Remineralization of post-orthodontic white spot lesions with a fluoride varnish and a self-assembling P 11 - 4 peptides: a prospective in-vivo-study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the remineralization effects of fluoride varnish (Clinpro White varnish), self-assembling peptide (Curodont™ Repair) and their combined use on WSL after orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two subjects, aged of 10-18 (mean age 13.91 ± 2.92) with 107 post-orthodontic WSL were included in the study. Subjects were divided into four groups as control, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) containing fluoride varnish (Clinpro White varnish) group, self-assembling P11-4 peptides (Curodont™ Repair) group and combined application of the two products. At the beginning, each subjects' caries risk profile was assessed by evaluating diet cariogenicity, plaque index, gingival bleeding index and stimulated salivary flow rate. Before the application of the remineralization agents, WSL baseline demineralization values were determined with QLF Inspektor™ Pro, laser fluorescence using DIAGNOdent and color values were measured by Vita EasyShade. Remineralization data were obtained by measuring ΔF, ΔQ, and lesion area with QLF. The aesthetic improvement after the remineralization process was evaluated with a spectrophotometer at six weeks, three and six months. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of criteria determining patients' caries risk profiles, DIAGNOdent data, and plaque index scores (p > 0.05). Intra-group evaluation following remineralization revealed statistically significant increases in ΔF and ΔQ with a decrease in lesion area for the fluoride varnish group at six months, for the peptide group at three months, and for the combined application group at three and six months (p < 0.05). In inter-group comparisons, ΔF and ΔQ values were found to be statistically significant only in the fluoride group at six months compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). While the L* value decreased significantly in all groups at six months, a statistically significant difference in ΔE* values was observed only in the control group between three and six months. CONCLUSION: Fluoride varnish with TCP showed highest remineralization at 6 months, and the remineralization was positively affected in the short term (three months) after the use of self-assembling P11-4 peptides and their combined application. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Remineralization obtained after single application of agents tested in six months in-vivo showed parallel results. In an attempt to trigger subsurface remineralization, the combined use of fluoride with self-assembling peptides as biomimetic remineralization agent needs further evaluation.

Effects of light curing on silver diamine fluoride-treated carious lesions: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to evaluate the potential benefits and underlying mechanisms of combining SDF with light curing, based on available studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of publications was conducted with the keywords "silver diamine fluoride" or "silver fluoride" and "dental light curing," "LED curing," "dental laser," and "dental polymerization" in 4 databases: PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify English-language articles published up to March 2023. Duplicate publications were deleted. Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts and excluded irrelevant publications. The full text of the remaining publications was retrieved. Studies investigating the effect of light-curing on SDF-treated carious lesions were included. RESULTS: The 175 publications initially found included 5 laboratory studies investigating the effects of light curing on 38% SDF-treated dentine carious lesions, but no clinical study was found. Four of these studies were conducted on extracted primary teeth, and one was on extracted permanent teeth. SDF with light curing increased microhardness (n = 3, p < .05) showed a higher mineral density (n = 1, p < .041) and had more silver ion precipitation in infected dentine (n = 1, p < .016) compared to SDF without light curing. Moreover, no significant differences in the antibacterial activity were observed between SDF with light curing and SDF alone (n = 1, p > .05). CONCLUSION: Drawing from the limited number of laboratory studies, incorporating light curing subsequent to the SDF application yields potential favorable outcomes that include augmented microhardness, elevated mineral density, and heightened silver ion precipitation within infected dentine. Future clinical research is required to confirm or refute the benefit of light curing on SDF-treated carious lesions.

