Joint association and interaction of birth weight and lifestyle with hypertension: A cohort study in UK Biobank.

Low birth weight and unhealthy lifestyle are both associated with an increased risk of hypertension. The authors aimed to assess the joint association and interaction of birth weight and lifestyle with incident hypertension. The authors included 205 522 participants free of hypertension at baseline from UK Biobank. A healthy lifestyle score was constructed using information on body mass index, physical activity, diet, smoking status and alcohol intake. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the impact of birth weight, healthy lifestyle score and their joint effect on hypertension. The authors documented 13 548 (6.59%) incident hypertension cases during a median of 8.6 years of follow-up. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.12 (1.09, 1.15) per kg lower birth weight and 0.76 (0.75, 0.77) per score increment in healthy lifestyle score. Healthy lifestyle reduced the risk of hypertension in any category of different birth weight groups. The preventive effect of healthy lifestyle on hypertension was the most pronounced at lower birth weight with <2500 g and 2500-2999 g, respectively. Addictive interaction between birth weight and healthy lifestyle score was observed with the relative excess risk due to interaction of 0.04 (0.03, 0.05). Our findings emphasized the importance of healthy lifestyle for hypertension prevention, especially among the high-risk population with lower birth weight.

Effects of Mindfulness Training and Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Episodic memory and executive function are essential aspects of cognitive functioning that decline with aging. This decline may be ameliorable with lifestyle interventions. Objective: To determine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), exercise, or a combination of both improve cognitive function in older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This 2 × 2 factorial randomized clinical trial was conducted at 2 US sites (Washington University in St Louis and University of California, San Diego). A total of 585 older adults (aged 65-84 y) with subjective cognitive concerns, but not dementia, were randomized (enrollment from November 19, 2015, to January 23, 2019; final follow-up on March 16, 2020). Interventions: Participants were randomized to undergo the following interventions: MBSR with a target of 60 minutes daily of meditation (n = 150); exercise with aerobic, strength, and functional components with a target of at least 300 minutes weekly (n = 138); combined MBSR and exercise (n = 144); or a health education control group (n = 153). Interventions lasted 18 months and consisted of group-based classes and home practice. Main Outcomes and Measures: The 2 primary outcomes were composites of episodic memory and executive function (standardized to a mean [SD] of 0 [1]; higher composite scores indicate better cognitive performance) from neuropsychological testing; the primary end point was 6 months and the secondary end point was 18 months. There were 5 reported secondary outcomes: hippocampal volume and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex thickness and surface area from structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional cognitive capacity and self-reported cognitive concerns. Results: Among 585 randomized participants (mean age, 71.5 years; 424 [72.5%] women), 568 (97.1%) completed 6 months in the trial and 475 (81.2%) completed 18 months. At 6 months, there was no significant effect of mindfulness training or exercise on episodic memory (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.44 vs 0.48; mean difference, -0.04 points [95% CI, -0.15 to 0.07]; P = .50; exercise vs no exercise: 0.49 vs 0.42; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.17]; P = .23) or executive function (MBSR vs no MBSR: 0.39 vs 0.31; mean difference, 0.08 points [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.19]; P = .12; exercise vs no exercise: 0.39 vs 0.32; difference, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.03 to 0.18]; P = .17) and there were no intervention effects at the secondary end point of 18 months. There was no significant interaction between mindfulness training and exercise (P = .93 for memory and P = .29 for executive function) at 6 months. Of the 5 prespecified secondary outcomes, none showed a significant improvement with either intervention compared with those not receiving the intervention. Conclusions and Relevance: Among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns, mindfulness training, exercise, or both did not result in significant differences in improvement in episodic memory or executive function at 6 months. The findings do not support the use of these interventions for improving cognition in older adults with subjective cognitive concerns. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02665481.

Hábitos alimentares de crianças de 2 a 6 anos de uma escola comunitária em tempos de Covid-19: estudo descritivo / Food habits of children aged 2 to 6 years in a community school during Covid-19 times: descriptive study / Hábitos alimentarios de los niños de 2 a 6 años de una escuela comunitaria en tiempos de Covid-19: estudio descriptivo

