, the practice of evidence sharing on geographical and disease coverage, costs, and funding sources for improving the implementation of these systems on the continent is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To analyse the key characteristics and availability of evidence for implementing digital infectious disease surveillance systems in Africa namely their disease focus, geographical reach, cost reporting, and external funding support. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature for the period 2003 to 2022 (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022300849). We searched five databases (PubMed, MEDLINE over Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and websites of WHO, Africa CDC, and public health institutes of African countries. We mapped the distribution of projects by country; identified reported implementation cost components; categorised the availability of data on cost components; and identified supporting funding institutions outside Africa. RESULTS: A total of 29 reports from 2,033 search results were eligible for analysis. We identified 27 projects implemented in 13 countries, across 32 sites. Of these, 24 (75%) were pilot projects with a median duration of 16 months, (IQR: 5-40). Of the 27 projects, 5 (19%) were implemented for HIV/AIDs and tuberculosis, 4 (15%) for malaria, 4 (15%) for all notifiable diseases, and 4 (15%) for One Health. We identified 17 cost components across the 29 reports. Of these, 11 (38%) reported quantified costs for start-up capital, 10 (34%) for health personnel compensation, 9 (31%) for training and capacity building, 8 (28%) for software maintenance, and 7(24%) for surveillance data transmission. Of 65 counts of external funding sources, 35 (54%) were governmental agencies, 15 (23%) foundations, and 7 (11%) UN agencies. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence on costing data for the digitalisation of surveillance and outbreak response in the published literature is sparse in quantity, limited in detail, and without a standardised reporting format. Most initial direct project costs are substantially donor dependent, short lived, and thus unsustainable.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , África/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Vigilancia de la Población/métodosRESUMEN
Africa bears a disproportionate burden of infectious diseases, accounting for a substantial percentage of global cases. Malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, cholera, Ebola, Lassa fever, and other tropical diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya, have had a profound impact on morbidity and mortality. Various factors contribute to the higher prevalence and incidence of infectious diseases in Africa, including socioeconomic challenges, limited access to health care, inadequate sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, climate-related factors, and endemicity of certain diseases in specific regions. A skilled workforce is crucial to addressing these challenges. Unfortunately, many countries in Africa often lack the required resources, and aspiring scientists frequently seek educational and career opportunities abroad, leading to a substantial loss of talent and expertise from the continent. This talent migration, referred to as "brain drain," exacerbates the existing training gaps and hampers the sustainability of research within Africa.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles , Genómica , Carga Global de Enfermedades , Humanos , África/epidemiología , Recursos Humanos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/mortalidad , Prevalencia , Incidencia , Fuga de Cerebros , Genómica/economía , Genómica/tendenciasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent pandemics have had far-reaching effects on the world's largest economies and amplified the need to estimate the full extent and range of socioeconomic impacts of infectious diseases outbreaks on multi-sectoral industries. This systematic review aims to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks on industries. METHODS: A structured, systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IDEAS/REPEC, OSHLINE, HSELINE, and NIOSHTIC-2 were reviewed. Study quality appraisal was performed using the Table of Evidence Levels from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Joanna Briggs Institute tools, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and Center of Evidence Based Management case study critical appraisal checklist. Quantitative analysis was not attempted due to the heterogeneity of included studies. A qualitative synthesis of primary studies examining socioeconomic impact of airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases outbreaks in any industry was performed and a framework based on empirical findings was conceptualized. RESULTS: A total of 55 studies conducted from 1984 to 2021 were included, reporting on 46,813,038 participants working in multiple industries across the globe. The quality of articles were good. On the whole, direct socioeconomic impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019, influenza, influenza A (H1N1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, tuberculosis and norovirus outbreaks include increased morbidity, mortality, and health costs. This had then led to indirect impacts including social impacts such as employment crises and reduced workforce size as well as economic impacts such as demand shock, supply chain disruptions, increased supply and production cost, service and business disruptions, and financial and Gross Domestic Product loss, attributable to productivity losses from illnesses as well as national policy responses to contain the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that airborne and droplet-borne infectious diseases have inflicted severe socioeconomic costs on regional and global industries. Further research is needed to better understand their long-term socioeconomic impacts to support improved industry preparedness and response capacity for outbreaks. Public and private stakeholders at local, national, and international levels must join forces to ensure informed systems and sector-specific cost-sharing strategies for optimal global health and economic security.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , COVID-19 , Empleo , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Humana/economíaRESUMEN
