Reduction of maillard browning in spray dried low-lactose milk powders due to protein polysaccharide interactions.

Lactose hydrolysed concentrated milk was prepared using ß-galactosidase enzyme (4.76U/mL) with a reaction period of 12 h at 4 °C. Addition of polysaccharides (5 % maltodextrin/ß-cyclodextrin) to concentrated milk either before or after lactose hydrolysis did not result in significant differences (p > 0.05) in degree of hydrolysis (% DH) of lactose and residual lactose content (%). Three different inlet temperatures (165 °C, 175 °C and 185 °C) were used for the preparation of powders which were later characterised based on physico-chemical and maillard browning characteristics. Moisture content, solubility and available lysine content of the powders decreased significantly, whereas, browning parameters i.e., browning index, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furosine content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with an increase in inlet air temperature. The powder was finally prepared with 5 % polysaccharide and an inlet air temperature of 185 °C which reduced maillard browning. Protein-polysaccharide interactions were identified using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and determination of free amino groups in the powder samples. Maltodextrin and ß-cyclodextrin containing powder samples exhibited lower free amino groups and higher degree of graft value as compared to control sample which indicated protein-polysaccharide interactions. Results obtained from Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy also confirmed strong protein-polysaccharide interactions, moreover a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity was also observed in the powder samples. These interactions between the proteins and polysaccharides reduced the maillard browning in powders.

The Effect of Fermentation on the Chemical Constituents of Gastrodia Tuber Hallimasch Powder (GTHP) Estimated by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of fermentation on the chemical constituents of Gastrodia Tuder Halimasch Powder (GTHP), to establish its fingerprinting and multicomponent content determination, and to provide a basis for the processing, handling, and clinical application of this herb. METHODS: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used to conduct a preliminary analysis of the chemical constituents in GTHP before and after fermentation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine some major differential components of GTHP and establish fingerprints. Cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed for comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS: Seventy-nine compounds were identified, including flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides, terpenoids, and others. The CA and PCA results showed that ten samples were divided into three groups. Through standard control and HPLC analysis, 10 compounds were identified from 22 peaks, namely uracil, guanosine, adenosine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), daidzin, genistin, glycitein, daidzein, genistein, and ergosterol. After fermentation, GTHP exhibited significantly higher contents of uracil, guanosine, adenosine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and ergosterol and significantly lower genistein and daidzein contents. CONCLUSIONS: The UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and HPLC methods can effectively identify a variety of chemical components before and after the fermentation of GTHP. This study provides a valuable reference for further research on the rational clinical application and quality control improvement of GTHP.

Human Keratinocyte Responses to Woodsmoke Chemicals.

Air pollution consists of complex mixtures of chemicals with serious deleterious health effects from acute and chronic exposure. To help understand the mechanisms by which adverse effects occur, the present work examines the responses of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes to specific chemicals commonly found in woodsmoke. Our earlier findings with liquid smoke flavoring (aqueous extract of charred wood) revealed that such extracts stimulated the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress and proinflammatory response, activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, thereby inducing cytochrome P4501A1 activity, and induced cross-linked envelope formation, a lethal event ordinarily occurring during terminal differentiation. The present results showed that furfural produced transcriptional responses resembling those of liquid smoke, cyclohexanedione activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and several chemicals induced envelope formation. Of these, syringol permeabilized the cells to the egress of lactate dehydrogenase at a concentration close to that yielding envelope formation, while furfural induced envelope formation without permeabilization detectable in this way. Furfural (but not syringol) stimulated the incorporation of amines into cell proteins in extracts in the absence of transglutaminase activity. Nevertheless, both chemicals substantially increased the amount of cellular protein incorporated into envelopes and greatly altered the envelope protein profile. Moreover, the proportion of keratin in the envelopes was dramatically increased. These findings are consistent with the chemically induced protein cross-linking in the cells. Elucidating mechanisms by which this phenomenon occurs may help understand how smoke chemicals interact with proteins to elicit cellular responses, interpret bioassays of complex pollutant mixtures, and suggest additional sensitive ways to monitor exposures.

Resultant compound from sublimation test for Gentianae Radix in Japanese Pharmacopoeia was 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural.