Evaluation of Staining Propensity of Silver Diamine Fluoride With and Without Potassium Iodide in Children (Project Healthy Smiles): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is becoming more widely recognized as a simple, cost-effective approach to minimize sensitivity and arrest caries. However, SDF results in caries that are stained black. Potassium iodide (KI) treatment with SDF may minimize or lessen the staining. However, the effectiveness of KI on staining has not been investigated. Studies demonstrating that potassium iodide reduces the black staining are still insufficient. This paper presents the study protocol for Healthy Smiles, a randomized controlled trial implemented to compare the staining propensity of SDF and SDF+KI. OBJECTIVE: This study, Healthy Smiles, aims to evaluate the staining propensity of SDF and SDF+KI using a Nix Mini color sensor among children aged 4 to 6 years. Another objective of the study is to evaluate the caries-arresting effect of SDF and SDF+KI in the treatment of carious primary teeth. METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 60 children with caries that meet the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (code 1 or above) will be randomly assigned to treatment groups, where group 1 will be treated with SDF and group 2 will be treated with SDF+KI. Discoloration of treated lesions will be assessed digitally using a Nix Mini color sensor. Participants will be followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment to digitally record the ∆L and ∆E values using the Nix Mini color sensor. Data will be analyzed using SPSS (version 28; IBM Corp). Independent sample t tests and the Mann-Whitney U test will be used to compare the 2 groups. RESULTS: Enrollment started in October 2023. It is estimated that the enrollment period will be 12 months. Data collection is planned to be completed in 2024. CONCLUSIONS: The presented paper describes Happy Smiles, a project that provides an opportunity to address the aesthetic inconvenience of patients without compromising the effectiveness of the SDF treatment. The trial findings will contribute to the limited evidence base related to discoloration after SDF intervention to improve aesthetic appearances in child oral health. If the results from the trial are promising, it will lead to the development of a model for child oral health and pave the way for further research in child oral health. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/51087.

Clinician characteristics associated with fluoride varnish applications during well-child visits.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with clinicians' likelihood and intensity of applying fluoride varnish (FV) overall and for visits paid by Medicaid and private insurers. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study using claims data. METHODS: Using the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database (2016-2018), we conducted a repeated cross-sectional study of 2911 clinicians (7277 clinician-year observations) providing well-child visits to children aged 1 to 5 years. Zero-inflated negative binomial models estimated the probability of a clinician applying FV and the number of visits with FV applications, overall and separately for visits paid by Medicaid and private insurers. RESULTS: A total of 30.9% of clinician-years applied FV at least once, and overall, an average of 8.4% of a clinician's well-child visits included FV annually. Controlling for all covariates, having a higher percentage of patients insured by Medicaid was associated with applying FV (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.23-1.45) and a higher expected number of applications (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09). Additionally, having a higher percentage of patients aged 1 to 5 years was associated with applying FV (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.43), but not the number of applications. Similar associations were observed among visits paid by private insurers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite clinical recommendations and mandated insurance reimbursements, the likelihood and intensity of FV applications was low for most pediatric primary care clinicians. Clinician behavior was associated with patient-panel characteristics, suggesting the need for interventions that account for these differences.

Evaluation of the remineralization potential of self-assembling peptide P11-4 with fluoride compared to fluoride varnish in the management of incipient carious lesions: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The present trial's aim was to compare the remineralization potential of self-assembling peptide P11-4 combined with fluoride to that of fluoride varnish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight participants with 58 incipient carious lesions were enrolled in the present trial. Participants were randomly divided into two groups with 14 participants and 29 incipient lesions in each group. Patients were assigned either to self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride (Curodont Repair Fluoride Plus™) or sodium fluoride varnish (NaF, Bifluorid 10) groups. Both agents were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions on non-cavitated incipient carious lesions. Lesions were assessed by two calibrated and blinded assessors at baseline, and after one-, three- and six-months using a laser fluorescence device (DIAGNOdent). RESULTS: Although laser fluorescence scores significantly improved in both groups over time (p < 0.05), no notable differences were evident between both groups at one-month (p > 0.05). Yet, at three- and six-months statistically lower laser fluorescence readings were evident in the self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride group in comparison to the fluoride alone group (p < 0.05). There was 60% less risk for caries progression for Curodont Repair Fluoride Plus™ when compared to NaF varnish after six months. Self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride was able to change 65.5% of non-cavitated carious lesions from DIAGNOdent score 3 (11-20) to score 1 (0-4). Fluoride varnish was able to change 13.8% of the lesions from score 3 to score 1 after six months. CONCLUSIONS: The self-assembling peptide combined with fluoride varnish showed higher remineralization potential than fluoride varnish alone for incipient carious lesions over a six-months follow up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The combination of self-assembling peptide P11-4 and fluoride could offer a new tool in managing incipient carious lesions.

