Phase 1/2 study of uproleselan added to chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

Uproleselan (GMI-1271) is a novel E-selectin antagonist that disrupts cell survival pathways, enhances chemotherapy response, improves survival in mouse xenograft and syngeneic models, and decreases chemotherapy toxicity in vivo. A phase 1/2 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and antileukemic activity of uproleselan (5-20 mg/kg) with MEC (mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine) among patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Among the first 19 patients, no dose-limiting toxicities were observed. The recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was 10 mg/kg twice daily. An additional 47 patients with R/R AML were treated with uproleselan at the RP2D plus MEC. At the RP2D, the remission rate (complete response [CR]/CR with incomplete count recovery [CRi]) was 41% (CR, 35%), and the median overall survival (OS) was 8.8 months. In a separate cohort, 25 newly diagnosed patients age ≥60 years received uproleselan at the RP2D plus cytarabine and idarubicin (7 + 3). In these frontline patients, the CR/CRi rate was 72% (CR, 52%), and the median OS was 12.6 months. The addition of uproleselan was associated with low rates of oral mucositis. E-selectin ligand expression on leukemic blasts was higher in patients with relapsed vs primary refractory AML and in newly diagnosed older patients with high-risk cytogenetics and secondary AML. In the R/R cohort, E-selectin expression >10% was associated with a higher response rate and improved survival. The addition of uproleselan to chemotherapy was well tolerated, with high remission rates, low induction mortality, and low rates of mucositis, providing a strong rationale for phase 3 randomized confirmatory studies. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02306291.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the TLR4 Agonist GSK1795091 in Healthy Individuals: Results from a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Ascending Dose Study.

PURPOSE: Interest in Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists for cancer treatment has been renewed after promising preliminary clinical data in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. This first-in-human study assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of intravenous GSK1795091, a synthetic TLR4 agonist, in healthy volunteers as a precursor to evaluation in patients with cancer. METHODS: Healthy participants were randomized (1:3; double-blinded manner) to receive placebo or a single intravenous injection of GSK1795091 at doses of 7-100 ng. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of GSK1795091; secondary and exploratory objectives were to characterize GSK1795091 PK and PD properties. FINDINGS: Forty participants received study treatment (10 received placebo and 30 received GSK1795091). Overall, 3 of the 10 participants (30%) who received placebo and 16 of the 30 (53%) who received GSK1795091 experienced ≥1 adverse event (AE). The most common AEs were influenza-like illness, headache, back pain, and increased body temperature. One participant experienced late-occurring AEs (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increases), considered possibly related to GSK1795091. No serious AEs were reported. GSK1795091 PK properties were characterized by dose proportional increase in exposure. Transient and dose-dependent changes in induced cytokine and chemokine concentrations and immune cell counts were observed 1-4 h after GSK1795091 administration and returned to baseline within 24 h. IMPLICATIONS: Intravenously administered GSK1795091 was acceptably tolerated in healthy volunteers, had favorable PK properties, and stimulated immune cell changes in a dose-dependent manner, providing evidence of target engagement and downstream pharmacology. These results supported the design and initiation of a repeat-dose study of intravenous GSK1795091 in combination with other immunotherapies in patients with advanced cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02798978.

Effect of Renal or Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Intravenous Rivipansel.

Two studies evaluated the effects of renal and hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics and safety of rivipansel (NCT02813798, NCT02871570). A single intravenous 840-mg rivipansel dose was administered to subjects with renal impairment or normal renal function in study 1005 and subjects with moderate hepatic impairment or normal hepatic function in study 1006. Plasma (both studies) and urine (study 1005) samples were collected for 96 hours postdose. All subjects in studies 1005 (n = 28) and 1006 (n = 16) completed all study procedures. Rivipansel exposure (AUCinf ) was 47%, 124%, and 437% higher and total clearance 30%, 57%, and 82% lower in the mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment groups, respectively, than in the normal renal function group. Overall rivipansel exposure was 20% lower and total clearance 31% higher in the moderate hepatic impairment group than in the normal hepatic function group. Ten treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in studies 1005 and 1006; no event was considered treatment related. As expected, clearance of rivipansel decreased with increasing renal impairment. The difference observed between rivipansel pharmacokinetics in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment and subjects with normal hepatic function was not considered clinically significant. Single doses of rivipansel were well tolerated in subjects with either renal or hepatic impairment.

Patch testing with alkyl glucosides: Concomitant reactions are common but not ubiquitous.

