RESUMEN
While lymphocytopenia is a common characteristic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the mechanisms responsible for this lymphocyte depletion are unclear. Here, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical and immunological data from 18 fatal COVID-19 cases, results showed that these patients had severe lymphocytopenia, together with high serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10), and elevation of many other mediators in routine laboratory tests, including C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and natriuretic peptide type B. The spleens and hilar lymph nodes (LNs) from six additional COVID-19 patients with post-mortem examinations were also collected, histopathologic detection showed that both organs manifested severe tissue damage and lymphocyte apoptosis in these six cases. In situ hybridization assays illustrated that SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA accumulates in these tissues, and transmission electronic microscopy confirmed that coronavirus-like particles were visible in the LNs. SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid protein (NP) accumulated in the spleens and LNs, and the NP antigen restricted in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) positive macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 triggered the transcription of Il6, Il8 and Il1b genes in infected primary macrophages and DCs in vitro, and SARS-CoV-2-NP+ macrophages and DCs also manifested high levels of IL-6 and IL-1ß, which might directly decimate human spleens and LNs and subsequently lead to lymphocytopenia in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 induced lymphocytopenia by promoting systemic inflammation and direct neutralization in human spleen and LNs.
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COVID-19/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Linfopenia/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Bazo/inmunología , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/inmunología , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/patología , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside de Coronavirus/inmunología , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Linfopenia/etiología , Linfopenia/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosfoproteínas/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/inmunología , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , SARS-CoV-2/ultraestructura , Bazo/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Tumor heterogeneity complicates biomarker development and fosters drug resistance in solid malignancies. In lymphoma, our knowledge of site-to-site heterogeneity and its clinical implications is still limited. Here, we profiled 2 nodal, synchronously acquired tumor samples from 10 patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) using single-cell RNA, B-cell receptor (BCR) and T-cell receptor sequencing, and flow cytometry. By following the rapidly mutating tumor immunoglobulin genes, we discovered that BCR subclones were shared between the 2 tumor sites in some patients, but in many patients, the disease had evolved separately with limited tumor cell migration between the sites. Patients exhibiting divergent BCR evolution also exhibited divergent tumor gene-expression and cell-surface protein profiles. While the overall composition of the tumor microenvironment did not differ significantly between sites, we did detect a specific correlation between site-to-site tumor heterogeneity and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell abundance. We further observed enrichment of particular ligand-receptor pairs between tumor and Tfh cells, including CD40 and CD40LG, and a significant correlation between tumor CD40 expression and Tfh proliferation. Our study may explain discordant responses to systemic therapies, underscores the difficulty of capturing a patient's disease with a single biopsy, and furthers our understanding of tumor-immune networks in FL.
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Evolución Clonal/genética , Linfoma Folicular/patología , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Adulto , Anciano , Antígenos de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Antígenos CD40/biosíntesis , Antígenos CD40/genética , Ligando de CD40/biosíntesis , Ligando de CD40/genética , ADN de Neoplasias/genética , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Reordenamiento Génico de Cadena Ligera de Linfocito B , Reordenamiento Génico de Linfocito T , Humanos , Ganglios Linfáticos/química , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfoma Folicular/química , Linfoma Folicular/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Filogenia , ARN Neoplásico/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/inmunología , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Microambiente TumoralAsunto(s)
Médula Ósea/ultraestructura , Histiocitosis/etiología , Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Cuerpos de Inclusión/ultraestructura , Leucoencefalopatías/etiología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Macroglobulinemia de Waldenström/complicaciones , Anciano , Clorhidrato de Bendamustina/uso terapéutico , Histiocitos/ultraestructura , Histiocitosis/metabolismo , Histiocitosis/patología , Humanos , Cuerpos de Inclusión/química , Leucoencefalopatías/metabolismo , Leucoencefalopatías/patología , Masculino , Células Plasmáticas/ultraestructura , Síndrome , Macroglobulinemia de Waldenström/diagnóstico , Macroglobulinemia de Waldenström/tratamiento farmacológico , Macroglobulinemia de Waldenström/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To reveal detailed histopathological changes, virus distributions, immunologic properties and multi-omic features caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the explanted lungs from the world's first successful lung transplantation of a COVID-19 patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 samples were collected from the lungs. Histopathological features and virus distribution were observed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Immune cells were detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Transcriptome and proteome approaches were used to investigate main biological processes involved in COVID-19-associated pulmonary fibrosis. RESULTS: The histopathological changes of the lung tissues were characterized by extensive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and haemorrhage. Viral particles were observed in the cytoplasm of macrophages. CD3+ CD4- T cells, neutrophils, NK cells, γ/δ T cells and monocytes, but not B cells, were abundant in the lungs. Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines iNOS, IL-1ß and IL-6 were in the area of mild fibrosis. Multi-omics analyses revealed a total of 126 out of 20,356 significant different transcription and 114 out of 8,493 protein expression in lung samples with mild and severe fibrosis, most of which were related to fibrosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel insight that the significant neutrophil/ CD3+ CD4- T cell/ macrophage activation leads to cytokine storm and severe fibrosis in the lungs of COVID-19 patient and may contribute to a better understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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COVID-19/patología , Hemorragia/patología , Trasplante de Pulmón , Pulmón/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Fibrosis Pulmonar/patología , Linfocitos B/patología , Linfocitos B/ultraestructura , Linfocitos B/virología , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/cirugía , Cromatografía Liquida , Citometría de Flujo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales/patología , Células Asesinas Naturales/ultraestructura , Células Asesinas Naturales/virología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/ultraestructura , Pulmón/virología , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Ganglios Linfáticos/virología , Macrófagos Alveolares/patología , Macrófagos Alveolares/ultraestructura , Macrófagos Alveolares/virología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Monocitos/patología , Monocitos/ultraestructura , Monocitos/virología , Neutrófilos/patología , Neutrófilos/ultraestructura , Neutrófilos/virología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Proteómica , Fibrosis Pulmonar/genética , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fibrosis Pulmonar/cirugía , RNA-Seq , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Linfocitos T/patología , Linfocitos T/ultraestructura , Linfocitos T/virología , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Measure the size and shape of talc particles in talcum powder and compare this data to the size and shape of talc particles found in surgically resected tissues from patients with ovarian carcinoma. METHODS: Using polarized light microscopy (PLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we measured the size and shape of talc particles in samples of talc-containing baby powder (TCBP) and surgically resected pelvic tissues (hysterectomies) from talc-exposed patients with ovarian carcinoma. RESULTS: The most frequent class of particles in TCBP can be unequivocally identified as talc, using both polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). The talc particles found in resected tissues from ovarian carcinoma patients are similar in size and shape to the most abundant morphological class of particles in TCBP. CONCLUSIONS: This finding, combined with previous epidemiological literature and tissue-based analytical studies, provides further evidence that the small, isodiametric particles that dominate TCBP can migrate from the perineum and become lodged in distal structures in the female reproductive tract, where they may lead to an increased risk of developing ovarian carcinoma.
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Ganglios Linfáticos/química , Epiplón/química , Ovario/química , Talco/análisis , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Epitelial de Ovario/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Epiplón/ultraestructura , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Ovario/ultraestructura , Talco/efectos adversos , Talco/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles appear to be promising tools for MR lymphography due to their unique magnetic properties. In clinical diagnosis, the effectiveness of USPIO will greatly affect the clinician's judgment to the enhanced MR images. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of CS015, a PAA-coated USPIO, with subcutaneous and intravenous administration. It appeared that subcutaneously injected particles had much higher efficiency to reach lymph nodes, and even worked at a very small dose 0.075 µmol/kg. Further, we compared CS015 with ferumoxytol and ferumoxtran-10 in MR lymphography and found that CS015 had the best performance. And the lymph node metastases in New Zealand rabbits were successfully detected using CS015 with one single dose. These merits of CS015 make it a promising MR lymphography contrast agent with potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Medios de Contraste/farmacología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Linfografía/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Animales , Medios de Contraste/química , Dextranos/química , Dextranos/farmacología , Humanos , Aumento de la Imagen/métodos , Ganglios Linfáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Metástasis Linfática/diagnóstico por imagen , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , ConejosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological features of patients with false-negative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to determine the factors associated with negative FNAC. METHODS: Patients with negative FNAC from January 2010 to December 2019 were included. The patients with positive sentinel nodes (SN) were divided into two groups: micrometastasis (≤2 mm) group and macrometastasis (>2 mm) group. The clinicopathological characteristics were compared between the two groups using the χ2 test. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients with negative FNAC were included; 52 (31.5%) had positive SNs. Of the 52 patients, 13 (25%) had micrometastasis and the remaining 39 (75%) had macrometastasis. Of the 113 patients with negative SNs, none had metastases found in non-SNs. No significant differences were observed in age, cT stage or subtype, and preoperative ultrasound findings between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The false-negative rate of FNAC was high (31.5%). Micrometastatic disease was seen in patients with negative FNAC, and this might be the cause of false-negative FNAC results.