Ion release of the glass ionomer restoration with silver diamine fluoride dentin pretreatment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the fluoride and silver ion release of glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations, including conventional GIC (CGIC) and resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) restorations, with 38 % silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution dentin pretreatment. METHODS: Eighty dentin blocks were allocated into 4 groups and restored with SDF+CGIC, CGIC, SDF+RMGIC and RMGIC, respectively. Each block was stored in deionized water at 37 °C for 2 years. Fluoride and silver ion concentration in storage solution was measured using ion-selective electrode and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry for up to 2 years. The cross-sectional surfaces of restored dentin blocks were assessed by X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) after 1 week and 2 years, respectively. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of accumulative fluoride releasing in SDF+CGIC, CGIC, SDF+RMGIC and RMGIC for 2 years were 0.13±0.005 mg, 0.09±0.006 mg, 0.15±0.008 mg and 0.05±0.003 mg, respectively (Groups SDF+RMGIC > SDF+CGIC > CGIC >RMGIC, p < 0.05). The mean ± SD of accumulative silver releasing in SDF+CGIC, CGIC, SDF+RMGIC and RMGIC for 2 years were 0.03±0.009 mg, 0.00±0.00 mg, 0.01±0.003 mg, and 0.00±0.00 mg, respectively (Groups SDF+CGIC > SDF+RMGIC > CGIC&RMGIC, p < 0.05). Groups SDF+CGIC and SDF+RMGIC showed sustainably higher fluoride and silver releasing compared to Groups CGIC and RMGIC (p < 0.05). XRD analysis indicated the fluorapatite and silver chloride were observed only in Groups SDF+CGIC and SDF+RMGIC, but not in Groups CGIC and RMGIC. SEM images of the cross-sectional view of the dentin blocks showed silver crystals within dentinal tubules 1 week and 2-year in Groups with SDF pretreatment. CONCLUSION: The 38 % SDF dentin pretreatment sustainably increased the fluoride and silver release of GIC and RMGIC restorations for up to 2 years.

Dentin erosive wear is reduced by fluoride varnishes containing nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate in vitro.

This study evaluated the effect of fluoride varnishes containing micrometric or nanosized sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on dentin erosive wear in vitro. Bovine root dentin blocks were selected by surface hardness and randomly divided into five experimental groups/varnishes (n = 20/group): placebo, 5% sodium fluoride (NaF); 5% NaF+5% micrometric TMP; 5% NaF+2.5% nanosized TMP; and 5% NaF+5% nanosized TMP. Half of the surface of all blocks received a single application of the assigned varnish, with subsequent immersion in artificial saliva for 6 h. Varnishes were then removed and the blocks were immersed in citric acid (90 s, 4×/day, 5 days). After each erosive cycle, ten blocks of each group were immersed in a placebo dentifrice for 15 s (ERO), while the other ten blocks were subjected to abrasion by brushing (ERO+ABR). Dentin erosive wear was assessed by profilometry. Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and to the Holm-Sidak test (p<0.05). Dentin erosive wear was significantly higher for ERO+ABR than for ERO for all varnishes. TMP-containing varnishes promoted superior effects against dentin erosive wear compared with 5% NaF alone; and 5% nanosized TMP led to the lowest wear among all varnishes. In conclusion, the addition of TMP to conventional fluoride varnish (i.e., varnish containing only NaF) enhanced its protective effects against bovine root dentin erosion and erosion+abrasion. Additionally, the use of 5% nanosized TMP led to superior effects in comparison to 5% micrometric TMP, both for erosion and erosion+abrasion in vitro.

The effect of silver diammine fluoride on In Vitro Enamel caries lesion remineralization and staining as a function of lesion baseline mineral distribution.