BACKGROUND: Alkyl glucosides contitute a family of mild surfactants that are increasingly being used in a wide range of cosmetics and household products. Contact allergy to alkyl glucosides may be more frequent than previously suspected, especially in atopic patients. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency of contact allergy to alkyl glucosides, and to identify concomitant reactivity. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in which patients were patch tested with either a cosmetic series that includes five alkyl glucosides (decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, coco glucoside, cetearyl glucoside, and caprylyl/capryl glucoside) or a specific alkyl glucoside series from November 2013 to April 2017 in two UK centres. RESULTS: A total of 5775 patients were patch tested across the two centres. Twenty-nine (1.04%) of the 2796 patients tested with the cosmetic/alkyl glucoside series had a positive patch test reaction to at least one of the alkyl glucosides. Twenty-three (79.3%) patients were sensitized to multiple alkyl glucosides; 21 patients (72.4%) were female. The mean age was 43.5 years. Twelve patients (41.4%) had a background of atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of alkyl glucoside-induced ACD is relatively high, and there are frequent concomitant reactions between different alkyl glucosides. We recommend the inclusion of alkyl glucosides in all cosmetic series.

Stigmasterol prevents glucolipotoxicity induced defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

Type 2 diabetes results from defects in both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Elevated cholesterol content within pancreatic ß-cells has been shown to reduce ß-cell function and increase ß-cell apoptosis. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia contribute to glucolipotoxicity that leads to type 2 diabetes. Here we examined the capacity of glucolipotoxicity to induce free cholesterol accumulation in human pancreatic islets and the INS-1 insulinoma cell line. Glucolipotoxicity treatment increased free cholesterol in ß-cells, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased insulin secretion. Addition of AAPH, a free radical generator, was able to increase filipin staining indicating a link between ROS production and increased cholesterol in ß-cells. We also showed the ability of stigmasterol, a common food-derived phytosterol with anti-atherosclerotic potential, to prevent the increase in both free cholesterol and ROS levels induced by glucolipotoxicity in INS-1 cells. Stigmasterol addition also inhibited early apoptosis, increased total insulin, promoted actin reorganization, and improved insulin secretion in cells exposed to glucolipotoxicity. Overall, these data indicate cholesterol accumulation as an underlying mechanism for glucolipotoxicity-induced defects in insulin secretion and stigmasterol treatment as a potential strategy to protect ß-cell function during diabetes progression.

Lack of Effect of Rivipansel on QTc Interval in Healthy Adult African American Male Subjects.

Rivipansel is a pan-selectin inhibitor in phase 3 development for the treatment of vaso-occlusive crises in patients with sickle cell disease. This single-dose, randomized, 3-period, 3-treatment (400 mg moxifloxacin open-label, 4 g rivipansel-blinded, and placebo-blinded) crossover study evaluated the effect of rivipansel on the QT/QTc interval in 48 healthy male African American subjects (age, 21-53 years; weight, 60-115 kg). Time-matched, placebo-adjusted change from baseline QT interval using Fridericia's correction method (QTcF) was determined using a repeated-measures mixed-effects model. The highest upper bound of the 2-sided 90% confidence interval (CI) for QTcF change was 3.22 milliseconds 3 hours postdose. Moxifloxacin showed the anticipated QTcF effect, indicating that the study had adequate sensitivity to detect changes in the QTcF interval. The study concluded that no QTcF effect was demonstrated with rivipansel compared with placebo, as the upper bound of the 2-sided 90%CI was less than 10 milliseconds at all times. Exposure-response modeling for rivipansel concentrations and change from baseline in QTcF data corroborated a lack of effect with rivipansel compared with placebo. Single doses of rivipansel 4 g by intravenous infusion over 20 minutes were well tolerated in this study.

Newspaper debates on milk fats and vegetable oils in Finland, 1978-2013: An analysis of conflicts over risks, expertise, evidence and pleasure.

The study analysed public debates on the association of milk fats, vegetable oils and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) between 1978 and 2013 in Finland, a country with a decades-long history of public health initiatives targeting fat consumption. The main agendas, conflicts and participants were analysed. The data were collected from the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat and consisted of 52 threads and 250 texts. We identified four themes around which there were repeated, often overlapping conflicts: the health risks of saturated fats, expertise of the risks of fat consumption, the adequate evidence of the risks of fat consumption, and framing the fat question. During the research period, the main arguments of the effects of consumption of fats have remained the same. References to epidemiological and intervention studies and framing of the fat question as a public health issue, have been ongoing, as has the definition of what constitutes genuine expertise. Yet, we also found discontinuities. In the early 2000s new emphases began to emerge: personal experiences were increasingly presented as evidence of the effects of dietary choices on human health, and the question of fat consumption was framed either as one of enjoyment or of a consumers' right to choose rather than only being a public health question. Moreover, new professional groups such as chefs and creative professionals now joined the discussion.

Alkyl ether lipids, ion channels and lipid raft reorganization in cancer therapy.