Gentianae Radix, an herbal medicine, has been used as a gastrointestinal drug in Japan. In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 18th Revision, the sublimation test is specified as an identification test for Gentianae Radix. The compound obtained in this sublimation test was believed to be gentisin, a xanthone family compound. However, the compound we identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and 1H- and 13C-NMR was 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF). The same compound was found to be a sublimate of Gentianae Scabrae Radix and Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, belonging to the same genus as Gentianae Radix. These results indicate the necessity to revise the identification test for Gentianae Radix to a more unique method.

Sulfonic acid-functionalized k-carrageenan/Cr-based metal-organic framework: An efficient and recyclable catalyst for fructose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

A novel bio-based catalyst was developed by in-situ forming Chromium(III) (Cr)-based metal-organic framework, MIL-101(Cr), in the presence of k-carrageenan (k-Car) and followed by a post-synthetic modification to introduce additional -SO3H functional groups into the composite structure of k-Car/MIL-101(Cr). Different analyses were conducted to confirm the successful catalyst formation. The catalyst performance was evaluated in the solid acid catalyzed dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The Response Surface Method (RSM) optimization determined that employing 33 wt% of the catalyst at 105 °C for 40 min resulted in a remarkable 97.8 % yield. The catalyst demonstrated suitable recyclability, maintaining its catalytic efficiency over four cycles. Comparative studies with k-Car and the non-sulfonated composite highlighted the superior activity of the catalyst, emphasizing the synergy between the k-Car, MIL-101(Cr) and the influence of -SO3H post-functionalizing on the catalytic performance.

Identification of redox activators for continuous reactivation of glyoxal oxidase from Trametes versicolor in a two-enzyme reaction cascade.

Glyoxal oxidases, belonging to the group of copper radical oxidases (CROs), oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids, while reducing O2 to H2O2. Their activity on furan derivatives like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) makes these enzymes promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly synthesis of the bioplastics precursor 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). However, glyoxal oxidases suffer from inactivation, which requires the identification of suitable redox activators for efficient substrate conversion. Furthermore, only a few glyoxal oxidases have been expressed and characterized so far. Here, we report on a new glyoxal oxidase from Trametes versicolor (TvGLOX) that was expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris (reclassified as Komagataella phaffii). TvGLOX was found to catalyze the oxidation of aldehyde groups in glyoxylic acid, methyl glyoxal, HMF, 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA), but barely accepted alcohol groups as in 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), preventing formation of FDCA from HMF. Various redox activators were tested for TvGLOX reactivation during catalyzed reactions. Among them, a combination of horseradish peroxidase and its substrate 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS) most efficiently reactivated TvGLOX. Through continuous reactivation of TvGLOX in a two-enzyme system employing a recombinant Moesziomyces antarcticus aryl-alcohol oxidase (MaAAO) almost complete conversion of 8 mM HMF to FDCA was achieved within 24 h.

One-pot Twostep Chemobiocatalytic Synthesis of a Furan Amino Acid from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural.

Recently, catalytic valorization of biomass-derived furans has received growing interest. 5-Aminomethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (AMFC), a furan amino acid, holds great promise in the aeras of polymer and pharmaceutical, but its synthesis remains limited. In this work, we report a chemobiocatalytic route toward AMFC by combining laccase-TEMPO system and recombinant Escherichia coli (named E. coli_TAF) harboring ω-transaminase (TA), L-alanine dehydrogenase (L-AlaDH) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH), starting from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In the cascade, HMF is oxidized into 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) by laccase-TEMPO system, and then the resulting intermediate is converted into AMFC by E. coli_TAF via transamination with cheap ammonium formate instead of costly organic amine donors, theoretically generating H2O and CO2 as by-products. The tandem process was run in a one-pot twostep manner, affording AMFC with approximately 81 % yield, together with 10 % 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) as by-product. In addition, the scale-up production of AMFC was demonstrated, with 0.41 g/L h productivity and 8.6 g/L titer. This work may pave the way for green manufacturing of the furan-containing amino acid.

Efficient and straightforward spectrophotometric analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using citrate@Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an adsorbent.