OBJECTIVES: to investigate whether baseline mineral distribution modulates the ability of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) to remineralize and stain enamel caries lesions. METHODS: This laboratory study followed a 3 [treatment: SDF/fluoride varnish (FV)/deionized water (DIW)] ×3 [lesion protocol: methylcellulose (MeC)/hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)/Carbopol 907 (C907)] factorial design. Lesions were created in bovine enamel specimens (n = 20). Treatments were applied and lesions remineralized in artificial saliva. Digital transverse microradiography (TMR-D) was used to analyze lesions. Lesion color was monitored spectrophotometrically. The effects of lesion protocol and treatment on changes in lesion depth (ΔLD), mineral loss (ΔΔZ), maximum mineral density at the surface zone (ΔSZmax), and color changes related to remineralization (ΔL*remin) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The treatment×lesion protocol interaction was significant for ΔΔZ (p < 0.01) and ΔL*remin (p < 0.01), however not for ΔLD (p = 0.23) or ΔSZmax (p = 0.91). There were no differences in ΔΔZ between treatments in HEC and C907 lesions. However, DIW resulted in more remineralization than both SDF (p < 0.01) and FV (p = 0.01) in MeC lesions. Considering changes from lesion baseline after remineralization in MeC lesions, SDF treatment resulted in the highest mineral gain in the surface zone. However, DIW revealed the highest mineral gain after remineralization in the lesion body. SDF stained lesions with the intensity increasing after remineralization in C907 lesions, whereas staining decreased in MeC and HEC lesions. CONCLUSION: High fluoride treatments can interfere with continuous remineralization of caries lesions due to partial arrest. Baseline lesion mineral distribution affects SDF's ability to enhance remineralization and the staining caused by SDF. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: SDF is being used to arrest active caries lesions extending into dentin and to treat dentin hypersensitivity. This study shed light on SDF's effect on an isolated process in dental caries only, remineralization. It achieved this by examining enamel caries lesions with differing mineral distributions and assessing their staining properties.

Randomized clinical trial to compare three fluoride varnishes in preventing early childhood caries.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of two 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnishes containing casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) (MI VarnishTM) or tricalcium phosphate (TCP) (ClinproTM White) to the conventional 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat®) in preventing early childhood caries (ECC) in high-risk preschool children. METHODS: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial recruited healthy 3-4-year-old children (N = 582) having at least one carious lesion (pre-cavitated or cavitated) after obtaining written informed consent from parents. Using a computer-generated random-number table, children were assigned to one of the 3 groups: Control group (n = 196): 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat®) or two test groups: 5% NaF with TCP (Clinpro™ White) (n = 193) and 5% NaF varnish with CPP-ACP (MI Varnish™) (n = 193) to receive quarterly (every 3 months) application over 24 months. RESULTS: Incidence of new caries over 2 years was 59.2% in MI Varnish™ group (n = 125), 65.1% in the Clinpro™ White group (n = 129) and 66.1% in the Duraphat® group (n = 127) (p = 0.466). The mean cavitated lesions increment was not significant among the 3 groups (p = 0.714), as was the mean increment in non-cavitated carious lesions (p = 0.223). There was no significant difference (p = 0.630) in the distribution of total fluoride varnish applications among the three groups. Also, no significant difference was found in comparison of outcomes among the different number of fluoride varnish applications received by children in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Both calcium- and phosphate-containing NaF varnishes showed similar efficacy against cavitated and non-cavitated carious lesions as compared to conventional NaF varnish in high-risk preschool children. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Randomized trial provided a crucial opportunity to advance the understanding of the clinical effectiveness of different fluoride varnishes in preventing early childhood caries. Varnishes containing tricalcium phosphate or casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate when compared to sodium fluoride varnish, demonstrated a similar efficacy against early childhood caries in high caries-risk preschool children.