Objetivo: identificar o consumo e hábitos alimentares de crianças de 2 a 6 anos de uma escola comunitária em um município no Nordeste do estado de Santa Catarina em tempos de COVID- 19, no ano de 2020. Material e método: estudo transversal, descritivo, quantitativo. Participaram 30 responsáveis legais de crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de julho e agosto de 2020. Foi utilizado um formulário eletrônico e os dados obtidos foram analisados, inicialmente, de forma descritiva. Para verificar associação entre IMC, sexo e escolaridade foi utilizado teste Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fischer. Principais resultados: a média de idade das crianças foi de 4,33 anos ±1,30 anos. A amostra consistiu predominantemente do sexo feminino (70,0%), estudantes do período matutino (53,3%) e realizavam as refeições a mesa com a família (56,6%), quanto ao estado nutricional 30,0% apresentavam risco de sobrepeso/obesidade. Ao investigar-se a ingestão de alimentos ultraprocessados, houve associação significativa entre o sexo da criança (p=0,030) e escolaridade dos pais/responsáveis (p=0,030). Conclusão: torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de medidas para o monitoramento contínuo do perfil nutricional de crianças e o desenvolvimento de ações interdisciplinares educativas, voltadas à promoção de hábitos saudáveis e à prevenção do excesso de peso, em especial, em momentos de crise, isolamento social e pandemia.

Introduction: In times of the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing it is paramount to pay attention to infancy food habits in order to maintain good health, immunity, and to prevent immediate and future diseases. Objective: To identify the consumption and eating habits of children aged 2 to 6 years old at a community school in a municipality in the Northeast of the state of Santa Catarina in times of COVID-19, in 2020. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study. 30 legal guardians of children aged from 2 to 6 years old participated in this research. Data collection was performed between July and August of 2020. An electronic questionnaire was used and the data obtained was initially analyzed in a descriptive manner. The Chi- Square test and Fisher's exact test were applied to verify the association between BMI, sex, and education. Results: The children's mean age was 4.33 ±1,30 years. The sample was predominantly of female sex (70.0%), morning students (53.3%), and children who ate meals at the table with their families (56.6%). As for their nutritional status, 30.0% of the children presented risk for overweight/obesity. When the consumption of ultra-processed foods was investigated, a significant association between children's sex (p=0.030) and parents/legal guardians' education (p=0.030) was observed. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop strategies to continuously monitor the nutritional status of children and to create educational interdisciplinary actions towards the promotion of healthy habits and the prevention of excess body weight, especially during times of crisis, social distancing and pandemic.

Objetivo: identificar el consumo y los hábitos alimentarios de los niños de 2 a 6 años de una escuela comunitaria de un municipio del noreste del estado de Santa Catarina en tiempos de la COVID-19, en el año 2020. Material y método: estudio transversal, descriptivo y cuantitativo. Participaron 30 tutores legales de niños de 2 a 6 años. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo entre los meses de julio y agosto de 2020. Se utilizó un formulario electrónico y los datos obtenidos se analizaron, inicialmente, de forma descriptiva. Para verificar la asociación entre el IMC, el género y la educación, se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y exacta de Fischer. Resultados principales: la edad media de los niños era de 4,33 ± 1,30 años. En la muestra predominan las mujeres (70,0%), los estudiantes del período matutino (53,3%) y las comidas en la mesa con la familia (56,6%). Al investigar la ingesta de alimentos ultraprocesados, se observó una asociación significativa entre el sexo del niño (p=0,030) y la educación de los padres/tutores (p=0,030). Conclusión: se hace necesario el desarrollo de medidas de seguimiento continuo del perfil nutricional de los niños y el desarrollo de acciones educativas interdisciplinares, dirigidas a la promoción de hábitos saludables y a la prevención del sobrepeso, especialmente en épocas de crisis, aislamiento social y pandemia.

A machine learning-based biological aging prediction and its associations with healthy lifestyles: the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort.

This study aims to establish a biological age (BA) predictor and to investigate the roles of lifestyles on biological aging. The 14,848 participants with the available information of multisystem measurements from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort were used to estimate BA. We developed a composite BA predictor showing a high correlation with chronological age (CA) (r = 0.82) by using an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. The average frequency hearing threshold, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 ), gender, systolic blood pressure, and homocysteine ranked as the top five important features for the BA predictor. Two aging indexes, recorded as the AgingAccel (the residual from regressing predicted age on CA) and aging rate (the ratio of predicted age to CA), showed positive associations with the risks of all-cause (HR (95% CI) = 1.12 (1.10-1.14) and 1.08 (1.07-1.10), respectively) and cause-specific (HRs ranged from 1.06 to ∼1.15) mortality. Each 1-point increase in healthy lifestyle score (including normal body mass index, never smoking, moderate alcohol drinking, physically active, and sleep 7-9 h/night) was associated with a 0.21-year decrease in the AgingAccel (95% CI: -0.27 to -0.15) and a 0.4% decrease in the aging rate (95% CI: -0.5% to -0.3%). This study developed a machine learning-based BA predictor in a prospective Chinese cohort. Adherence to healthy lifestyles showed associations with delayed biological aging, which highlights potential preventive interventions.

