Agenesia of salivary glands: incidental findings in multidetector computerized tomography.

Agenesis of the salivary glands is an extremely uncommon finding, and in the majority of cases, it is associated with facial syndromes or malformations. Reports in the literature have, however, indicated that agenesis of the major salivary glands can occur in isolation, and this anomaly is believed to occur due to a failure in the developmental process. Herein, we present two cases of isolated unilateral agenesis of major salivary glands.

Quantitative Assessment of Salivary Gland Parenchymal Vascularization Using Power Doppler Ultrasound and Superb Microvascular Imaging: A Potential Tool in the Diagnosis of Sjögren's Syndrome

Background: Primary Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Minor salivary gland biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Superb microvascular imaging, power Doppler ultrasound, and color Doppler of the salivary glands represent non-invasive, non-irradiating modality for evaluating the vascularity of the salivary glands in the diagnosis and follow-up of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of superb microvascular imaging and vascularity index in salivary glands for the sonographic diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Study Design: Prospective case-control study. Methods: Twenty participants with primary Sjögren's syndrome and 20 healthy subjects were included in the study. Both parotid glands and submandibular glands were evaluated by superb microvascular imaging, power Doppler ultrasound, and color Doppler. The diagnostic accuracy of superb microvascular imaging was compared using these techniques. Results: In the patient group, the vascularity index values of superb microvascular imaging in parotid glands and submandibular glands were 3.5±1.66, 5.06±1.94, respectively. While the same values were 1.0±0.98 and 2.44±1.34 in the control group (p≤0.001). In the patient group, the vascularity index values of power Doppler ultrasound in parotid glands and submandibular glands were 1.3±1.20 and 2.59±1.82, respectively. While the same values were 0.3±0.32 and 0.85±0.68 in the control group (p≤0.001). The superb microvascular imaging vascularity index cut-off value for the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome in parotid glands that maximizes the accuracy was 1.85 (area under the curve: 0.906; 95% confidence interval: 0.844, 0.968), and its sensitivity and specificity were 87.5% and 72.5%, respectively. While the superb microvascular imaging vascularity index cut-off value for the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome in submandibular gland that maximizes the accuracy was 3.35 (area under the curve: 0.873; 95% confidence interval: 0.800, 0.946), its sensitivity and specificity were 82.5% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion: Superb microvascular imaging with high reproducibility of the vascularity index has a higher sensitivity and specificity than the power Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome. It can be a noninvasive technique in the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome when used with clinical, laboratory and other imaging methods.

A Salivation Abnormality with Trigeminal Nerve Dysfunction in Dogs.

Trigeminal nerve pathology can lead to sensory and motor dysfunction to structures of the head that are easily recognized. The trigeminal nerve is a conduit for the distribution of postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures of the head. Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is provided by preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. Postganglionic axons course with branches of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve to reach the salivary glands. Denervation of the salivary glands impacts glandular function, leading to a reduction in the volume and composition of the saliva produced. Saliva plays an important role in oral health. Poor oral health has widespread systemic implications. This article describes a group of dogs with unilateral or bilateral dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve and/or its branches. In all dogs, an accumulation of thick, foamy saliva was observed accumulating in the dorsal aspect of the caudal oral cavity on the ipsilateral side to the affected nerve. In dogs with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there was a reduction in size based on the largest cross-sectional area measurement and an increase in mean signal intensity of the salivary glands ipsilateral to the affected nerves compared to the glands on the normal side. The authors hypothesize that the abnormal saliva and MRI changes observed were consequent to parasympathetic denervation of the salivary glands. The recognition of this clinical observation is the first step in understanding the impact that denervation has on salivation and ultimately on overall oral and systemic health in dogs.

Exposure to spinosad induces histopathological and cytotoxic effects on the salivary complex of the non-target predator Podisus nigrispinus.

In integrated pest management systems, biological and chemical controls must be compatible. The insecticide spinosad affects some non-target insects and might compromise their fitness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathological and cytotoxic effects of spinosad on the salivary complex of the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Spinosad toxicity and insect survival were determined using six concentrations of insecticide. Ultrastructural changes and cell death of salivary glands were analyzed after P. nigrispinus exposure to spinosad LC50 (3.15 µg L-1). The insecticide caused toxicity to P. nigrispinus; survival was 32% after 48 h of exposure to LC50. The main histological changes in the salivary complex were disorganization of the epithelium, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and apocrine secretion into the gland lumen. Cytotoxic effects, such as release of granules and vacuoles into the lumen, presence of autophagosomes, enlargement of basal plasma membrane infoldings, and apoptosis, were observed. Spinosad causes toxicity, decreases survival, and changes the histology and cytology of the P. nigrispinus salivary complex. The results suggest that the cellular stress induced by the insecticide affects extra-oral digestion, compromising the potential of P. nigrispinus as a biological pest control agent.