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Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Metástasis Linfática/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Axila/diagnóstico por imagen , Axila/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Biopsia Guiada por Imagen , Ganglios Linfáticos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Biopsia del Ganglio Linfático Centinela/métodos , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
This study represents the first morphological description of the lymphatic drainage of the ciliary body in vivo by comparative hyperspectral fluorescence imaging techniques of Quantum Qdot655 (QD) nanoparticles and indocyanine green (ICG). A volume of 1.25 µl of QD was injected into the left anterior camera of all rats. Similarly,1.25 µl of ICG diluted at a ratio of one-fourth with physiological saline solution was injected into the right anterior camera of all rats. The thickness of the skin in the mandibular area, connective tissue, and the depth of the mandibular lymph node (MLN) made image retrieval difficult. For QD, 302 nm UV excitation and 605 nm fluorescence peak emission were applied. The detection of QD and ICG used in this study in the MLNs is definitive evidence that aqueous humor (AH) follows a uveolymphatic pathway. Scanning electron microscope and the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer spectrum were used to examine both the Schlemm's canal and the MLN. For the first time, the QD was detected in the cortex of MLN. The QCM analysis of both QD-AH and ICG-AH was used to determine whether there was any interaction between them. This comparative study shows the importance of experimental animal modeling in pharmacological studies regarding eye research and drugs. In a female rat, the signal was taken from the parotid lymph node with QD injections.
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Humor Acuoso/fisiología , Verde de Indocianina , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Puntos Cuánticos , Animales , Cuerpo Ciliar/fisiología , Drenaje , Femenino , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Ganglios Linfáticos/fisiología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Masculino , Nanopartículas , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Espectrometría por Rayos XRESUMEN
The most common malignancy of the esophagus is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and regional lymph node metastases are an important prognostic factor. Isolated tumor cells (ITCs) are defined as single tumor cells or small clusters of tumor cells not exceeding 0.2 mm. The prognostic role of ITCs is not clear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ITCs in regional lymph nodes in patients with esophageal SCC and to investigate how frequently ITCs represent part of a true metastasis. Surgical specimens from 100 patients with SCC of the esophagus were included. All original H&E stained slides containing lymph nodes were reviewed by two gastrointestinal pathologists. In lymph nodes containing ITCs, additional levels were cut and stained with a H&E- and a cytokeratin stain. Areas of tumor cells that measured >0.2 mm on the deeper sections were classified as metastases. A total of 2460 lymph nodes were examined. ITCs were detected in 10 lymph nodes (0.4%) from nine patients (9%). Deeper sections revealed metastases in five out of the 10 lymph nodes (50%). ITCs in regional lymph nodes of patients with SCC of the esophagus is a rare finding compared with patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. However, deeper sections often revealed metastases. Therefore, in patients with SCC of the esophagus, we recommend additional sectioning and immunohistochemical examination of lymph nodes when ITCs are detected on the first slide.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirugía , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Neoplasias Esofágicas/secundario , Unión Esofagogástrica/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Metástasis Linfática/ultraestructura , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , PronósticoRESUMEN
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are immunologically specialized myofibroblasts of lymphoid organ, and FRC maturation is essential for structural and functional properties of lymph nodes (LNs). Here we show that YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ), the final effectors of Hippo signaling, regulate FRC commitment and maturation. Selective depletion of YAP/TAZ in FRCs impairs FRC growth and differentiation and compromises the structural organization of LNs, whereas hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ enhances myofibroblastic characteristics of FRCs and aggravates LN fibrosis. Mechanistically, the interaction between YAP/TAZ and p52 promotes chemokine expression that is required for commitment of FRC lineage prior to lymphotoxin-ß receptor (LTßR) engagement, whereas LTßR activation suppresses YAP/TAZ activity for FRC maturation. Our findings thus present YAP/TAZ as critical regulators of commitment and maturation of FRCs, and hold promise for better understanding of FRC-mediated pathophysiologic processes.