Lifestyle in Female Teachers: Educational Intervention Based on Self-Efficacy Theory in the South of Fars Province, Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Today, improving lifestyles and promoting health are basic needs for human society. The main goal in promoting health is to achieve healthy lifestyle behaviors, and self-efficacy is one of the factors influencing people's lifestyle. Therefore, the impact of educational intervention based on self-efficacy theory on improving lifestyles of the female teachers in Galledar was investigated. METHOD: This study was a semiexperimental study with educational intervention with a control group that was performed on 120 teachers in Galledar. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaires, health-promoting lifestyle questionnaires, and Sherry's self-efficacy questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software. RESULT: The mean age and standard deviation of teachers in the control and intervention groups were 33.40 ± 5.68 and 32.83 ± 6.46 years, respectively. Health-promoting lifestyle variables are significant correlation with self-efficacy and overall lifestyle index. Six dimensions which consisted of spiritual growth and self-actualization, health responsibility, interpersonal relationships, stress management, exercise and physical activity, and nutrition showed significant statistical differences before and after educational intervention (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Due to the sensitive role of teachers as an effective human force in the development and evolution of society and their students' role modeling, the authorities should formulate policies, regulate educational interventions, and design strategies for promoting self-efficacy beliefs and promoting a healthy lifestyle for all teachers. We suggest that other methods and theories of behavior change be used in future studies to promote a healthy lifestyle.

Effectiveness of Health Coaching in Diabetes Control and Lifestyle Improvement: A Randomized-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to look into the effectiveness of a 6-month health coaching intervention for HbA1c and healthy diet in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The study was carried out via a two-armed, randomized controlled trial that included 114 diabetic patients at a medical center in Taiwan. During the 6-month period, the intervention group had health coaching and usual care for 6 months, and the control group had usual care only. The outcome variables were HbA1c level and healthy diet for follow-up measurement in the third and sixth month. RESULTS: The study discovered a significant decrease in HbA1c and health diet improvement after the 6-month health coaching. Patients in the intervention group decreased their daily intake of whole grains, fruits, meats and protein, and fats and oils while increasing their vegetables intake. CONCLUSIONS: Health coaching may be conducive to the blood sugar control and healthy diet of patients with type 2 diabetes. Further study on health coaching with higher-quality evidence is needed.

Lifestyle and the aging brain: interactive effects of modifiable lifestyle behaviors and cognitive ability in men from midlife to old age.

We examined the influence of lifestyle on brain aging after nearly 30 years, and tested the hypothesis that young adult general cognitive ability (GCA) would moderate these effects. In the community-dwelling Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA), 431 largely non-Hispanic white men completed a test of GCA at mean age 20. We created a modifiable lifestyle behavior composite from data collected at mean age 40. During VETSA, MRI-based measures at mean age 68 included predicted brain age difference (PBAD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain signature, and abnormal white matter scores. There were significant main effects of young adult GCA and lifestyle on PBAD and the AD signature (ps ≤ 0.012), and a GCA-by-lifestyle interaction on both (ps ≤ 0.006). Regardless of GCA level, having more favorable lifestyle behaviors predicted less advanced brain age and less AD-like brain aging. Unfavorable lifestyles predicted advanced brain aging in those with lower age 20 GCA, but did not affect brain aging in those with higher age 20 GCA. Targeting early lifestyle modification may promote dementia risk reduction, especially among lower reserve individuals.

Research on influencing factors of adolescents' sports health behaviors in social ecology / Pesquisa sobre fatores que influenciam os comportamentos de saúde esportiva de adolescentes em ecologia social / Investigación sobre los factores que influyen en los comportamientos de salud deportiva de los adolescentes en la ecología social

