Perceptions of journal editors on the use of eponyms in anatomical publishing: the need for compromise.

While arguments have been made both for and against the value of anatomical eponyms, limited research exists regarding their use by anatomists. As the editors of the principal international anatomy journals have purview and control of terminology in anatomical journals, their perceptions regarding the relevance, ethics and inclusivity of eponym use in anatomy and in publishing in anatomical journals were investigated. A validated, confidential and anonymized self-administered questionnaire which included open-ended questions was distributed to the 22 Editor-in-Chiefs/Senior Editors of anatomical journals. Of the 16 (73%) editors who responded to the survey, only 56% were aware that eponyms had been censured since the time of the 1895 Nomina Anatomica. The majority of responding editors found the use of Latin- and Greek-derived terms more valuable when communicating with students and peers, but also thought eponyms were acceptable in manuscripts submitted to their journals. Thirteen (81%) of the responding editors agreed that eponyms play a vital role in the history of anatomy, and some thought they were important for discussing bioethics concepts. However, 62.5% felt that there were valid reasons for their discontinuation. Half of the respondents did not consider the continued use of eponyms an ethical concern. Responding editors of anatomical journals prefer the use of Latin- and Greek- derived terms when interacting with other anatomists and students. However, the continued use of eponyms was seen as an important opportunity for discussion on the history and ethics of anatomy.

Frederic Lewy: how the two World Wars changed his life, work, and name.

In 1912, Friedrich Lewy described the inclusion bodies present in Parkinson disease and in Lewy body dementia. Throughout his life, Lewy fought in two wars - on opposite sides. He was born in Berlin in a Jewish family, and served in the German Army in World War I. In the following years, on many occasions he had to change his line of research due to Nazi persecution. Lewy became a naturalized American, changed his name to Frederic Henry Lewey, and served in the US Army as a lieutenant colonel. Lewy died in 1950 and never used the famous eponym in his papers.

Em 1912, Friedrich Lewy descreveu os corpos de inclusão presentes na doença de Parkinson e na demência com corpos de Lewy. Ao longo sua vida, Lewy lutou em duas guerras, em lados opostos. Ele nasceu em Berlin em uma família de origem judaica e serviu no Exército alemão na Primeira Guerra Mundial. Nos anos seguintes, passou muitas vezes teve de mudar sua linha de pesquisa devido à perseguição Nazista. Lewy naturalizou-se americano, mudou seu nome para Frederic Henry Lewey, e serviu no Exército americano como tenente-coronel. Lewy morreu em 1950 e nunca usou o famoso epônimo em seus artigos.

Eponyms that honor Jewish dermatologists: A celebration and a remembrance, Part three: Jewish physicians who practiced during the Holocaust and in its aftermath.

Part III of this contribution continues to celebrate the many contributions that Jewish physicians have made to advance the specialty of dermatology, as reflected by eponyms that honor their names. Part I covered the years before 1933, a highly productive period of creativity by Jewish dermatologists, especially in Germany and Austria. The lives of 17 Jewish physicians and their eponyms were described in Part I. Part II focused on the years of 1933 to 1945, when the Nazis rose to power in Europe, and how their anti-Semitic genocidal policies affected leading Jewish dermatologists caught within the Third Reich. Fourteen Jewish physicians and their eponyms are discussed in Part II. Part III continues the remembrance of the Holocaust era by looking at the careers and eponyms of an additional 13 Jewish physicians who contributed to dermatology during the period of 1933 to 1945. Two of these 13 physicians, pathologist Ludwig Pick (1868-1944) and neurologist Arthur Simons (1877-1942), perished in the Holocaust. They are remembered by the following eponyms of interest to dermatologists: Lubarsch-Pick syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, and Barraquer-Simons syndrome. Four of the 13 Jewish physicians escaped the Nazis: Felix Pinkus (1868-1947), Herman Pinkus (1905-1985), Arnault Tzanck (1886-1954), and Erich Urbach (1893-1946). Eponyms that honor their names include nitidus Pinkus, fibroepithelioma of Pinkus, Tzanck test, Urbach-Wiethe disease, Urbach-Koningstein technique, Oppenheim-Urbach disease, and extracellular cholesterinosis of Karl-Urbach. The other seven Jewish physicians lived outside the reach of the Nazis, in either Canada, the United States, or Israel. Their eponyms are discussed in this contribution. Part III also discusses eponyms that honor seven contemporary Jewish dermatologists who practiced dermatology after 1945 and who continue the nearly 200 years of Jewish contribution to the development of the specialty. They are A. Bernard Ackerman (1936-2008), Irwin M. Braverman, Sarah Brenner, Israel Chanarin, Maurice L. Dorfman, Dan Lipsker, and Ronni Wolf. Their eponyms are Ackerman syndrome, Braverman sign, Brenner sign, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, Lipsker criteria of the Schnitzler syndrome, and Wolf's isotopic response.

Raney: a ubiquitous neurosurgical eponym.