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Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Ganglios Linfáticos/citología , Transactivadores/metabolismo , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/ultraestructura , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Receptor beta de Linfotoxina/metabolismo , Mesodermo/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas Señalizadoras YAPRESUMEN
The rising incidence of cancer worldwide is causing an increase in the workload in pathology departments. This, coupled with advanced analysis methodologies, supports a developing need for techniques that could identify the presence of cancer cells in cytology and tissue samples in an objective, fast, and automated way. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy can identify cancer cells in such samples objectively. Thus, it has the potential to become another tool to help pathologists in their daily work. However, one of the main drawbacks is the use of glass substrates by pathologists. Glass absorbs IR radiation, removing important mid-IR spectral data in the fingerprint region (1800 cm-1 to 900 cm-1). In this work, we hypothesized that, using glass coverslips of differing compositions, some regions within the fingerprint area could still be analyzed. We studied three different types of cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a leukemia cell line, and a lung cancer cell line) and lymph node tissue placed on four different types of glass coverslips. The data presented here show that depending of the type of glass substrate used, information within the fingerprint region down to 1350 cm-1 can be obtained. Furthermore, using principal component analysis, separation between the different cell lines was possible using both the lipid region and the fingerprint region between 1800 cm-1 and 1350 cm-1. This work represents a further step towards the application of FT-IR microspectroscopy in histopathology departments.
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Leucocitos Mononucleares/ultraestructura , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Neoplasias/ultraestructura , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Vidrio/química , HumanosRESUMEN
A meshwork of intraluminal processes in lymph node (LN) sinuses originates during LN development. Lymph flows through the meshwork, which has an important role in immunology and pathology. However, the formation mechanism of intraluminal processes has not been sufficiently studied. Our objective is to assess whether this mechanism is by intussusception, as occurs in transcapillary pillar formation in blood vessel intussusceptive angiogenesis. For this purpose, LNs with developing intrasinusal processes were used (human foetuses, 13-18GW) for serial histologic sections and immunohistochemical procedures. The studies showed (a) sinuses originating from lymphatic sacs around expanded LN anlagen, (b) intra-sinus structures (lined by anti-podoplanin+, VEGFR3+, Prox-1+, CD31+ lymphatic endothelial cells) with characteristics (in serial sections and 3D images) similar to those considered the hallmarks of intussusceptive angiogenesis, including pillars (≤2.5µm, with a collagen core), interstitial tissue structures (ITSs) or larger pillars (>2.5µm, with a more cellular core) and folds (that form pillars when spanning), and (c) remodelled and fused pillars, ITSs and folds, which formed meshworks, compartmentalizing the sinuses into small intercommunicating spaces (segmentation). In conclusion, intussusception participates in the formation of the meshwork of processes in LN sinuses during LN development. This mechanism is also of interest because it contributes to the general knowledge of intussusceptive lymphangiogenesis (which has received less attention than intussusception in blood vessels), provides a basis for further studies and supports a new role for vessel intussusception (formation of an intraluminal meshwork with known action in fluid filtering, cell interactions and immunology).
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Feto/anatomía & histología , Ganglios Linfáticos/anatomía & histología , Ganglios Linfáticos/embriología , Linfangiogénesis/fisiología , Adulto , Capilares/crecimiento & desarrollo , Capilares/ultraestructura , Femenino , Desarrollo Fetal , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Linfa/fisiología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Microscopía Confocal , Organogénesis , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Despite intense interest in antiviral T cell priming, the routes by which virions move in lymph nodes (LNs) are imperfectly understood. Current models fail to explain how virus-infected cells rapidly appear within the LN interior after viral infection. To better understand virion trafficking in the LN, we determined the locations of virions and infected cells after administration to mice of vaccinia virus or Zika virus. Notably, many rapidly infected cells in the LN interior were adjacent to LN conduits. Through the use of confocal and electron microscopy, we clearly visualized virions within conduits. Functionally, CD8+ T cells rapidly and preferentially associated with vaccinia virus-infected cells in the LN paracortex, which led to T cell activation in the LN interior. These results reveal that it is possible for even large virions to flow through LN conduits and infect dendritic cells within the T cell zone to prime CD8+ T cells.