In this study, we developed a spectrophotometry method for the analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde (HMF) in pharmaceutical formulations using citrate@Fe3O4 adsorbent. As bare magnetite (Fe3O4) has certain limitations, such as aggregation and oxidation, surface modifications are commonly used to improve its properties. We successfully coated Fe3O4 with sodium citrate to create a magnetic adsorbent for isolating HMF from samples. We confirmed the successful surface coating of Fe3O4 with citrate using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high adsorption capacity of citrate@Fe3O4 is due to the abundance of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the adsorbent, making it ideal for HMF extraction. The HMF concentration was then quantified using spectrophotometry. Citrate@Fe3O4 exhibited a high surface area and strong interaction with HMF. We analyzed the individual influential factors affecting the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) setup. Validation parameters were also provided to confirm the reliability of the method. Under optimal parameters, the method exhibited excellent linearity in the range of 0.05-30.00 µg/ml with the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.05 µg/ml. Relative standard deviations (RSD) values for precision were better than 10% and the method's trueness were better than 10%. Recoveries were found to be in the range of 85% to 106%, indicating excellent accuracy and reliability. We used this method to identify and measure HMF in six different dextrose pharmaceutical dosage forms as intravenous injectable solutions and three honey samples.

Green Synthesis of UV-Reactive Polycarbonates from Levoglucosenone and 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural.

This study focuses on the synthesis of fully renewable polycarbonates (PCs) starting from cellulose-based platform molecules levoglucosenone (LGO) and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF). These unique bio-based PCs are obtained through the reaction of a citronellol-containing triol (Triol-citro) derived from LGO, with a dimethyl carbonate derivative of BHMF (BHMF-DC). Solvent-free polymerizations are targeted to minimize waste generation and promote an eco-friendly approach with a favorable environmental factor (E-factor). The choice of metal catalyst during polymerization significantly influences the polymer properties, resulting in high molecular weight (up to 755 kDa) when Na2 CO3 is employed as an inexpensive catalyst. Characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance confirms the successful incorporation of the furan ring and the retention of the terminal double bond of the citronellol pendant chain. Furthermore, under UV irradiation, the presence of both citronellol and furanic moieties induces singular structural changes, triggering the formation of three distinct structures within the polymer network, a phenomenon herein occurs for the first time in this type of polymer. These findings pave the way to new functional materials prepared from renewable monomers with tunable properties.

Plant-based meat substitute analysis using microextraction with deep eutectic solvent followed by LC-MS/MS to determine acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furaneol.

For the analysis of plant-based meat substitutes and the determination of Maillard reaction products such as acrylamide, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furaneol, a novel and effective procedure based on hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the first time. The 49 compositions of the deep eutectic solvents were designed and screened to select the most suitable option. The terpenoids eugenol and thymol in a molar ratio of 2:1 were selected as precursors for solvent formation, allowing effective extraction of the target analytes. The developed procedure comprised two main steps: extraction - in which the analytes are isolated from the solid sample due to the salting-out effect and pre-concentrated in the deep eutectic solvent, and back-extraction - in which the analytes are re-extracted into the formic acid solution for subsequent mass spectrometric detection. As the density of the aqueous phases changed during the extraction and back-extraction steps, the phenomenon of inversion of the coalesced organic phase was observed, which simplified the withdrawing of the phases. The linear range was 1-50 ng/mL for acrylamide, 10-1000 ng/mL for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 200-1000 ng/mL for furaneol with coefficients of determination above 0.9952. The developed method was fully validated and found recoveries were in the range 83-120%, with CVs not exceeding 4.9%. The method was applied to real sample analysis of pea-based meat substitutes.

A chemometric study on the identification of 5-methylfurfural and 2-acetylfuran as particular volatile compounds of oxidized fish oil based on SHS-GC-IMS.