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise has a positive effect on the health of individuals. Long-term sedentary behavior can induce coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Lack of physical exercise has become the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, youth sports are very important for physical health. Objective: To systematically reveal the influencing factors of adolescents' physical exercise and improve the effectiveness of interventions on adolescents' physical exercise behaviors, this article is based on social ecology theory to study the structural model of adolescents' physical exercise factors. Methods: The thesis considers factors affecting adolescent physical exercise as the research object and uses literature method, questionnaire survey, mathematical statistics, etc., to construct a structural model of factors affecting youth physical exercise, including four primary indicators and 19 secondary indicators. Results: Adolescent physical exercise is affected by the school, family, social and personal factors. Among them, family factors have the greatest impact on young people's physical exercise. Personal factors rank second, school factors, and social factors rank third. Among the family factors, the major influences on youth physical exercise are "parental support," "parents' cognition of physical exercise," and "parental exercise habits." Conclusions: The influencing factors of adolescent physical exercise involve four aspects: family, society, school, and self. Family factors have the greatest impact on adolescent physical exercise, and personal factors are the second, school factors, and social factors are the third. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: o exercício físico tem um efeito positivo na saúde das pessoas. O comportamento sedentário de longo prazo pode induzir doenças coronárias, hipertensão, diabetes e outras doenças crônicas. A falta de exercício físico tornou-se a quarta causa de morte em todo o mundo. Portanto, os esportes juvenis são muito importantes para a saúde física. Objetivo: Desvendar sistematicamente os fatores que influenciam o exercício físico de adolescentes e melhorar a eficácia das intervenções sobre os comportamentos de exercício físico de adolescentes, este artigo se baseia na teoria da ecologia social para estudar o modelo estrutural dos fatores do exercício físico de adolescentes. Métodos: a tese considera os fatores que afetam o exercício físico do adolescente como objeto de pesquisa e usa o método da literatura, questionário, estatística matemática, etc., para construir um modelo estrutural de fatores que afetam o exercício físico do jovem, incluindo quatro indicadores primários e 19 indicadores secundários. Resultados: O exercício físico dos adolescentes é afetado por fatores escolares, familiares, sociais e pessoais. Dentre eles, os fatores familiares são os de maior impacto sobre a prática de exercícios físicos dos jovens. Fatores pessoais estão em segundo lugar, fatores escolares e fatores sociais vêm em terceiro. Entre os fatores familiares, as principais influências sobre a prática de exercícios físicos dos jovens são "apoio dos pais", "conhecimento dos pais sobre a prática de exercícios físicos" e "hábitos de exercício dos pais". Conclusões: Os fatores que influenciam a prática de exercícios físicos no adolescente envolvem quatro aspectos: família, sociedade, escola e eu. Os fatores familiares têm maior impacto sobre o exercício físico dos adolescentes, e os pessoais em segundo lugar, os escolares e os sociais em terceiro. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: el ejercicio físico tiene un efecto positivo en la salud de las personas. El comportamiento sedentario a largo plazo puede inducir enfermedades coronarias, hipertensión, diabetes y otras enfermedades crónicas. La falta de ejercicio físico se ha convertido en la cuarta causa de muerte en todo el mundo. Por tanto, los deportes juveniles son muy importantes para la salud física. Objetivo: Revelar sistemáticamente los factores que influyen en el ejercicio físico de los adolescentes y mejorar la efectividad de las intervenciones sobre las conductas de ejercicio físico de los adolescentes, este artículo se basa en la teoría de la ecología social para estudiar el modelo estructural de los factores de ejercicio físico de los adolescentes. Métodos: La tesis considera factores que afectan el ejercicio físico adolescente como objeto de investigación y utiliza el método de la literatura, cuestionario, estadística matemática, etc., para construir un modelo estructural de factores que afectan el ejercicio físico juvenil, incluyendo cuatro indicadores primarios y 19 indicadores secundarios. Resultados: El ejercicio físico de los adolescentes se ve afectado por factores escolares, familiares, sociales y personales. Entre ellos, los factores familiares tienen el mayor impacto en el ejercicio físico de los jóvenes. Los factores personales ocupan el segundo lugar, los factores escolares y los factores sociales ocupan el tercer lugar. Entre los factores familiares, las principales influencias sobre el ejercicio físico de los jóvenes son el "apoyo de los padres", el "conocimiento de los padres sobre el ejercicio físico" y los "hábitos de ejercicio de los padres". Conclusiones: Los factores que influyen en el ejercicio físico adolescente involucran cuatro aspectos: familia, sociedad, escuela y yo. Los factores familiares tienen el mayor impacto en el ejercicio físico de los adolescentes, y los factores personales son el segundo, los factores escolares y los factores sociales el tercero. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Change and development law of adolescents' physical health exercise behavior / Lei de mudança e desenvolvimento do comportamento de exercício de saúde física de adolescentes com base nos antecedentes da ecologia social / Investigación sobre la ley de cambio y desarrollo de la conducta de ejercicio de salud física de los adolescentes basada en los antecedentes de la ecología social