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Virión/inmunología , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/virología , Femenino , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Ganglios Linfáticos/virología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Microscopía Confocal , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Virus Vaccinia/inmunología , Virus Vaccinia/fisiología , Virión/fisiología , Virión/ultraestructura , Virosis/inmunología , Virosis/virología , Virus Zika/inmunología , Virus Zika/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intrapulmonary lymph nodes (IPLNs) are often recognized as sub-centimeter solid pulmonary nodules (SCPNs). The present study investigated their clinical and pathological characteristics to allow clinicians to distinguish them from malignant nodules. METHODS: Among 194 SCPNs surgically resected between 2006 and 2016, 26 IPLNs were investigated histopathologically. In addition, 145 resected malignant SCPNs were compared radiographically with the 26 IPLNs. RESULTS: Radiographically, most IPLNs were in a middle or lower lobe, and all lesions were within 20â¯mm of the visceral pleura. Enlargement was seen in one lesion. Three lesions demonstrated linear density contiguous to pleura (LD), and 13 lesions were adjacent to the peripheral pulmonary vein (APV). Microscopically, all IPLNs showed adjacency to pulmonary veins, 23 showed interlobular septa extending from the IPLN, and 18 were surrounded by a dilatated lymphoid channel. Radiographical findings of LD and APV were also seen in malignant SCPNs (LD, 12/145; APV, 25/145). Comparative analysis revealed that enlargement and APV were significant predictors differentiating IPLNs from malignant SCPNs. The sensitivity/specificity of enlargement and APV were 92%/92% and 17%/50%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IPLNs show typical high-resolution computed tomography findings that reflect their histopathological characteristics. Such findings help identify IPLNs prior to surgery. Specifically, enlargement and APV may differentiate IPLNs from malignant SCPNs. However, atypical cases are also possible, and radiological findings are not specific for differentiating IPLNs from malignant lesions. Thus, clinicians should consider surgical exploration when diagnosing SCPNs.
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Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/diagnóstico , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Pulmón , Ganglios Linfáticos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/diagnóstico por imagen , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/ultraestructura , Venas Pulmonares , Intensificación de Imagen Radiográfica , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Changes in the structure and cell composition of carinal lymph nodes were studied in humans during aging. Replacement of node parenchyma with fibrous connective tissue progressing with age was demonstrated. The medullary matter significantly prevailed over the cortical substance. The lymph nodes in the cortical substance were small and had no light centers; the concentration of mature CD20+ B cells was high; the paracortical area was fragmented and thinned and contained no CD4+ T helpers. Ki-67+ cells were absent in all structural components of the lymph nodes reflecting exhaustion of lymphopoietic function, which was determined by the replacement of the reticular tissue of the microenvironment with the connective tissue and by the absence of CD4+ T cells regulating cellular and humoral immunity. The disintegration of the reticular stroma in the sinus system that acts as a biological filter impairs the function of lymph purification.
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Envejecimiento/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Tejido Conectivo/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Tejido Parenquimatoso/inmunología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento/patología , Antígenos CD20/genética , Antígenos CD20/inmunología , Autopsia , Linfocitos B/patología , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Tejido Conectivo/patología , Tejido Conectivo/ultraestructura , Femenino , Fibrosis , Expresión Génica , Granulocitos/inmunología , Granulocitos/patología , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67/genética , Antígeno Ki-67/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Recuento de Linfocitos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/patología , Masculino , Tejido Parenquimatoso/patología , Tejido Parenquimatoso/ultraestructura , Células del Estroma/inmunología , Células del Estroma/patología , Cavidad Torácica/inmunología , Cavidad Torácica/patologíaRESUMEN
Lymph node diagnostics are essentially based on cutting thin sections of formalin fixed tissues. After hematoxylin and eosin stain, Giemsa stain and immunohistochemical staining of these tissues, the lymph node diagnosis is done using a light microscope, looking at two-dimensional pictures. Three-dimensional visualizations of lymph node tissue have not been used in lymphoma diagnostics yet. This article describes three-dimensional visualization of lymphoid tissue, using thick paraffin sections, immunostained with monoclonal antibodies, confocal laser scanning and data processing with appropriate software and the 3D printing process itself. The advantages and disadvantages of different printing techniques are discussed as well as the application of 3D models in diagnostics, teaching and research of lymph nodes.