Fish oil develops particular off-odors, mainly fishy odor, from the oxidation of its characteristic fatty acids, docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA). Anchovy oil (AO) was taken as representative of fish oils. This was compared to three vegetable oils with different fatty acid compositions, i.e. camellia, sunflower and linseed oil, and differential volatile compounds were identified by static-headspace gas-chromatography ion-mobility-spectrometry (SHS-GC-IMS) and orthogonal partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) during oxidation at 60 °C. Three groups of differential volatile compounds detected at higher concentrations in the AO were screened out and two compounds, identified as 5-methylfurfural and 2-acetylfuran, were characteristic to the AO and not found in the vegetable oils. They were formed from both EPA and DHA, only present in the AO, and their formation mechanisms were proposed. The contents of 5-methylfurfural and 2-acetylfuran increased linearly with the oxidation time and consequently they could be used as oxidative markers of fish oils.

Evaluating the potential of engineered Trichoderma atroviride and its laccase-mediated system for the efficient bioconversion of 5-hydroxymethylfufural.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a fermentation inhibitor which is formed during acid-based thermochemical pre-treatment of biomass. The present study involves two approaches for HMF conversion; the first includes screening and identification of fungal strains which produce oxidoreductases for HMF bioconversion, and thereafter evaluating their roles in HMF conversion. Out of the ten fungal strains screened, genetically engineered Trichoderma atroviride (Lac+) showed maximum HMF bioconversion and the activities of ligninolytic enzymes produced were noted. Maximum HMF conversion of 99% was achieved at pH 5.0 and 30 °C when 72 h old 10% inoculum of T. atroviride (Lac+) was utilized for 6 days. Based on the fungal bioconversion of HMF to 2, 5 diformylfuran with 58% yield, laccase was observed to influence the conversion process. Thus, a comparative study was established on HMF conversion by 100 U/mL of commercial laccases and partially purified laccase from T. atroviride (Lac+). In the presence of TEMPO, T. atroviride laccase showed comparable HMF conversion to commercial laccases, which establishes the efficiency of fungi and ligninolytic enzymes in bioconversion of HMF to value-added products.

Impact of Different Storage Regimes on the Levels of Physicochemical Characteristics, Especially Free Acidity in Talh (Acacia gerrardii Benth.) Honey.

This study investigates how storage conditions (temperature and duration) may affect the physicochemical parameters, especially free acidity (FA), of Talh honey originating from Acacia gerrardii that have naturally high FA levels. Fresh Talh honey samples were kept at 0, 25, 35, and 45 °C, and analyzed monthly over a period of eight months. The Talh honey was monofloral with 69% A. gerrardii pollen content. The free acidity (FA) of freshly harvested Talh honey samples was higher (93 ± 0.3 meq/kg) than that of standard limits (≤50 meq/kg) and remained stable at 0 °C throughout the storage period. A significantly increase in FA started to occur after storage for 6 months at 25 °C (103 ± 0.2 meq/kg), 2 months at 35 °C (108 ± 0.3 meq/kg), and 1 month at 45 °C (112 ± 0.3 meq/kg). After 8 months of storage, the highest FA level was recorded at 45 °C (159 ± 0.5 meq/kg), followed by 127 ± 0.3 meq/kg at 35 °C, 105 ± 0.2 meq/kg at 25 °C, and 94 ± 0.3 meq/kg at 0 °C. It was found that 0 °C was an appropriate temperature for storing honey for long time. The electrical conductivity (EC) of fresh Talh samples (1.46 ± 0.0 mS/cm) was above the accepted limit (≤0.8 mS/cm), which was slightly increased (non-significant) throughout the storage period under all the storage temperatures. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity (DN), and reducing sugars (RSs) showed normal levels only at 0 °C and 25 °C throughout the storage period. However, HMF exceeded the standard limits after the first month at 45 °C (127 ± 9.6 mg/kg) and after the second month at 35 °C (90 ± 23.5 mg/kg), DA decreased below standard limits after the second month (5 ± 1 DN) under 45 °C and after the seventh month under 35 °C (7 ± 2 DN, and RSs decreased below 60% after 2 months under 45 °C and after 6 months at 35 °C. The physicochemical parameters (moisture content, pH, color, and sucrose) were the least affected and were within the standard range throughout the storage period under all the storage temperatures. The levels of FA and EC in fresh Talh samples were higher than the acceptable limits. The moisture content, pH, color, and sucrose content were not affected by storage conditions and remained within the acceptable limits. HMF, DA, and RSs were significantly affected by storage conditions only at 35 and 45 °C. The storage of honey at low temperatures (0 and 25 °C) for up to eight months presented the least amount of changes in the honey, and the honey was unchanged from its fresh status. Honey storage at 35 and 45 °C resulted in significant changes. It is recommended that Talh honey, which normally has high acidity levels, should be stored at temperatures not exceeding 25 °C.