Sialolipoma of the sublingual salivary gland in a dog ­ first report / Sialolipoma na glândula salivar sublingual em cão ­ primeiro relato

This report describes a 14-year-old Pit Bull dog presenting with a soft tissue swelling of 3-month progression in the right sublingual region. Histopathological analysis of the surgically resected specimen revealed large numbers of mature adipocytes and islets consisting of mucin-containing atrophic acini and dilated ducts surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. Findings were consistent with sialolipoma of the sublingual salivary gland. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of sialolipoma affecting the sublingual salivary gland in dogs.(AU)

O presente relato descreve um cão Pit Bull, de 14 anos, com aumento de volume de consistência macia em região sublingual direita com evolução de 3 meses. Após excisão cirúrgica, a análise histopatológica revelou grande número de adipócitos maduros, tecido glandular composto por ductos dilatados e ácinos atróficos contendo mucina, circundados por fina cápsula fibrosa, achados compatíveis com sialolipoma da glândula salivar sublingual. Pelo conhecimento dos autores, este é o primeiro relato de sialolipoma acometendo glândula salivar sublingual em cão.(AU)

Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Antioxidant Defense, Oxidative Modification, and Salivary Gland Function in a Rat Model of Insulin Resistance.

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the salivary gland dysfunction in insulin resistance (IR). It is not surprising that new substances are constantly being sought that will protect against the harmful effects of IR in the oral cavity environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress and secretory function of salivary glands in a rat model of insulin resistance. Rats were divided into 4 groups: C-normal diet, C + NAC-normal diet + NAC, HFD-high-fat diet, and HFD + NAC. We have demonstrated that NAC elevated enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) and nonenzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAS)) in the parotid glands of HFD + NAC rats, while in the submandibular glands increased only GSH and TAS levels. NAC protects against oxidative damage only in the parotid glands and increased stimulated salivary secretion; however, it does not increase the protein secretion in the both salivary glands. Summarizing, NAC supplementation prevents the decrease of stimulated saliva secretion, seen in the HFD rats affected. NAC improves the antioxidative capacity of the both glands and protects against oxidative damage to the parotid glands of IR rats.

New pathogenic variant in the FGF10 gene in the agenesis of lacrimal and salivary gland syndrome: Ophthalmological and genetic study.

Aplasia/agenesis of lacrimal and salivary glands is a rare congenital defect that has been associated with disturbances in fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10). It can present with symptoms of congenital lacrimal obstruction, dry eye, and dry mouth. We report the ophthalmological and genetic study of a 19-year-old woman and her relatives suffering from this syndrome. A new probably pathogenic variant is described in the FGF10 gene.

Congenital Absence of Salivary Glands in Fetuses with Trisomy 21.

BACKGROUND: The congenital absence of salivary glands has been reported in children but never in fetuses with trisomy 21. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the congenital absence of salivary glands can be detected prenatally between 13 and 16 weeks of gestation in normal and trisomy 21 fetuses using transvaginal ultrasound. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of recordings of normal and trisomy 21 fetuses. Inclusion criteria were a single viable fetus and good visualization of the anatomic area of the salivary glands on both sides of the fetal face. All videos were reviewed by one examiner who reported the presence or absence of one or more salivary glands and was blinded to the fetal karyotype. RESULTS: Of the 45 videos reviewed, 4 were excluded from the study: namely, a non-viable fetus, twin pregnancy, and in 2 there was unsatisfactory visualization of the anatomic area of the salivary glands. Of the remaining 41 fetuses, 24 had trisomy 21 and 17 were normal. In the trisomy 21 fetuses, 8 (33.3%) had congenital absence of one or more salivary glands compared to 1 of 17 normal fetuses (5.9%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital absence of the salivary glands has a high specificity but low sensitivity for detecting trisomy 21 fetuses.

Novel FGF10 mutation in autosomal dominant aplasia of lacrimal and salivary glands.

OBJECTIVE: Aplasia of lacrimal and salivary glands (ALSG) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterized by aplasia, atresia, or hypoplasia of the lacrimal and salivary systems with variable expressivity. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic etiology of an ALSG family. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited a Turkish family with ALSG and performed a mutational analysis, based on the candidate gene approach, to clarify the molecular genetic etiology. RESULTS: The candidate gene sequencing of the FGF10 gene identified a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.237G > A, p.Trp79*) in the exon 1. CONCLUSION: The identified novel mutation would result in a haploinsufficiency of the FGF10, because of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay caused by a premature stop codon. This report further confirms that ALSG is caused by the haploinsufficiency of functional FGF10. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification of the genetic etiology of the ALSG will help both the family members and dentist understand the nature of the disorder. Therefore, it will positively motivate oral health care to avoid further destruction of the tooth due to the lack of salivary production.