Economic sanctions can induce economic crises and compromise the determinants of health. In the literature, economic crises have been found to increase the risk of infectious disease outbreaks. Presumably, sanctions can increase the risk of infectious disease spreads, indirectly. However, non-economic factors can fuel the adverse impact of sanctions, including political consequences of sanctions and civil war. We performed a systematic literature review of articles in Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and the grey literature to assess empirically the impact of economic sanctions on the spread of infectious diseases within and beyond the borders of sanctioned countries. Our review did not identify any study meeting our inclusion criteria. Most of the studies did not control for major socio-political events, particularly armed conflicts in the sanctioned countries. This discovery underscores a notable gap in the examination of the impact of economic sanctions on the propagation of infectious diseases, presenting a threat to global health. Using the social-ecological model, we hypothesize how the economic crisis resulting from economic sanctions affects determinants of health, increases the risk of the spread of infectious diseases and hinders the response capacity of health systems.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The opioid overdose epidemic is one of the leading causes of death in adults. Its devastating effects have included not only a burgeoning overdose crisis but also multiple converging infectious diseases epidemics. The use of both opioids and other substances through intravenous (IV) administration places individuals at increased risks of infectious diseases ranging from invasive bacterial and fungal infections to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis. In 2012, there were 530,000 opioid use disorder (OUD)-related hospitalizations in the United States (US), with $700 million in costs associated with OUD-related infections. The scale of the crisis has continued to increase since that time, with hospitalizations for injection drug use-related infective endocarditis (IDU-IE) increasing by as much as 12-fold from 2010 to 2015. Deaths from IDU-IE alone are estimated to result in over 7,260,000 years of potential life lost over the next 10 years. There have been high-profile injection-related HIV outbreaks, and injection drug use (IDU) is now the most common risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV). As this epidemic continues to grow, clinicians in all aspects of medical care are increasingly confronted with infectious complications of IDU. This review will describe the pathogenesis, clinical syndromes, epidemiology, and models of treatment for common infectious complications among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs).
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Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/etiología , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/complicaciones , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Consumidores de Drogas/estadística & datos numéricos , Endocarditis/epidemiología , Endocarditis/etiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Reducción del Daño , Hepatitis C/epidemiología , Hepatitis Viral Humana/epidemiología , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lipoglucopéptidos/uso terapéutico , Micosis/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Multimorbidity (MM) prevalence among older adults is increasing worldwide. Variations regarding the socioeconomic characteristics of the individuals and their context have been described, mostly in high-income settings. However, further research is needed to understand the effect of the coexistence of infectious diseases along with socioeconomic factors regarding MM. This study aims to examine the variation of MM regarding infectious diseases mortality after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. A cross-sectional multilevel study with a nationally representative sample of 17,571 Colombian adults of 60 years of age or older was conducted. Individual socioeconomic, demographic, childhood and health related characteristics, as well as group level variables (multidimensional poverty index and infectious diseases mortality rate) were analyzed. A two-level stepwise structural equation model was used to simultaneously adjust for the individual and contextual effects. Multimorbidity prevalence was 62.3% (95% CI 61.7-62.9). In the multilevel adjusted models, age, female sex, having functional limitations, non-white ethnicity, high body mass index, higher income, physical inactivity and living in urban areas were associated with multimorbidity among the sample for this study. The median odds ratio for multidimensional poverty was 1.18 (1.16-1.19; p = 0.008) and for infectious diseases was 1.25 (1.22-1.28; p = 0.014). This paper demonstrates that MM varies regarding the mortality of infectious diseases and shows a strong association between MM and poverty in a low-middle income country. Differences in the factors involved in the etiology of multimorbidity are expected among wealthy and poor countries regarding availability and prioritization of health services.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Multimorbilidad/tendencias , Factores Socioeconómicos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Colombia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
The role of nanobiotechnology in the treatment of diseases is limitless. In this review we tried to focus main aspects of nanotechnology in drug carrier systems for treatment and diagnosis of various diseases such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, infectious diseases, vaccine development, diabetes mellitus and the role of nanotechnology on our economy and its positive social impacts on our community. We discussed here about the different "Biotechnano Strategies" to develop new avenues and ultimately improve the treatment of multiple diseases.