Perspectives of patients, dental professionals, and stakeholders on the use of silver diamine fluoride for the management of dental caries: A qualitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This qualitative systematic review and meta-aggregation aimed to synthesise evidence regarding perceptions of patients, practitioners, and stakeholders on the use of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) for the management of dental caries. DATA: This review was reported in alignment with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023390301) and the Joanna Briggs Systematic Reviews register. SOURCES: References were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE using a pre-established search strategy. STUDY SELECTION: Qualitative and mixed-methods studies examining perspectives of patients, practitioners, and/or stakeholders on the use of SDF were included. The initial search identified 650 articles eligible for inclusion, out of which 14 articles were included in the review. Reviewers synthesised findings and generated 11 distinct categories grouped into three synthesised findings: 1) Clinical use; 2) Staining; 3) Facilitators and barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners and patients viewed SDF as a therapeutic option with multiple benefits. While aesthetic concerns may be a barrier to some groups, the acceptance of the treatment was influenced by other factors, such as trusting professional advice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Patient education is key for increased SDF acceptance. This systematic review can assist clinicians in addressing concerns regarding SDF therapy. Findings have the potential to inform policy decisions that address oral health inequities through patient-centred health care models.

Effects of NaF versus SDF treatment on microhardness of artificial radiation caries at cervical and root areas.

This study aimed to compare the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and fluoride varnish (NaF) on the Vickers microhardness (VHN) of enamel and dentin after radiotherapy and pH-cycling. Human premolars were cut longitudinally, embedded and serially polished. The VHN of enamel/dentin and irradiated enamel/dentin were evaluated. The irradiated specimens were treated with either NaF or SDF, subjected to pH-cycling then VHN test for 4 days. Consequently, they were subjected to energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Radiation adversely affect enamel VHN (p<0.05), whereas dentin VHN was not affected (p>0.05). After pH-cycling, a significant decrease in dentin VHN was observed on day 2 for all groups, whereas enamel VHN was significantly decreased in the control group on day 4. SDF-treated enamel demonstrated higher VHN than that of NaF on day 3. Caries prevention effect of SDF and NaF were observed on enamel, where SDF was proved to be superior to NaF.

Silver modified atraumatic restorative treatment: a paradigm shift in dental caries management.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) are treatment modalities that are minimally invasive and used for the prevention and control of dental caries. The amalgamation of these two techniques has led to the development of silver modified atraumatic restorative treatment (SMART). In this approach the carious lesion is restored with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) after SDF application. SMART effectively arrests caries without removing additional tooth structure, making it a promising option for caries management in children who lack cooperative ability.This article reviews the literature on SMART, the evidence regarding its applications in dental practice, its advantages, drawbacks, the scope for research, and clinical use.

Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children.