Prior to the 1937 invention of the Raney clip, surgeons relied on hemostatic sutures, pneumatic tourniquets, sequentially applied hemostatic forceps, and the administration of local vasoconstrictive agents to achieve scalp hemostasis. The Raney clip is now the quintessential tool for achieving scalp hemostasis in cranial neurosurgery; with nearly 13.8 million cranial neurosurgical cases per year globally, Raney clips are in high demand and their use is ubiquitous. What is less known, however, is the story of their invention and the related stories of those who bear the Raney name. This paper fills these gaps in neurosurgical history, using information obtained during an extensive series of contemporary interviews and correspondence with the Raney family.

Eponyms and clinical entities from the land of Israel.

Seven eponyms have been pioneered by dermatologists in Israel: Brenner's sign, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, granulated sweetener packet sign, isopathic phenomenon of Sagher, lanolin paradox, Nakar-Ingber disease, and Wolf's isotopic response. In addition, there are three id reactions described by Israeli dermatologists: leishmanid, pediculid, and scabid. There is also the acronym PEMPHIGUS, which stands for the causative reasons for pemphigus. We celebrate these eponyms and clinical entities, which reflect the impressive progress made by dermatologists in Israel during the past century who have helped to build an academic, vibrant, and dynamic specialty in the Holy Land.

Creating the HAPS Physiology Learning Outcomes: terminology, eponyms, inclusive language, core concepts, and skills.

Learning outcomes are an essential element in curriculum development because they describe what students should be able to do by the end of a course or program and they provide a roadmap for designing assessments. This article describes the development of competency-based learning outcomes for a one-semester undergraduate introductory human physiology course. Key elements in the development process included decisions about terminology, eponyms, use of the word "normal," and similar considerations for inclusivity. The outcomes are keyed to related physiology core concepts and to process skills that can be taught along with the content. The learning outcomes have been published under a Creative Commons license by the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and are available free of charge on the HAPS website.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article describes the development of competency-based learning outcomes for introductory undergraduate human physiology courses that were published and made available free of charge by the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). These learning outcomes can be edited and are keyed to physiology core concepts and to process skills that can be taught along with the content.

Anatomia de A a Z - Desvendando a terminologia anatômica nas redes sociais: Relato de experiência / Anatomy from A to Z - Unraveling anatomical terminology on social networks: An experience report

Os termos médicos utilizados na morfologia eram provenientes de um nome próprio, com o intuito de homenagear os que descobriram ou apresentaram a estrutura anatômica, conhecidos como epônimos. Buscando unificar a linguagem anatômica e facilitar o processo de ensino, em 1989 foi criado o Comitê Federativo Internacional de Terminologia Anatômica (FICAT), cujo propósito era revisar os epônimos e atualizar a terminologia anatômica. Com o objetivo de apresentar os fundamentos e conhecimentos sobre a origem das terminologias anatômicas nas mídias sociais, a Liga Acadêmica de Anatomia da Universidade Federal de Alfenas (LAANAT/UNIFAL-MG), por meio do projeto de extensão "Anatomia de A a Z", divulgou conhecimentos científicos acerca da etimologia anatômica. Foram feitas postagens semanais no Instagram e no Facebook, a partir de publicações elaboradas pelos ligantes, supervisionadas pelos professores coordenadores e desenvolvidas no aplicativo Canva. Cada postagem seguiu sequen-cialmente as letras do alfabeto (de A a Z) e eram compostas da etimologia de duas estruturas anatômicas. Frente a uma análise de dados, observamos que em 23 publicações, alcançamos 712 curtidas, 194 compartilhamentos, 44 publicações salvas, 4739 contas alcançadas e 6608 impressões. A LAANAT promoveu, de forma clara e objetiva, a divulgação de conhecimentos das terminologias anatômicas ao público geral (AU).

The medical terms used in morphology were derived from proper nouns to honor those who discovered or presented the anatomical structure, known as eponyms. In 1989, anatomists founded the Federative International Program on Anatomical Terminologies (FICAT) to unify anatomical language and facilitate the teaching process by reviewing eponyms and updating nomenclature. Intending to present the fundamentals and knowledge about the origin of anatomical terminologies on social media, the Academic League of Anatomy at the Federal University of Alfenas (LAANAT/UNIFAL-MG), through the extension project "Anatomy from A to Z" disseminated scientific knowledge about anatomical etymology. Weekly posts were made on Instagram and Facebook, based on publications elaborated by the League members, supervised by the professors, and developed on the Canva application. Each post sequentially followed the letters of the alphabet (from A to Z) and consisted of the etymology of two anatomical structures. In analyzing the data, we observed that in 23 publications, we achieved 712 likes, 194 shares, 44 saved posts, 4739 reached accounts, and 6608 prints. LAANAT promoted, clearly and objectively, the dissemination of knowledge of anatomical terminologies to the general public

Eponyms for the Description and Classification of Calcaneus Fractures.

There are several eponyms used in the assessment and management of calcaneus fractures. However, the origin of these eponyms is no longer widely known. Named for orthopaedic surgeons who made substantial contributions to the management of calcaneus fractures as well as the field of orthopaedic surgery, understanding the context of how these descriptors were derived helps give context to their use in the present day. The purpose of this review is to provide a historical perspective and comprehensive collection of the most common eponyms related to calcaneus fractures.