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Biotecnología/tendencias , Portadores de Fármacos/administración & dosificación , Nanotecnología/tendencias , Desarrollo de Vacunas/tendencias , Animales , Biotecnología/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Portadores de Fármacos/economía , Humanos , Nanotecnología/economía , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/economía , Desarrollo de Vacunas/economíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles , Humanos , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Pandemias , Yemen/epidemiología , Conflictos ArmadosRESUMEN
Stunting (low height for age) affects approximately one-quarter of children aged < 5 years worldwide. Given the limited impact of current interventions for stunting, new multisectoral evidence-based approaches are needed to decrease the burden of stunting in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Recognizing that the health of people, animals, and the environment are connected, we present the rationale and research agenda for considering a One Health approach to child stunting. We contend that a One Health strategy may uncover new approaches to tackling child stunting by addressing several interdependent factors that prevent children from thriving in LMICs, and that coordinated interventions among human health, animal health, and environmental health sectors may have a synergistic effect in stunting reduction.
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Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Trastornos del Crecimiento/prevención & control , Desnutrición/prevención & control , Salud Única/tendencias , Síndrome Debilitante/prevención & control , Bienestar del Animal/organización & administración , Animales , Preescolar , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Salud Ambiental/organización & administración , Trastornos del Crecimiento/epidemiología , Humanos , Higiene , Renta , Lactante , Ganado/microbiología , Ganado/parasitología , Ganado/virología , Desnutrición/epidemiología , Pobreza/economía , Pobreza/prevención & control , Síndrome Debilitante/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
COVID-19/economía , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Pobreza/economía , COVID-19/epidemiología , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Salud Global , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Naciones UnidasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The past two decades have seen expansion of childhood vaccination programmes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We quantify the health impact of these programmes by estimating the deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted by vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 LMICs between 2000 and 2030. METHODS: 16 independent research groups provided model-based disease burden estimates under a range of vaccination coverage scenarios for ten pathogens: hepatitis B virus, Haemophilus influenzae type B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, measles, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, rubella, and yellow fever. Using standardised demographic data and vaccine coverage, the impact of vaccination programmes was determined by comparing model estimates from a no-vaccination counterfactual scenario with those from a reported and projected vaccination scenario. We present deaths and DALYs averted between 2000 and 2030 by calendar year and by annual birth cohort. FINDINGS: We estimate that vaccination of the ten selected pathogens will have averted 69 million (95% credible interval 52-88) deaths between 2000 and 2030, of which 37 million (30-48) were averted between 2000 and 2019. From 2000 to 2019, this represents a 45% (36-58) reduction in deaths compared with the counterfactual scenario of no vaccination. Most of this impact is concentrated in a reduction in mortality among children younger than 5 years (57% reduction [52-66]), most notably from measles. Over the lifetime of birth cohorts born between 2000 and 2030, we predict that 120 million (93-150) deaths will be averted by vaccination, of which 58 million (39-76) are due to measles vaccination and 38 million (25-52) are due to hepatitis B vaccination. We estimate that increases in vaccine coverage and introductions of additional vaccines will result in a 72% (59-81) reduction in lifetime mortality in the 2019 birth cohort. INTERPRETATION: Increases in vaccine coverage and the introduction of new vaccines into LMICs have had a major impact in reducing mortality. These public health gains are predicted to increase in coming decades if progress in increasing coverage is sustained. FUNDING: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Enfermedades Transmisibles/mortalidad , Enfermedades Transmisibles/virología , Modelos Teóricos , Mortalidad/tendencias , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Vacunación , Preescolar , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Salud Global , Humanos , Programas de Inmunización , Masculino , Vacunación/economía , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Geographical accessibility to healthcare is an important component of infectious disease dynamics. Timely access to health facilities can prevent disease progression and enables disease notification through surveillance systems. The importance of accounting for physical accessibility in response to infectious diseases is increasingly recognized. Yet, there is no comprehensive review of the literature available on infectious diseases in relation to geographical accessibility to care. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the current state of knowledge on the effect of geographical accessibility to health care on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A search strategy was developed and conducted on Web of Science and PubMed on 4 March 2019. New publications were checked until May 28, 2020. All publication dates were eligible. Data was charted into a tabular format and descriptive data analyses were carried out to identify geographical regions, infectious diseases, and measures of physical accessibility among other factors. Search queries in PubMed and Web of Science yielded 560 unique publications. After title and abstract screening 99 articles were read in full detail, from which 64 articles were selected, including 10 manually. Results of the included publications could be broadly categorized into three groups: (1) decreased spatial accessibility to health care was associated with a higher infectious disease burden, (2) decreased accessibility was associated to lower disease reporting, minimizing true understanding of disease distribution, and (3) the occurrence of an infectious disease outbreak negatively impacted health care accessibility in affected regions. In the majority of studies, poor geographical accessibility to health care was associated with higher disease incidence, more severe health outcomes, higher mortality, and lower disease reporting. No difference was seen between countries or infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, policy-makers and scientists rely on data collected through passive surveillance systems, introducing uncertainty on disease estimates for remote communities. Our results highlight the need for increasing integration of geographical accessibility measures in disease risk modelling, allowing more realistic disease estimates and enhancing our understanding of true disease burden. Additionally, disease risk estimates could be used in turn to optimize the allocation of health services in the prevention and detection of infectious diseases.
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Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/tendencias , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Países Desarrollados/estadística & datos numéricos , Países en Desarrollo/estadística & datos numéricos , Geografía/estadística & datos numéricos , Instituciones de Salud/tendencias , Humanos , RentaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of serious infections in patients hospitalized with gout. METHODS: We identified patients with gout hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia, sepsis/bacteremia, urinary tract infection (UTI), skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), or opportunistic infections (OIs) in a US National Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2016 and examined factors associated with utilization and mortality. RESULTS: We noted 1,140,085 hospitalizations of patients with serious infections and gout (11% of all hospitalizations of patients with gout; 1998-2000 [8.9%], 2015-2016 [14.5%]). Compared to patients without gout, patients with gout hospitalized with serious infections were older (median age 65 versus 74 years), more of them had a Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index score ≥2 (42% versus 65%), and fewer were female (53% versus 35%) or non-White (40% versus 35%), respectively. The most common infection was pneumonia (52%) in 1998-2000 and sepsis (52%) in 2015-2016. Median hospital charges and hospital stays were higher for patients with sepsis and OIs in 2015-2016 ($41,000-$42,000; 5.1-5.5 days) versus those with UTI, pneumonia, or SSTIs ($15,000-$17,000; 3.0-3.9 days). Compared to patients with sepsis, the multivariable-adjusted odds of health care utilization and in-hospital mortality were significantly lower for patients with UTI, SSTIs, and pneumonia, and non-home discharge or in-hospital mortality were lower in patients with OIs. Among patients hospitalized with infections, older age, Medicaid coverage, a higher Charlson-Deyo comorbidity index score, Black race, and Northeast and nonrural hospital location were associated with significantly higher health care utilization and mortality, while female sex, Medicare insurance, and lower income were associated with higher utilization. CONCLUSION: Given an increasing rate of serious infections, especially sepsis and pneumonia, in individuals with gout, development of effective interventions targeting factors associated with health care utilization and mortality will improve outcomes and reduce burden.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Gota/epidemiología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades Transmisibles/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/terapia , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , Gota/diagnóstico , Gota/economía , Gota/terapia , Precios de Hospital , Costos de Hospital , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Hospitalización , Humanos , Incidencia , Pacientes Internos , Tiempo de Internación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Availability of essential medicines for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is poor in low- and middle-income countries. Availability and cost are conventionally assessed using cross-sectional data. However, these characteristics may vary over time. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, descriptive analysis of the availability and cost of essential medicines in 23 Ugandan health facilities over a five-week period. We surveyed facility pharmacies in-person up to five times, recording availability and cost of 19 essential medicines for NCDs and four essential medicines for communicable diseases. RESULTS: Availability of medicines varied substantially over time, especially among public facilities. Among private-for-profit facilities, the cost of the same medicine varied from week to week. Private-not-for-profit facilities experienced less dramatic fluctuations in price. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is a need for standardized, continuous monitoring to better characterize the availability and cost of essential medicines, understand demand for these medicines, and reduce uncertainty for patients.