BACKGROUND: This is an update of a review first published in 2010. Use of topical fluoride has become more common over time. Excessive fluoride consumption from topical fluorides in young children could potentially lead to dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship between the use of topical fluorides in young children and the risk of developing dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. SEARCH METHODS: We carried out electronic searches of the Cochrane Oral Health Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases, and two trials registers. We searched the reference lists of relevant articles. The latest search date was 28 July 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional surveys comparing fluoride toothpaste, mouth rinses, gels, foams, paint-on solutions, and varnishes to a different fluoride therapy, placebo, or no intervention. Upon the introduction of topical fluorides, the target population was children under six years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane and used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. The primary outcome measure was the percentage prevalence of fluorosis in the permanent teeth. Two authors extracted data from all included studies. In cases where both adjusted and unadjusted risk ratios or odds ratios were reported, we used the adjusted value in the meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: We included 43 studies: three RCTs, four cohort studies, 10 case-control studies, and 26 cross-sectional surveys. We judged all three RCTs, one cohort study, one case-control study, and six cross-sectional studies to have some concerns for risk of bias. We judged all other observational studies to be at high risk of bias. We grouped the studies into five comparisons. Comparison 1. Age at which children started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste Two cohort studies (260 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children starting to use fluoride toothpaste for brushing at or before 12 months versus after 12 months and the development of fluorosis (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.18; very low-certainty evidence). Similarly, evidence from one cohort study (3939 children) and two cross-sectional studies (1484 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children starting to use fluoride toothpaste for brushing before or after the age of 24 months (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.13; very low-certainty evidence) or before or after four years (odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95% CI 0.77 to 3.35; very low-certainty evidence), respectively. Comparison 2. Frequency of toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste Two case-control studies (258 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children brushing less than twice per day versus twice or more per day and the development of fluorosis (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.28; very low-certainty evidence). Two cross-sectional surveys (1693 children) demonstrated that brushing less than once per day versus once or more per day may be associated with a decrease in the development of fluorosis in children (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.74; low-certainty evidence). Comparison 3. Amount of fluoride toothpaste used for toothbrushing Two case-control studies (258 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children using less than half a brush of toothpaste, versus half or more of the brush, and the development of fluorosis (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.46; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence from cross-sectional surveys was also very uncertain (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.28; 3 studies, 2037 children; very low-certainty evidence). Comparison 4. Fluoride concentration in toothpaste There was evidence from two RCTs (1968 children) that lower fluoride concentration in the toothpaste used by children under six years of age likely reduces the risk of developing fluorosis: 550 parts per million (ppm) fluoride versus 1000 ppm (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.99; moderate-certainty evidence); 440 ppm fluoride versus 1450 ppm (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.89; moderate-certainty evidence). The age at which the toothbrushing commenced was 24 months and 12 months, respectively. Two case-control studies (258 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between fluoride concentrations under 1000 ppm, versus concentrations of 1000 ppm or above, and the development of fluorosis (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.52; very low-certainty evidence). Comparison 5. Age at which topical fluoride varnish was applied There was evidence from one RCT (123 children) that there may be little to no difference between a fluoride varnish application before four years, versus no application, and the development of fluorosis (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.31; low-certainty evidence). There was low-certainty evidence from two cross-sectional surveys (982 children) that the application of topical fluoride varnish before four years of age may be associated with the development of fluorosis in children (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.46 to 3.25). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Most evidence identified mild fluorosis as a potential adverse outcome of using topical fluoride at an early age. There is low- to very low-certainty and inconclusive evidence on the risk of having fluorosis in permanent teeth for: when a child starts receiving topical fluoride varnish application; toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste; the amount of toothpaste used by the child; and the frequency of toothbrushing. Moderate-certainty evidence from RCTs showed that children who brushed with 1000 ppm or more fluoride toothpaste from one to two years of age until five to six years of age probably had an increased chance of developing dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. It is unethical to propose new RCTs to assess the development of dental fluorosis. However, future RCTs focusing on dental caries prevention could record children's exposure to topical fluoride sources in early life and evaluate the dental fluorosis in their permanent teeth as a long-term outcome. In the absence of these studies and methods, further research in this area will come from observational studies. Attention needs to be given to the choice of study design, bearing in mind that prospective controlled studies will be less susceptible to bias than retrospective and uncontrolled studies.

Microleakage of Silver-Modified Atraumatic Restorative Technique (SMART) Restorations Using Silver Diammine Fluoride and High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the microleakage of atraumatic glass ionomer restorations with and without silver diammine fluoride (SDF) application. Restorations with SDF are termed silver-modified atraumatic restorations (SMART). Methods: Sixty carious extracted permanent teeth were randomly allocated to two SMART groups and two control groups (n equals 15 per group) for a total of four groups. After selective caries removal, test specimens were treated with 38 percent SDF and polyacrylic acid conditioner was applied and rinsed; teeth were restored with Fuji IX GP® glass ionomer (n equals 15) or with SMART Advantage™ glass ionomer (SAGI; n equals 15). For control groups, specimens were restored with their respective GI material after selective caries removal, both without SDF. Restored teeth were placed in Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline solution at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. Teeth were thermocycled between five and 55 degrees Celsius for 1,000 cycles, stained with two percent basic fuchsin, sectioned, and visually inspected for microleakage utilizing stereomicroscopy on a four-point scale. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks using Dunn's method (P<0.05). Results: Microleakage between the two SMART restoration groups was insignificant. SAGI alone demonstrated significantly more microleakage than all other groups. There was no statistical significance between the Fuji IX GP® control group and the two SMART restoration groups. Conclusions: This in vitro study indicated that silver diammine fluoride placed before glass ionomer restoration does not increase microleakage. Polyacrylic acid may be used after SDF placement without increasing microleakage.