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Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Modelos Biológicos , Impresión Tridimensional/instrumentación , HumanosAsunto(s)
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/diagnóstico , Leucemia de Células T/diagnóstico , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Anciano , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Biopsia , Células de la Médula Ósea/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Errores Diagnósticos/prevención & control , Resultado Fatal , Técnicas Histológicas , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patología , Leucemia de Células T/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia de Células T/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Masculino , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/diagnóstico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patologíaRESUMEN
Whole slide imaging (WSI) uses robotic microscopes for computerising entire slides into digital images. The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between WSI and optical microscopy for evaluating canine lymphoma cytological samples. Forty-four slides were computerised using a WSI scanner and the digital and glass slides were examined by three observers with different levels of expertise. Morphology and grade of lymphoma were scored on the basis of the updated Kiel classification and intra-observer agreement was assessed. The accuracy of determining the grade of lymphoma with digital and glass slides based on the results of flow cytometry (FC) was established. The overall intra-observer agreement for cytomorphological features was fair to moderate (κ=0.34-0.52) for the three observers and moderate (κ=0.44-0.53) for the evaluation of grade of malignancy. The diagnostic agreement between FC and digital slides was slight (κ=0.16) for the inexperienced observer, fair (κ=0.32) for the mildly experienced observer and moderate (κ=0.50) for the very experienced observer. The diagnostic agreement between FC and glass slides was fair (κ=0.37) for the inexperienced observer, substantial (κ=0.63) for the mildly experienced observer and moderate (κ=0.50) for the very experienced observer. These findings underline the importance of observer experience in determining the grade of malignancy, especially if digital slides are used. The study also identifies some technical limitations of the WSI scanner used in this study, mainly linked to image quality, which might affect the morphological evaluation of neoplastic cells.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador , Linfoma/veterinaria , Microscopía/veterinaria , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Animales , Perros , Ganglios Linfáticos/citología , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Linfoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Linfoma/ultraestructura , Microscopía/instrumentación , Microscopía/métodos , Patología ClínicaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The lymphatic flow along the posterior gastric artery (PGA) is considered of possible clinical importance in terms of lymphatic metastasis; however, little is known about the lymph nodes (LNs) around this artery. The purpose of this study was to establish if LNs exist around the PGA and to evaluate their clinical implications. METHODS: We examined the tissues surrounding the PGA from 21 cadavers to search for LNs. We also investigated the patterns of lymphatic metastases in patients who underwent surgery for gastric neoplasms at our institute to detect their presence along the PGA. RESULTS: The PGA was identified in 11 cadavers, and LNs around the PGA were detected microscopically in 2 of these. Lymphatic metastasis directly to the LNs at the splenic artery without any metastases was regarded as skip metastasis along the PGA. Skip metastasis was found in two of ten patients who underwent surgery for remnant gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of LNs around the PGA was confirmed, and based on our findings, lymphatic metastasis through the PGA is possible in patients with remnant gastric cancer.
Asunto(s)
Arterias Epigástricas/anatomía & histología , Ganglios Linfáticos/anatomía & histología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Neoplasias Gástricas/irrigación sanguínea , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Humanos , Ganglios Linfáticos/ultraestructura , Metástasis Linfática , Neoplasias Gástricas/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Rapid technology growth and its implementation in all spheres of the people's lives dictates the necessity for thorough study of the influence of different chemicals on human's health. This study was undertaken to elucidate the structural changes that occur in the matured rats' spleen experimentally induced by selected xenobiotic, so, purpose of our work was detection of microscopic peculiarities of the spleen under the influence of laproxides. In subacute experiment were uncovered organometric alterations of the matured male rat's spleen after the administration of 1/10 LD50 of polyether-tryglycidyl ether of polyoxypropylene triol (TEPPT). The study was performed on 72 outbreed WAG male matured rats with the weight 200±10g. Histological slides were studied with performing morphometric and statistical methods. We revealed changes of morphologiÑ data in comparison to control data which shows reactivity of the spleen in response to the induced xenobiotic. The received and analyzed data demonstrate the morphological changes of the spleen, specifically changes of the linear dimensions and weight of the spleen due to the influence of the TEPPT. The spleen is very sensitive to the effects of xenobiotics, in particular, TEPPT that is even reflected in its grossly (weight and linear dimensions) and histological features (reliable changes of the of the white pulp area of the spleen from 17.87±1.04% to 27.37±1.71%, diameter of lymphatic follicles from 426.59±11.18 µm to 382.31±11.73 µm, width of the mantle zone from 45.73±1.08 µm to 37.18±2.29 µm, width of the marginal zone from 81.32±1.79 µm to 74.63±2.08 µm, width of the periarterial zone from 88.73±2.69 µm to 97.24±2.61 µm).