Dry mouth: Xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction.

BACKGROUND: Mouth dryness may present as salivary gland hypofunction (SGH), xerostomia or both. It is considered one of the most underappreciated, underdiagnosed and undermanaged oral health conditions. Despite its common presentation and adverse impact on life quality, it is also generally poorly understood. Increased awareness of the condition is important in addressing these problems. OBJECTIVE: This article discusses SGH and xerostomia, and the associated intra-oral and extra-oral implications. It also summarises currently available management approaches and the evidence behind them. DISCUSSION: SGH and xerostomia are complex problems. None of the currently available management approaches are entirely satisfactory. Addressing the causative or contributing factors is therefore paramount. While oral health complaints are generally left up to the dental professional to manage, the nature of mouth dryness necessitates increased dialogue between the dental and medical professions to ensure optimal patient care.

Stafne Bone Cavity Complicated By Periapical Infection.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is an uncommon lesion of the mandible; and generally found incidentally on routine radiographic examinations. The radiographic differential diagnosis of SBC includes a variety of lesions including odontogenic cysts, benign tumors, or bone metastases. In the present case, a 22-year female patient was admitted with chief complaint of pain in the right mandibular molar area. On panoramic radiographic examination, a non-specific large radiolucent lesion related to mandibular molar teeth was detected and extra-oral surgical intervention was planned. However, on examination with cone-beam CT(CBCT), a SBC was suspected due to lack of lingual cortical plate; and intraoral surgical exploration confirmed the diagnosis showing a cavity with small inflamed salivary gland tissue. Examination with CBCTon suspicious jaw lesions helps avoid unnecessary extraoral surgical interventions.

Unilateral Congenital Lacrimal Gland Agenesis With Contralateral Lacrimal Gland Hypoplasia.

Congenital alacrima is a form of primary lacrimal deficiency characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of the lacrimal gland. The puncta and salivary glands may also be aplastic. The case of a 5-year-old girl with congenital alacrima secondary to lacrimal gland agenesis and hypoplasia without punctal or salivary gland involvement and without other systemic comorbidities is reported.

Hiperplasia adenomatoide de glândulas salivares menores: relato de dois casos / Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands: a report of two cases

A hiperplasia adenomatoide de glândulas salivares menores é uma lesão benigna rara que pode ser confundida com outras neoplasias de glândulas salivares. Apresenta-se como um pequeno nódulo firme ou como massa exofítica, geralmente indolor, com mucosa de aparência normal, levemente avermelhada ou azul. Histologicamente, observa-se a presença de agregados acinares relativamente normais e lóbulos da mucosa em maiores quantidades, causando aumento do volume e, por vezes, dor. Relato do caso: São relatatos dois casos de hiperplasia adenomatoide de glândula salivar menor, sendo um em menino de 12 anos de idade, em mucosa bucal esquerda, e o outro em mulher de 44 anos de idade em mucosa labial; uma revisão dos relatos anteriores já descritos na literatura também é apresentada. O aparecimento clínico do tumor é indistinguível em comparação com neoplasia da glândula salivar; assim, o exame patológico é essencial para o diagnóstico definitivo desta patologia. Nos dois casos descritos, o tratamento escolhido foi o acompanhamento clínico após diagnóstico; não foram observadas alterações no período de 2 anos desde a primeira consulta...

Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands is a rare benign lesion that can be mistakenly diagnosed as other types of salivary gland neoplasms. It presents as a small firm nodule or as an exophytic mass, usually painless with normal mucosa, and slightly red or blue. Histologically, aggregates of relatively normal acinar lobule mucosa can be seen in larger amounts than expected, causing increased volume and sometimes pain. Case report: This article describes two cases of adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands, the first in the left buccal mucosa of a 12 year-old boy and the second in the labial mucosa of a 44 year-old woman, and a review of previous reports of this pathology in English literature. The clinical appearance of the tumor is indistinguishable from salivary gland neoplasms and pathological examination is therefore essential for definitive diagnosis of this pathology. In both cases the treatment chosen after diagnosis was follow up and no changes were observed over 2 years from the first appointment...

Hyposalivation in a 16-year-old girl: a case of salivary gland aplasia.

Salivary gland aplasia is a rare condition with only a small number of cases reported worldwide. It is more commonly seen in males and can occur either in isolation or association with other defects or syndromes. It may or may not occur with a hereditary background. Scant literature exists detailing the status of sublingual salivary glands in patients with any form of major salivary gland aplasia. This case report describes the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging presentation of a 16-year-old girl with major salivary gland aplasia detailing the status of all six major salivary glands.