ABSTRACT Background: The generation of individual behavior is closely related to the environment in which it is located and is easily affected by environmental factors. Objective: The thesis takes the social ecology model theory as the starting point, applies the five different levels of influencing factors in the theoretical model to the field of youth physical exercise behavior, and seeks the interrelationship between the various influencing factors. Methods: Using questionnaire surveys, interviews, and other research methods, the paper makes a simple theoretical combing and analysis of the healthy behavior ecology model, seeks the interrelationship between the influencing factors, propose complementary intervention strategies, and promote the development of adolescents' physical exercise habits through effective ways. Results: The motivation of sports participation, the protection of physical health, family health awareness, economic and educational environment, professional quality of physical education teachers and school exercise environment and community facilities affect the direction of the development of adolescents' physical exercise behavior. Conclusions: Only by comprehensively considering the relationship between various related factors can we better understand adolescent physical exercise development characteristics, propose complementary intervention strategies, and promote physical exercise habits effectively. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Antecedentes: A geração do comportamento individual está intimamente relacionada ao ambiente em que está inserida e é facilmente afetada por fatores ambientais. Objetivo: A tese toma como ponto de partida a teoria do modelo da ecologia social, aplica os cinco diferentes níveis de fatores influenciadores do modelo teórico ao campo do comportamento de exercício físico juvenil e busca a inter-relação entre os vários fatores influenciadores. Métodos: Utilizando questionários, entrevistas e outros métodos de pesquisa, o artigo faz uma análise teórica simples do modelo de ecologia do comportamento saudável, busca a inter-relação entre os fatores que influenciam, propõe estratégias de intervenção complementares e promove o desenvolvimento físico dos adolescentes. hábitos de exercício através de formas eficazes. Resultados: A motivação para a prática de esportes, a proteção da saúde física, a conscientização sobre a saúde da família, o ambiente econômico e educacional, a qualidade profissional dos professores de educação física e o ambiente de exercício escolar e as instalações comunitárias afetam a direção do desenvolvimento do comportamento de exercício físico dos adolescentes. Conclusões: Somente considerando de forma abrangente a relação entre vários fatores relacionados podemos entender melhor as características do desenvolvimento de exercícios físicos em adolescentes, propor estratégias de intervenção complementar e promover hábitos de exercícios físicos de forma eficaz. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La generación del comportamiento individual está íntimamente relacionada con el entorno en el que se ubica y es fácilmente afectado por factores ambientales. Objetivo: La tesis toma como punto de partida la teoría del modelo de ecología social, aplica los cinco niveles diferentes de factores de influencia en el modelo teórico al campo de la conducta de ejercicio físico juvenil y busca la interrelación entre los diversos factores de influencia. Métodos: Mediante cuestionarios, entrevistas y otros métodos de investigación, el trabajo realiza un simple peinado y análisis teórico del modelo de ecología del comportamiento saludable, busca la interrelación entre los factores influyentes, propone estrategias de intervención complementarias y promueve el desarrollo de la física de los adolescentes. Hábitos de ejercicio de forma eficaz. Resultados: La motivación de la participación deportiva, la protección de la salud física, la conciencia de la salud familiar, el entorno económico y educativo, la calidad profesional de los profesores de educación física y el entorno de ejercicio escolar y las instalaciones comunitarias afectan la dirección del desarrollo de la conducta de ejercicio físico de los adolescentes. Conclusiones: Solo considerando de manera integral la relación entre varios factores relacionados podemos comprender mejor las características del desarrollo del ejercicio físico en los adolescentes, proponer estrategias de intervención complementarias y promover los hábitos de ejercicio físico de manera efectiva. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update.

A decade has passed since we published a comprehensive review in this journal addressing the topic of promoting successful cognitive aging, making this a good time to take stock of the field. Because there have been limited large-scale, randomized controlled trials, especially following individuals from middle age to late life, some experts have questioned whether recommendations can be legitimately offered about reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Despite uncertainties, clinicians often need to at least make provisional recommendations to patients based on the highest quality data available. Converging lines of evidence from epidemiological/cohort studies, animal/basic science studies, human proof-of-concept studies, and human intervention studies can provide guidance, highlighting strategies for enhancing cognitive reserve and preventing loss of cognitive capacity. Many of the suggestions made in 2010 have been supported by additional research. Importantly, there is a growing consensus among major health organizations about recommendations to mitigate cognitive decline and promote healthy cognitive aging. Regular physical activity and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors have been supported by all of these organizations. Most organizations have also embraced cognitively stimulating activities, a heart-healthy diet, smoking cessation, and countering metabolic syndrome. Other behaviors like regular social engagement, limiting alcohol use, stress management, getting adequate sleep, avoiding anticholinergic medications, addressing sensory deficits, and protecting the brain against physical and toxic damage also have been endorsed, although less consistently. In this update, we review the evidence for each of these recommendations and offer practical advice about behavior-change techniques to help patients adopt brain-healthy behaviors.