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Costos de los Medicamentos , Medicamentos Esenciales/economía , Medicamentos Esenciales/provisión & distribución , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Costos de los Medicamentos/tendencias , Instituciones de Salud/economía , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/economía , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/tendencias , Humanos , Enfermedades no Transmisibles/economía , Sector Privado/economía , Estudios Prospectivos , Sector Público/economía , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Tiempo , UgandaRESUMEN
Introduction: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of infections that are prevalent in many of the tropical and sub-tropical developing countries where poverty is rampant. NTDs have remained largely unnoticed in the global health agenda. There is a substantial gap between the burden of disease for NTDs in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and research devoted to the affected populations. We created a Latin-American initiative with emerging leaders (EL) from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology (IASC) with the objective to perform multiple systematic reviews of NTDs and other infectious diseases affecting the heart: The NET-Heart Project. Objective: To describe the rationale and design considerations of the NET-Heart project. Methods: The NET-Heart Project is a collaborative work of the IASC EL program. The main objective of the NET-Heart project is to systematically evaluate the available evidence of NTDs and other infectious diseases and their cardiovascular involvement. As a secondary objective, this initiative aims to offer recommendations and potential diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms that can aid the management of cardiovascular complications of these infectious diseases. After an expert discussion 17 initial infectious diseases were selected, for each disease we created one working group. The project was structured in different phases: Systematic review, brainstorming workshops, analysis and results, manuscript writing and recommendations and evaluation of clinical implications. Conclusion: The NET-Heart project is an innovative collaborative initiative created to assess burden and impact of NTDs and other infectious diseases in CVD. NTDs can no longer be ignored and must be prioritised on the health and research agenda. This project aims to review in depth the evidence regarding cardiac compromise of these serious conditions and to propose strategies to overcome barriers for efficient diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular complications.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Cardiopatías/etiología , Medicina Tropical , Enfermedades Transmisibles/complicaciones , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Salud Global , Cardiopatías/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , PobrezaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Each year, billions of US$ are spent globally on infectious disease research and development. However, there is little systematic tracking of global research and development. We present research on investments into infectious diseases research from funders in the G20 countries across an 18-year time period spanning 2000-17, comparing amounts invested for different conditions and considering the global burden of disease to identify potential areas of relative underfunding. METHODS: The study examined research awards made between 2000 and 2017 for infectious disease research from G20-based public and philanthropic funders. We searched research databases using a range of keywords, and open access data were extracted from funder websites. Awards were categorised by type of science, specialty, and disease or pathogen. Data collected included study title, abstract, award amount, funder, and year. We used descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficient to investigate the association between research investment and disease burden, using Global Burden of Disease 2017 study data. FINDINGS: The final 2000-17 dataset included 94â074 awards for infectious disease research, with a sum investment of $104·9 billion (annual range 4·1 billion to 8·4 billion) and a median award size of $257â176 (IQR 62â562-770â661). Pre-clinical research received $61·1 billion (58·2%) across 70â337 (74·8%) awards and public health research received $29·5 billion (28·1%) from 19â197 (20·4%) awards. HIV/AIDS received $42·1 billion (40·1%), tuberculosis received $7·0 billion (6·7%), malaria received $5·6 billion (5·3%), and pneumonia received $3·5 billion (3·3%). Funding for Ebola virus ($1·2 billion), Zika virus ($0·3 billion), influenza ($4·4 billion), and coronavirus ($0·5 billion) was typically highest soon after a high-profile outbreak. There was a general increase in year-on-year investment in infectious disease research between 2000 and 2006, with a decline between 2007 and 2017. Funders based in the USA provided $81·6 billion (77·8%). Based on funding per 2017 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), HIV/AIDS received the greatest relative investment ($772 per DALY), compared with tuberculosis ($156 per DALY), malaria ($125 per DALY), and pneumonia ($33 per DALY). Syphilis and scabies received the least relative investment (both $9 per DALY). We observed weak positive correlation (r=0·30) between investment and 2017 disease burden. INTERPRETATION: HIV research received the highest amount of investment relative to DALY burden. Scabies and syphilis received the lowest relative funding. Investments for high-threat pathogens (eg, Ebola virus and coronavirus) were often reactive and followed outbreaks. We found little evidence that funding is proactively guided by global burden or pandemic risk. Our findings show how research investments are allocated and how this relates to disease burden and diseases with pandemic potential. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Salud Global/economía , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Cooperación InternacionalRESUMEN
We develop a mathematical framework to study the economic impact of infectious diseases by integrating epidemiological dynamics with a kinetic model of wealth exchange. The multiagent description leads to the study of the evolution over time of a system of kinetic equations for the wealth densities of susceptible, infectious, and recovered individuals, whose proportions are driven by a classical compartmental model in epidemiology. Explicit calculations show that the spread of the disease seriously affects the distribution of wealth, which, unlike the situation in the absence of epidemics, can converge toward a stationary state with a bimodal form. Furthermore, simulations confirm the ability of the model to describe different phenomenon characteristics of economic trends in situations compromised by the rapid spread of an epidemic, such as the unequal impact on the various wealth classes and the risk of a shrinking middle class.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/transmisión , Modelos Teóricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Humanos , CinéticaRESUMEN
The global carbon emission rate, due to energy-driven consumption of fossil fuels and anthropogenic activities, is higher at any point in mankind history, disrupting the global carbon cycle and contributing to a major cause of warming of the planet with air and ocean temperatures, which is rising dangerously over the past century. Climate change presents challenges both direct and indirect for livestock production and health. With more frequent extreme weather events including increased temperatures, livestock health is greatly affected by resulting heat stress, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, resulting in an increased propensity for disease incidence and death. The indirect health effects relate to the multiplication and distribution of parasites, reproduction, virulence, and transmission of infectious pathogens and/or their vectors. Managing the growing crossbreeding livestock industry in Bangladesh is also at the coalface for the emerging impacts of climate change, with unknown consequences for the incidence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Bangladesh is now one of the most vulnerable nations to global climate change. The livestock sector is considered as a major part of food security for Bangladesh, alongside agriculture, and with one of the world's largest growing economies, the impacts are exaggerated with this disaster. There has been no direct study conducted on the impact of climate change on livestock health and the diseases in Bangladesh. This review looks to explore the linkage between climate change and livestock health and provide some guidelines to combat the impact on livestock from the Bangladesh perspective.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Enfermedades Transmisibles/veterinaria , Ganado/fisiología , Agricultura , Animales , Bangladesh , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Desastres , Desarrollo Económico , Seguridad Alimentaria , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A worldwide concern has been raised that novel infectious diseases may outbreak rapidly with a limited response time due to globalization. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, influenza A, Avian Influenza Virus, and Corona Virus Disease 2019 are acute respiratory diseases that have been affected by the movements of people, and globalization accelerates these movements. These infectious diseases not only have an overwhelming health impact but also impact the worldwide economy. METHODS: We will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WANFANG Database, and the VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, EBSCO host, ProQuest, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I, SAGE Journals, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, and Scopus. We will evaluate the risk of bias of included RCTs according to the criteria and technique proposed in the Cochrane Handbook V.5.1.0 and use ROBINS-I to assess risk of bias in nonrandomized studies. We will use GRADE to evaluate the quality of evidence. RESULTS: Results of this review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this study will firstly evaluate both health and economic impact of infectious diseases in china and may provide strategy development ideas for future resistance.