Eponyms of Upper Extremity Surgical Approaches: A Historical Perspective.

Numerous eponymous surgical approaches are used in the treatment of upper extremity pathology, especially in the trauma setting. Knowledge of anatomy and planes is critical to maximize visualization, achieve anatomic reduction, and avoid iatrogenic injury to critical neurovascular structures. Understanding the history of these commonly used eponymous upper extremity approaches (Kaplan, Kocher, Boyd, Thompson, and Henry) provides a humanistic perspective of each of these surgeons' narratives, which shaped their description of anatomic approaches that have forever changed the course of hand and upper extremity surgeries, providing greater means and possibilities to treat our patients.

Eponyms that honor Jewish dermatologists: A celebration and a remembrance, Part two: Jewish physicians who practiced between 1933 and 1945.

This is the second installment of a three-part contribution that highlights the achievements of Jewish dermatologists as reflected by eponyms that honor their names. It covers the period 1933-1945 when the Nazis took over Germany and how the lives of 14 notable Jewish physicians, mostly in Germany, were impacted during the Holocaust. Many of them fled from the persecution, bringing their academic talents to other lands such as the United States. At least one committed suicide (Fritz Juliusberg), and three others perished in the Holocaust (Abraham Buschke, Lucja Frey-Gottesman, and Karl Herxheimer). They are remembered by eponyms including Neisser-Juliusberg pityriasis lichenoides chronica, Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, Frey syndrome, and Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. It made little difference to the Nazis that several of the 14 physicians had converted to Christianity. All were persecuted by the Nazis and had their professional careers destroyed. Two of the 14 physicians lived outside of the Third Reich (Bruno Bloch and Emanuel Libman) and were spared the suffering endured by the other 12. This tragic account of Jewish dermatologists during the Holocaust, and the eponyms that honor them, will continue in part three of this contribution.

Ceratum Galeni: An old eponym honoring Galen and his cold cream.

Ceratum Galeni is an old eponym honoring the name of Galen of Pergamum (129 to cca 216 CE) and a cold cream he described more than 1,800 years ago. We traced this eponym back to the 14th and 16th centuries in published medical texts by Guy de Chauliac (ca 1300-1368) and Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). We also found a 4th-century reference in a medical work by Oribasius (ca 320-403 CE) to a mixture of wax and oil of roses based on Galen's cold cream formula. We present the images of a 19th-century apothecary white porcelain jar from Paris, France, on which appears the words Cerat Galeni, as well as a 20th-century oil painting by the American artist Robert Thom (1915-1979), which shows Galen administering his cold cream to a woman. Today, the composition of cold cream is formulated differently from Galen's original version, although the basic concept of cold cream as an oil and water emulsion remains the same. The widespread mention of Ceratum Galeni across the centuries and the popularity of cold creams today are striking examples of Galen's enormous influence on medicine as one of its founding fathers.

El Área del Lenguaje Articulado, Perspectiva Histórica y Denominación Epónima Equívoca: Entre Dax y Broca / Articulated Language Area, Historical Perspective and Erroneous Epomy: Between Dax and Broca

El término epónimo área de Broca corresponde a una región cortical cerebral humana dedicada a la expresión del lenguaje oral y que no siempre se ubica en el giro frontal inferior del lobo frontal en el hemisferio izquierdo. Al estudiar 25 artículos del año 2022 y 25 libros de enseñanza de la neuroanatomía, neurofisiología, neurociencia o áreas asociadas del presente siglo, se estableció y cuantificó la existencia del término área de Broca encontrándose que en los libros había un 96 % de inclusión epónima sobre esta área cortical cerebral y en artículos de revista existía un 100 % del mismo epónimo, además, en ninguno de los libros y artículos se encontró un epónimo diferente. Aunque a lo largo del tiempo, en las ciencias médicas se han usado epónimos para designar estructuras anatómicas como en el caso para tratar de designar el área del cerebro que genera el lenguaje oral, este término no proporciona ninguna información descriptiva ni funcional, lo que equivale a un desatino en la lógica del pensamiento morfológico actual, además que lleva a confusión, pues hace pensar que su descubrimiento inicial fue dado por Broca, equivocando el conocimiento histórico que vincula a Marc Dax como el primero en descubrir esta zona.

SUMMARY: The eponymous Broca's area is a human cerebral cortical region that controls the expression of oral language, and which is not always located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. In a study of 25 articles published in 2022, and 25 teaching books on neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuroscience or associated areas, it was found that the term Broca's area was established and quantified. In books there was a 96 % eponymous inclusion of this cerebral cortical area and in journal articles there was 100 % of the same eponym. Furthermore, no other eponyms were found in any of the books and articles. Although over time, eponyms have been used in medical sciences to identify anatomical structures, as in the designation of the area in the brain that controls oral language, this term does not provide any descriptive or functional information. The result is contradictory to current morphological thought and also leads to confusion, erroneously suggesting that the initial discovery was made by Broca, when in fact Marc Dax was the first to discover this area some 30 years earlier.