The fit-active profile to better reflect the benefits of a lifelong vigorous physical activity participation: mini-review of literature and population data.

Physical activity is favourably considered for its effect on metabolic fitness and body composition. This observation is generally supported by observational studies and is concordant with endurance-trained individuals' metabolic and morphological profiles. However, in some contexts, the measurement of physical activity habits may not provide an adequate representation of its benefits. In this paper, we review relevant literature on the respective effects of fitness and physical activity on anthropometric and metabolic variables and the informative potential of a classification based on aerobic fitness and activity indicators. The relevance to defining a profile based on both fitness and activity is reinforced by data from the Quebec Family Study showing that, in both men and women, "fit-active" individuals displayed a much more favourable morphological and metabolic profile than "unfit-inactive" individuals. Moreover, these benefits seemed to be more related to variations in fitness than in physical activity. In summary, evidence suggests that a profile combining information on aerobic fitness and physical activity may better reflect the lifelong impact of physical activity on body composition and health. Novelty: The fit-active profile better reflects the long-term benefits of vigorous physical activity participation on health. The reported benefits seem to be more related to variations in aerobic fitness than to those in physical activity.

The relationship between healthy lifestyles and bone health: A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Bone health, especially osteoporosis among ageing populations, has become an important topic for both clinical and basic researchers. The relationship between bone health and healthy lifestyles has been frequently discussed. The present study focuses on the relationship between bone health and healthy lifestyles among older adults, based on a global comparison. METHODS: This narrative review was performed by collecting clinical trials, basic research and reviews on lifestyle and bone health in PubMed database. RESULTS: Positive effects of physical activity and negative effects of malnutrition, alcohol abuse, and cigarette smoking on bone health were revealed. The relationship between bone health and drinking coffee and tea is still inconclusive. Moreover, the diversity of each region should be aware when considering healthy lifestyles to improve bone health. CONCLUSION: Healthy lifestyles are highly related to bone health, and different lifestyles may have different influences on regions with a high risk of bone diseases. It is practical to acknowledge the diversity of economic, religious, environmental and geological conditions in each region when providing suitable and effective recommendations for healthy lifestyles that can improve overall bone health.

Effect of Kidney Function on Relationships between Lifestyle Behaviors and Mortality or Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Pooled Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to healthy behaviors reduces risks of cardiovascular disease and death in the general population. However, among people with kidney disease, a group at higher risk for cardiovascular disease, such benefits have not been established. METHODS: We pooled data from three cohort studies with a total of 27,271 participants. Kidney function was categorized on the basis of eGFR (≥60, 45 to <60, and <45 ml/min per 1.73 m2). We used proportional hazard frailty models to estimate associations between healthy behaviors (not smoking, at recommended body mass index [BMI], physical activity, healthy diet, and moderate to no alcohol intake) and outcomes (all-cause death, major coronary events, ischemic stroke, and heart failure events). RESULTS: All recommended lifestyle behaviors were significantly associated with lower risks of death, regardless of eGFR. Not smoking (versus current) and any moderate to vigorous physical activity (versus none) was significantly associated with reduced risks of major coronary and heart failure events, regardless of eGFR. Any (versus no) moderate or vigorous physical activity significantly associated with decreased risk of ischemic stroke events only among those with eGFR ≥60. Moderate to no daily alcohol intake (versus excessive) was significantly associated with an increased risk of major coronary events, regardless of eGFR. For heart failure events, a BMI of 18.5 to 30 associated with decreased risk, regardless of eGFR. Across all eGFR categories, the magnitude of risk reduction for death and all cardiovascular outcomes increased with greater numbers of recommended lifestyle behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Recommended lifestyle behaviors are associated with lower risk of death and cardiovascular disease events among individuals with or without reduced kidney function, supporting lifestyle behaviors as potentially modifiable risk factors for people with kidney disease.