Bilateral submandibular gland aplasia with hypertrophy of the sublingual glands of a patient with a cleft lip and palate: case report.

Aplasia of major salivary glands is a rare disorder with only a handful of cases reported in the literature. The cause of congenital absence of the salivary glands has not been determined, but it may be associated with ectodermal defects of the first and second branchial arches. Patients may be asymptomatic or may experience dysphagia, xerostomia, several periodontal disease, or multiple caries. There are few reports of patients with congenital gland aplasia with cleft lip and palate. We document the case of a 41-year-old patient with repaired unilateral cleft lip palate, bilateral submandibular gland aplasia, and compensatory hypertrophy of the sublingual glands. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports that can be found in the literature with a combination of such findings.

Congenital absence of salivary glands in Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Children with Down syndrome have different saliva composition compared to normal children. The presence or absence of the salivary glands has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE: To examine the presence or absence of the salivary glands in children with Down syndrome. METHODS: 15 children with Down syndrome underwent an ultrasound examination of the salivary glands. The control group consisted of 31 healthy children. The areas of the parotid and submandibular glands on both sides were scanned in an attempt to demonstrate all four glands. The result was reported as 'present' or 'absent'. RESULTS: In four children out of 15 with Down syndrome, one or more salivary glands were absent (26.7%), while in the controls all salivary glands were present. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p=0.008). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: At least one salivary gland is undetected by ultrasound in some children with Down syndrome.

Obstrução respiratória causada por mucocele salivar faríngea em um cão / Respiratory obstruction caused by salivary mucocele pharyngeal in a dog

Conforme Dunnig (2007) não é recomendado o tratamento apenas por aspiração ou drenagem, devido à ocorrência de recidiva em poucos dias. A relevância clínica deste caso está relacionada à viabilidade da cricotireoidotomia para melhora da angústia respiratória e a utilização da técnica de marsupialização como tratamento eficaz, pois não ocorreu recidiva no caso relatado, embora a realização dessa técnica possa apresentar comprometimento da via aérea superior e possibilidade de disfunção da deglutição em caso de recidiva.

Incidencia de tumor de glándula parótida / Parotid gland tumor incidence

La patología tumoral de las glándulas salivares representa el grupo más heterogéneo y complejo de los procesos tumorales de cabeza y cuello. Su prevalencia en la literatura mundial es descrita en un 5% de todas las neoplasias de cabeza y cuello. El tumor de glándula parótida es el más frecuente presentándose en un 75% de los tumores de glándula salivares. Su evolución es asintomática, descrito en la sexta década de la vida, manifestándose con aumento de volumen de la zona, siendo más frecuentes los tumores benignos. Se realiza estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo en base a historia clínica. La población correspondió a 6 individuos, 66,66% al sexo masculino y un 33,33% al femenino. El tumor se localizó en un 83,3% a nivel de la glándula parótida derecha. El resultado anatomopatológico concluyó en un 50% de frecuencia para adenoma pleomórfico, Un 33,3% para quiste benigno y un 16,6% para linfoma no Hodgkin. Fueron encontrados 6 casos compatibles con el diagnóstico clínico y anatomopatológico de tumor de glándula parótida con predisposición en el sexo masculino y pacientes menores de 40 años. Las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas para la resección del tumor fueron la parotidectomía total y subtotal. Los hallazgos anatomopatológicos correspondieron en un 50% para el adenoma pleomórfico, 33,3% para el quiste benigno. Presentándose en un porcentaje elevado en relación a la literatura el linfoma no Hodgkin con 16,6%.

The tumor like pathology of the salivary glands represents the most heterogeneous and complex group of the tumor like processes of head and neck. Its prevalence in worldwide literature is described in a 5% of all the tumors of head and neck. The tumor of parotid gland is most frequent appearing in a 75% of the salivary gland tumors. Its evolution is asymptomatic, described in the sixth decade of the life, pronouncing itself with increase of volume of the zone, being more frequent the benign tumors. Retrospective and descriptive studyon the basis of clinical history is realized. The population corresponded to 6 individuals, 66.66% to male sex and 33.33% to female. The tumor located in 83.3% concerning the right parotid gland. The anatomical pathology result conclude in a 50% of frequency for pleomorphic adenoma, a 33.3% for benign cyst and 16.6% for lymphoma non Hodgkin. We was found 6 compatible cases with the clinical diagnosis and anatomical pathology of tumor of gland parotid with predisposition in masculine sex and patient minors of 40 years the used surgical techniques for the resection of the tumor were parotidectomy total and subtotal. The ended results of the biopsy findings corresponded in a 50% for the pleomorphic adenoma, 33.3% for the benign cyst. Appearing in a percentage lifted in relation to literature lymphoma non Hodgkin with a 16.6%.