[Optimization of processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix based on multiple indexes and response surface technology and correlation between components and color].

This study aims to explore the key factors influencing the processing of braised Rehmanniae Radix, optimize the processing, and determine the correlation between the components in different processed products and chroma values, which is expected to add quantitative indexes for the processing of braised Rehmanniae Radix and better control the processing. The weights of the indexes catalpol, rehmannioside D, verbascoside, isoacteoside, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, reducing sugar, and appearance were calculated based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP) in combination with coefficient of variation, and the overall desirability(OD) was obtained. Box-Behnken design was used to explore the optimal amount of water added, time for soaking with rice wine, and steaming time in the processing of braised Rehmanniae Radix. Colorimeter was employed to determine the chroma of 17 samples and raw samples, and SPSS, Prism, and other software to investigate the correlation between the components in braised Rehmanniae Radix and the chroma values. The results showed that each factor influenced the processing, and the influence followed the order of steaming time>amount of water added>time for soaking with rice wine. The optimal processing process is as below: A total of 100 g medicinal material was added with 7 times of water, followed by soaking with rice wine for 5 h and steaming in a pot for 6 h. The correlation analysis suggested the extremely significantly positive correlation between L~* and content of catalpol, between a~* and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content, and between b~* and catalpol content, and the extremely significantly negative correlation between L~* and the content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and reducing sugar, and between b~* and the content of 5-hydroxymethylfural and reducing sugar. In this experiment, response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of braised Rehmanniae Radix and the optimized process was rational and feasible. The content of chemical components in braised Rehmanniae Radix was significantly correlated with the chroma. This study provided a new method for the quality evaluation of braised Rehmanniae Radix.

Soluble dietary fiber from tea residues with inhibitory effects against acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural formation in biscuits: The role of bound polyphenols.

This study investigated the impact of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from untreated (U-SDF), fermented (F-SDF) and high temperature cooked (H-SDF) from tea residues on formation of acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in biscuits. Both 3% F-SDF and 2% H-SDF can simultaneously inhibit AA and 5-HMF and SDFs increased the types of volatile compounds in biscuits. After the determination of the bound polyphenol compositions in SDFs by LC-QTOF-MS/MS, six polyphenols with different structural characteristics were selected to explore their contributions on the inhibitory effect of SDFs and structure-inhibitory capacity relationships in the "glucose-asparagine-linoleic acid" model system. It showed that the inhibitory activities of those polyphenols were greatly affected by the number of hydroxyl groups and methoxy groups on the benzene ring. Almost all polyphenols were also found to scavenge hydroxyl radicals generated in reactions. Thus, this study suggests that the bound polyphenols of SDFs play a key role in the inhibition of AA and 5-HMF.

Semisynthetic transformation of banana peel to enhance the conversion of sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

This study aimed to efficiently convert banana peels (BP) into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by using an integrated mechanoenzymatic/catalytic approach. There is no report on HMF production using mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, this method enables saccharification of lignocellulose without bulk solvents or pretreatment. The effects of the reaction volume, milling time, and reactive aging (RAging) on the mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis of BP were studied. The solvent-free enzymatic hydrolysis of BP under RAging conditions was found to provide higher glucose (40.5 wt%) and fructose (17.2 wt%) yields than chemical hydrolysis. Next, the conversion of the resulting monosaccharides into HMF in the presence of the AlCl3·H2O/HCl-DMSO/H2O system resulted in 71.9 mol% yield, which is so far the highest HMF yield obtained from cellulosic food wastes. Under identical reaction conditions, direct conversion of untreated BP to HMF yielded 22.7 mol% HMF, suggesting that mechanoenzymatic hydrolysis greatly promotes the release of sugars from BP to improve HMF yield.

Chromium Oxide-modified Mesoporous Zirconium Dioxide: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural.