Longitudinal Follow-up Comparing Future Care of Primary Teeth Treated with Silver Diammine Fluoride: A Private Dental Claims Review.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate follow-up treatment on primary teeth initially treated with silver diammine fluoride (SDF). Methods: This retrospective cohort evaluated private insurance (not Medicaid) claims data from 2018 to 2019 for children no older than 12 years with at least one primary tooth initially treated with SDF. Additional treatment per tooth was recorded over a follow-up of at least 24 months. Results: The mean and standard deviation (±SD) age of 46,884 patients was 5.7±2.3 and for SDF-treated teeth per patient was 2.6±2.1. Forty percent (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] equals 39 to 40.7 percent) of teeth initially treated with SDF received additional treatment. The odds of SDF-treated teeth receiving future treatment significantly decreased with patient age by 22 percent per year (odds ratio equals 0.78; 95% CI equals 0.077 to 0.79; P<0.001). Pediatric dentists had only slightly lower odds than general dentists for providing additional treatment (0.91, P<0.001). Posterior teeth and teeth expected to exfoliate in two or more years had significantly higher odds of receiving additional treatment (2.47 and 1.27, respectively, P<0.001). Conclusions: Beginning at age four, patient age at placement of silver diammine fluoride was inversely proportional to future treatment provided. Posterior teeth and teeth expected to exfoliate in two or more years were more likely to receive additional treatment.

Comparing Shear Bond Strength Between Pink Opaquer and Other Tooth-Colored Restorative Materials on Demineralized Dentin Treated with Silver Diammine Fluoride.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of pink opaquer (PO) compared to resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) and conventional composite (COMP) on demineralized dentin, and also to investigate the mode of failure (MOF). Methods: Sixty extracted third molars were prepared, demineralized for 14 days, and divided into four groups: (1) COMP; (2) SDF+PO; (3) SDF+RMGI; and (4) SDF+COMP (restoration size: two by two mm). SBS, MOF, modified adhesive remnant index (MARI), and remnant adhesive volume (RAV) were evaluated using an Instron® machine, light microscopy, 3D digital scanner ( 3Shape©), and GeoMagic Wrap© software. Results: There was no significant difference in SBS (MPa) among the COMP mean??standard deviation (2.5±1.59), SDF+COMP (2.28±1.05), SDF+PO (3.31±2.63), and SDF+RMGI groups (3.74±2.34). There was no significant difference in MOF and MARI among the four groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in RAV (mm3) among the COMP (0.5±0.33), SDF+COMP (0.39±0.44), SDF+PO (0.42±0.38), and SDF+RMGI groups (0.42±0.38; P>0.05). A significant correlation existed between MOF and RAV (R equals 0.721; P<0.001). MOF, MARI, and RAV did not show any correlations with SBS (P>0.05). Conclusions: Silver diammine fluoride does not affect shear bond strength between carious dentinal surface and tooth color restorative materials. The amount of material left on the interface is not related to the amount of shear force needed to break the restoration.

Parental acceptance of Silver Diamine Fluoride in two lower-middle-income countries: Iran and Tajikistan.

BACKGROUND: Using Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) may be an effective public health approach for managing dental caries in children. Parental acceptance of SDF has rarely been investigated in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study was to evaluate parental acceptance of SDF to manage dental caries in children aged 2-12 in Iran and Tajikistan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kurdistan province of Iran and Khatlon region of Tajikistan, 2022-2023. Parents watched a video about SDF and its weaknesses and strengths as compared to conventional approaches before completing the questionnaire. We also reported Prevalence Ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between parental acceptance and associated demographic factors as well as dental attitude and experience. RESULTS: Participants were 245 and 160 parents in Iran and Tajikistan, respectively. In both countries, a majority (Iran: 61.6%, Tajikistan: 77.9%) accepted SDF over conventional treatments for all primary teeth. The majority also accepted SDF only for posterior permanent teeth (Iran: 73.5%, Tajikistan: 78.7%). Black discoloration was the main reason for rejecting SDF. Overall, demographic factors and dental experience and attitude were not significantly associated with SDF acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: SDF was widely accepted by Iranian and Tajik parents. Establishing parental acceptance of SDF is an important step toward its application in LMICs where inexpensive solutions are needed.