Healthy lifestyle, endoscopic screening, and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in the United States: A nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Healthy lifestyle and screening represent 2 major approaches to colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. It remains unknown whether the CRC-preventive benefit of healthy lifestyle differs by endoscopic screening status, and how the combination of healthy lifestyle with endoscopic screening can improve CRC prevention. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We assessed lifestyle and endoscopic screening biennially among 75,873 women (Nurses' Health Study, 1988 to 2014) and 42,875 men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1988 to 2014). We defined a healthy lifestyle score based on body mass index, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and diet. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and population-attributable risks (PARs) for CRC incidence and mortality in relation to healthy lifestyle score according to endoscopic screening. Participants' mean age (standard deviation) at baseline was 54 (8) years. During a median of 26 years (2,827,088 person-years) follow-up, we documented 2,836 incident CRC cases and 1,013 CRC deaths. We found a similar association between healthy lifestyle score and lower CRC incidence among individuals with and without endoscopic screening, with the multivariable HR per one-unit increment of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.88), respectively (P-interaction = 0.99). The fraction of CRC cases that might be prevented (PAR) by endoscopic screening alone was 32% (95% CI, 31% to 33%) and increased to 61% (95% CI, 42% to 75%) when combined with healthy lifestyle (score = 5). The corresponding PAR (95% CI) increased from 15% (13% to 16%) to 51% (17% to 74%) for proximal colon cancer and from 47% (45% to 50%) to 75% (61% to 84%) for distal CRC. Results were similar for CRC mortality. A limitation of our study is that our study participants are all health professionals and predominantly whites, which may not be representative of the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that healthy lifestyle is associated with lower CRC incidence and mortality independent of endoscopic screening. An integration of healthy lifestyle with endoscopic screening may substantially enhance prevention for CRC, particularly for proximal colon cancer, compared to endoscopic screening alone.

Association between physical activity and inflammatory markers in community-dwelling, middle-aged adults.

Physical activity has been known to deter inflammatory process; yet, the evidence is scarce in healthy, middle-aged population. We assessed the association between physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers, including high sensitivity (hs) C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1α, -1ß, and -6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α and -ß, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) -1 and -3. Functional and leisure-time physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Inflammatory biomarkers were measured by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Compared with highly physically active participants based on total metabolic equivalent of task, the most sedentary group had significantly higher odds ratio and [95% confidence interval] for ≥75th percentile of TNF-α (1.64 [1.10-2.44]), TNF-ß (1.50 [1.09-2.07]), IL-1ß (2.14 [1.49-3.09]), hsIL-1ß (1.72 [1.15-2.58]), IL-6 (1.84 [1.24-1.73]), hsIL-6 (2.05 [1.35-3.12]), and MCP-1 (1.91 [1.28-2.87]) levels. Results for IL-1α and MCP-3 were inconsistent, as the least active group had lower odds for above the median IL-1α (0.65 [0.49-0.95]) and MCP-3 (0.71 [0.54-0.93]) yet higher odds for ≥75th percentile IL-1α (2.36 [1.63-3.42]) and MCP-3 (2.44 [1.63-3.64]) levels. Based on duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary participants had significantly higher odds for above median (1.40 [1.13-1.73]) and ≥75th percentile (1.33 [1.00-1.77]) IL-1ß compared with those fulfilling the guideline recommendation. Subgroup analyses showed minimal sex differences. Routine inflammatory assessment may help to achieve primordial prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Novelty: Healthy, middle-aged adults with physically active lifestyle were generally at lower odds for elevated inflammatory status. The associations persisted regardless of sex, age, comorbidities, adiposity, and diet.

Association among daily fish intake, white blood cell count, and healthy lifestyle behaviors in an apparently healthy Japanese population: implication for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of fish consumption.

Higher fish consumption has been reported to be associated with a lower incidence of coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that a higher frequency of fish intake may be associated with lower peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts, a marker of chronic inflammation, which is known to be involved in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and a healthy lifestyle. This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2018 and August 2018 at the Health Planning Center of Nihon University Hospital in a cohort of 4105 apparently healthy subjects. The average frequency of fish intake was 2.3 ± 1.3 days per week. The WBC count decreased significantly as the frequency of fish intake (0-2 days, 3-4 days, or 5-7 days per week) increased (s < 0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis identified higher weekly frequency of fish intake as a significant independent determinant of a lower WBC count (ß = - 0.051, p = 0.001). Furthermore, as the weekly frequency of fish intake increased, the proportion of habitual cigarette smokers decreased (p = 0.021), that of subjects engaging in habitual aerobic exercises increased (p < 0.0001), and the weekly alcohol intake frequency increased (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the above-mentioned lifestyle behaviors were also independent determinants of the WBC count. These results suggest that a high frequency of fish intake might be associated with healthier lifestyle behaviors as well as lower WBC counts, and thus may both exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and represent a component of healthier lifestyle behaviors associated with a lower risk of ASCVD in Japanese. This association may be partially related to the preventive effects of a higher fish intake on ASCVD events. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ ) Study ID: UMIN000039197 retrospectively registered 1 February 2020.