A highly efficient carbohydrate conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a promising method to achieve green and sustainable development. However, most currently reported strategies are energy consuming, and the 5-HMF yield is relatively lower in the aqueous phase. Herein, a facile method is reported to obtain effective Cr/ZrO2 catalysts with high acidity and their catalytic performances were investigated for catalyzing fructose to 5-HMF at different temperatures and times. With the catalysis of 15 % Cr/ZrO2 catalyst, the highest fructose conversion of 98 %, 5-HMF yield of 48.8 %, and 5-HMF selectivity of 49.8 % are achieved in green solvent with good recyclability. The possible reaction process of the improved catalysis performance is attributed to the highly crystalline and strong acidity of the Cr/ZrO2 catalyst. The Lewis acid sites could increase the overall rate of fructose conversion by promoting side reactions and might suppress fructose to glucose isomerization. In addition, Cr leakage during the reaction might act as the Bronsted acids to catalyze the fructose dehydration to 5-HMF. The reported method of introducing chromium oxides into ZrO2 catalyst will open a new avenue to promote the practical application of biomass and sustainable development in the future.

Genetic mapping of a bioethanol yeast strain reveals new targets for hydroxymethylfurfural- and thermotolerance.

Current technology that enables bioethanol production from agricultural biomass imposes harsh conditions for Saccharomyces cerevisiae's metabolism. In this work, the genetic architecture of industrial bioethanol yeast strain SA-1 was evaluated. SA-1 segregant FMY097 was previously described as highly aldehyde resistant and here also as thermotolerant: two important traits for the second-generation industry. A Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) -resistant segregants of hybrid FMY097/BY4742 disclosed a region in chromosome II bearing alleles with uncommon non-synonymous (NS) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FMY097: MIX23, PKC1, SEA4, and SRO77. Allele swap to susceptible laboratory strain BY4742 revealed that SEA4FMY097 enhances robustness towards HMF, but the industrial fitness could not be fully recovered. The genetic network arising from the causative genes in the QTL window suggests that intracellular signaling TOR (Target of Rapamycin) and CWI (Cell Wall Integrity) pathways are regulators of this phenotype in FMY097. Because the QTL mapping did not result in one major allelic contribution to the evaluated trait, a background effect in FMY097's HMF resistance is expected. Quantification of NADPH - cofactor implied in endogenous aldehyde detoxification reactions - supports the former hypothesis, given its high availability in FMY097. Regarding thermotolerance, SEA4FMY097 grants BY4742 ability to grow in temperatures as high as 38 ºC in liquid, while allele PKC1FMY097 allows growth up to 40 ºC in solid medium. Both SEA4FMY097 and PKC1FMY097 encode rare NS SNPs, not found in other > 1013S. cerevisiae. Altogether, these findings point towards crucial membrane and stress mediators for yeast robustness.

Application of acidic deep eutectic solvents in green extraction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

The extraction of the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), as building block for many applications, from aqueous solutions has been became an indispensable challenge. Consequently, this study investigated the extraction ability of acidic deep eutectic solvent-based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and lactic acid, oxalic acid and citric acid as hydrogen bond donor (HBD), countering polypropylene glycol 400 at T = 298.15 K. Two semi-empirical Zafarani-Moattar et al. and Merchuk equations were used to fit the measured binodal data. Further, the NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used for correlating of tie-line data. The consistency of the experimental tie-line data was determined by utilizing the Bachman-Brown and Hand correlations. Also, the performance of these ATPSs to partitioning of 5-HMF, were investigated by calculation of extraction efficiencies, EE% and partition coefficients, K. This strategy indicates DES-based ATPSs have the acceptable extraction efficiency of the 5-HMF in a single-step extraction. A greenness assessment tool, Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE), was tested to evaluate of greenness of analytical protocol.

The role of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in food and recent advances in analytical methods.

The thermal processing, storage, and transportation of foodstuffs (e.g., fruit juices, coffee, honey, and vinegar) generate 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The food industry uses this compound as a quality marker, thus increasing the demand for fast and reliable analytical methods for its determination. This review focuses on the formation of HMF in food, its desirable and toxic effects, and recent advances in analytical methods for its determination in foodstuffs. The advantages and limitations of these analytical approaches are discussed relative to the main analytical features.