Efficacy of different in-office treatments for dentin hypersensitivity: randomized and parallel clinical trial.

The aim of this clinical, prospective, randomized, and parallel study was to evaluate different in-office treatments for dentin hypersensitivity (DH). One hundred ninety-two teeth with non-cavitated root exposures were treated using different desensitizers: fluoride varnish (Duraphat - FLU); bioactive ceramic solution (Biosilicate - BIOS); universal self-etching adhesive (Single Bond Universal - SBU); bioactive photoactivated varnish (PRG filler - SPRG). The degree of DH was analyzed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and computerized visual scale (CoVAS), before treatments and after 7, 15, and 30 days from the first session. Comparisons among desensitizers were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. Friedman test was used to compare between times (p ≤ 0.05). Comparing desensitizers FLU presented a higher value of DH than BIOS using VAS at 7 days, however, no differences were found using CoVAS analysis. Comparing times, BIOS and SBU showed a reduction in DH after 7 days and SBU showed a reduction at 30 days compared to 7 days using VAS. FLU and SPRG groups reduced DH from 15 days to 30 days using VAS. There was a reduction in DH for FLU, BIOS, and SBU after 7 days and for BIOS this reduction also occurred at 30 days when compared to 15 days using CoVAS. SPRG group showed a reduction from 15 to 30 days. All desensitizers tested were able to reduce the initial sensitivity. The bioactive ceramic solution reduced the DH gradually after 30 days using computerized analysis.

Knowledge of the health personnel involved in the fluoride varnish therapy programs of primary schools in Tehran, Iran.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) places great importance on oral health promotion programs in schools, given that approximately one billion people worldwide are students. This demographic not only includes the students themselves, but also extends to school staff, their families, and the broader community, all of whom are interconnected. The objectives of this study were firstly to assess the knowledge of health personnel conducting fluoride varnish treatment (FVT) in schools, and secondly to solicit their views on the effectiveness of their training methods. METHODS: Data was collected from health personnel involved in FVT in schools, supervised by medical universities in Tehran province, using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: demographic information, methods of receiving FVT training, respondents' knowledge regarding FVT, and opinions about the effectiveness of FVT training methods. The questionnaire was distributed via social media, phone conversations, and email. The collected data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney in SPSS Version 26. A regression model was also fitted to the data. RESULTS: The present study included 403 participants. Among various educational methods, it was found that participation in previous workshops (P = 0.001) and FVT workshops (P = 0.013) was significantly correlated with a higher FVT knowledge score. Additionally, participation in previous oral health promotion programs was significantly associated with a higher knowledge score (P < 0.05). Therefore, a history of participating in previous health promotion programs significantly contributed to the participants' knowledge. CONCLUSION: Participation in previous oral health programs was found to be significantly correlated with a higher knowledge score. The effectiveness of training programs can be attributed to participation in previous workshops and FVT workshops. This study provided insights into potential strategies for enhancing personnel training in national oral health programs.

Evaluation of staining potential of Silver Diamine Fluoride, Potassium Iodide, Nanosilver Fluoride: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The black staining effect of silver-containing solutions for use to arrest caries can have a negative aesthetic impact on children and parents. This study aims to assess the staining effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride/Potassium Iodide (SDF/KI), SDF and Nanosilver Fluoride (NSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four extracted carious primary molars were collected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 11). The carious tissue in all teeth was removed using a chemo-mechanical caries removal agent with an excavator. After caries removal in all groups, SDF, SDF/KI, and NSF were applied to the different groups, while no solution was applied to the control group. Subsequently, the teeth in all groups were restored with compomer. Color values L*, a* and b* were measured using a spectrophotometer at three time points: immediately after compomer restoration (T0), one week later (T1), and four week later (T2). Changes in brightness (ΔL) and color (ΔE) over time were calculated and comparisons among groups were made. RESULTS: The SDF solution induced statistically significant black staining (p = 0.013) and a decrease in L* value (p < 0.001) on the compomer material compared to the other groups over time. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that SDF/KI has the potential to reduce the black staining effect of SDF, though not entirely. Novel experimental solutions like NSF may offer an alternative to counteract the staining effect of SDF.