Multimodal Imaging Brain Markers in Early Adolescence Are Linked with a Physically Active Lifestyle.

The World Health Organization promotes physical exercise and a healthy lifestyle as means to improve youth development. However, relationships between physical lifestyle and human brain development are not fully understood. Here, we asked whether a human brain-physical latent mode of covariation underpins the relationship between physical activity, fitness, and physical health measures with multimodal neuroimaging markers. In 50 12-year old school pupils (26 females), we acquired multimodal whole-brain MRI, characterizing brain structure, microstructure, function, myelin content, and blood perfusion. We also acquired physical variables measuring objective fitness levels, 7 d physical activity, body mass index, heart rate, and blood pressure. Using canonical correlation analysis, we unravel a latent mode of brain-physical covariation, independent of demographics, school, or socioeconomic status. We show that MRI metrics with greater involvement in this mode also showed spatially extended patterns across the brain. Specifically, global patterns of greater gray matter perfusion, volume, cortical surface area, greater white matter extra-neurite density, and resting state networks activity covaried positively with measures reflecting a physically active phenotype (high fit, low sedentary individuals). Showing that a physically active lifestyle is linked with systems-level brain MRI metrics, these results suggest widespread associations relating to several biological processes. These results support the notion of close brain-body relationships and underline the importance of investigating modifiable lifestyle factors not only for physical health but also for brain health early in adolescence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An active lifestyle is key for healthy development. In this work, we answer the following question: How do brain neuroimaging markers relate with young adolescents' level of physical activity, fitness, and physical health? Combining advanced whole-brain multimodal MRI metrics with computational approaches, we show a robust relationship between physically active lifestyles and spatially extended, multimodal brain imaging-derived phenotypes. Suggesting a wider effect on brain neuroimaging metrics than previously thought, this work underlies the importance of studying physical lifestyle, as well as other brain-body relationships in an effort to foster brain health at this crucial stage in development.

Dyslipidemia Management in 2020: An Update on Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the modern world and dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors. The current therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases involve the management of risk factors, especially dyslipidemia and hypertension. Recently, the updated guidelines of dyslipidemia management were presented, and the newest data were included in terms of diagnosis, imaging, and treatment. In this targeted literature review, the researchers presented the most recent evidence on dyslipidemia management by including the current therapeutic goals for it. In addition, the novel diagnostic tools based on theranostics are shown. Finally, the future perspectives on treatment based on novel drug delivery systems and their potential to be used in clinical trials were also analyzed. It should be noted that dyslipidemia management can be achieved by the strict lifestyle change, i.e., by adopting a healthy life, and choosing the most suitable medication. This review can help medical professionals as well as specialists of other sciences to update their knowledge on dyslipidemia management, which can lead to better therapeutic outcomes and newer drug developments.

Infant growth during the first year of life following a pregnancy lifestyle intervention in routine care-Findings from the cluster-randomised GeliS trial.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle interventions in pregnancy may influence postpartum development and obesity risk in offspring. The impact of lifestyle interventions as health system-based approaches is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an antenatal lifestyle intervention conducted as public health approach on infant development and feeding practices. METHODS: We followed offspring born to women participating in the cluster-randomised GeliS trial who received usual care (CG) or repeated lifestyle counselling (IG). We collected data on offspring development and complementary feeding until the 12th month postpartum. RESULTS: Of the 1998 mother-child pairs, 1783 completed the follow-up. Mean infant weight at 12 months was comparable between groups (IG: 9497.9 ± 1137.0 g; CG: 9433.4 ± 1055.2 g; P = .177). There was no significant evidence of differences in sex- and age-adjusted z-scores or in the odds of offspring being overweight. More infants in the IG received whole-grain products compared to the CG (95.6% vs. 90.8%; P = .003). Despite small differences in the timing of introducing solid foods, there were no further significant differences in the pattern of complementary feeding. CONCLUSIONS: The antenatal lifestyle intervention embedded in routine care did not substantially influence infant anthropometrics and is thus unlikely to impact future development.