Synthetic alkyl lipids, such as the ether lipids edelfosine (1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and ohmline (1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-ß-lactose), are forming a class of antitumor agents that target cell membranes to induce apoptosis and to decrease cell migration/invasion, leading to the inhibition of tumor and metastasis development. In this review, we present the structure-activity relationship of edelfosine and ohmline, and we point out differences and similarities between these two amphiphilic compounds. We also discuss the mechanisms of action of these synthetic alkyl ether lipids (involving, among other structures and molecules, membrane domains, Fas/CD95 death receptor signaling, and ion channels), and highlight a key role for lipid rafts in the underlying process. The reorganization of lipid raft membrane domains induced by these alkyl lipids affects the function of death receptors and ion channels, thus leading to apoptosis and/or inhibition of cancer cell migration. The possible therapeutic use of these alkyl lipids and the clinical perspectives for these lipids in prevention or/and treatment of tumor development and metastasis are also discussed.

Safety evaluation of the consumption of high dose milk fat globule membrane in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial with parallel group design.

Consumption of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) in combination with habitual exercise suppresses age-associated muscle loss. The effects of high dose MFGM, however, are not known. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial with parallel group design was conducted to evaluate the safety of consuming high dose MFGM tablets. The subjects were 32 healthy adult men and women. Subjects were given 5 times the recommended daily intake of the tablets containing 6.5 g of MFGM or whole milk powder for 4 weeks. Stomach discomfort and diarrhea were observed; however, these symptoms were transitory and slight and were not related to consumption of the test tablets. In addition, there were no clinically significant changes in anthropometric measurements or blood tests. Total degree of safety assessed by the physicians of all subjects was "safe." These findings suggest that consumption of the tablets containing 6.5 g MFGM for 4 weeks is safe for healthy adults.

Investigational selectin-targeted therapy of sickle cell disease.

INTRODUCTION: Under conditions of blood flow, selectins mediate the intercellular adhesion between erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and vascular endothelium that contribute to vaso-occlusion and tissue damage in sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, selectin antagonists have the potential to ameliorate SCD. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the author discusses the cellular and molecular basis of vaso-occlusion in SCD, and presents evidence that selectin-mediated cell adhesion has clinical importance in this disorder. The author discusses molecular structure of human selectins and their physiological ligands and highlights clinical trials of selectin-targeted therapy of SCD. Herein, the author also assesses the benefits and limitations of the selectin antagonists that are currently under evaluation for SCD, and offers suggestions for the future. EXPERT OPINION: In Phase I and II clinical trials, rivipansel and heparin demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in SCD. Although selectin blockade could potentially impair immune response, an increased incidence of infection was not reported in SCD patients treated with heparin (n = 127) or rivipansel (n = 111). The efficacy and safety findings from Phase I and II clinical studies are encouraging the commencement of Phase III studies to further evaluate selectin-targeted therapy in SCD.

Phase 1 study of the E-selectin inhibitor GMI 1070 in patients with sickle cell anemia.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin that leads to a variety of acute and chronic complications. Abnormal cellular adhesion, mediated in part by selectins, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the vaso-occlusion seen in sickle cell anemia, and selectin inhibition was able to restore blood flow in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. METHODS: We performed a Phase 1 study of the selectin inhibitor GMI 1070 in patients with sickle cell anemia. Fifteen patients who were clinically stable received GMI 1070 in two infusions. RESULTS: The drug was well tolerated without significant adverse events. There was a modest increase in total peripheral white blood cell count without clinical symptoms. Plasma concentrations were well-described by a two-compartment model with an elimination T1/2 of 7.7 hours and CLr of 19.6 mL/hour/kg. Computer-assisted intravital microscopy showed transient increases in red blood cell velocity in 3 of the 4 patients studied. CONCLUSIONS: GMI 1070 was safe in stable patients with sickle cell anemia, and there was suggestion of increased blood flow in a subset of patients. At some time points between 4 and 48 hours after treatment with GMI 1070, there were significant decreases in biomarkers of endothelial activation (sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sICAM), leukocyte activation (MAC-1, LFA-1, PM aggregates) and the coagulation cascade (tissue factor, thrombin-antithrombin complexes). Development of GMI 1070 for the treatment of acute vaso-occlusive crisis is ongoing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00911495.

Milk fat globule membrane (INPULSE) enriched formula milk decreases febrile episodes and may improve behavioral regulation in young children.

OBJECTIVE: Polar lipids constitute an important part of cellular membranes. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is a critical barrier between noxious and immunogenic substances in the lumen and the mucosal immune system. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial in healthy children to evaluate the acceptability, safety, effect on intestinal comfort (constipation), common infectious symptoms (fever, diarrhea, cough), and behavioral regulation of a 4-mo daily intake of 200-mL formula with or without enrichment of the milk fat globule membrane (INPULSE). Data were collected from parental diaries. The primary endpoints for analysis were the number of days with fever, diarrhea, coughing, or constipation. The secondary endpoints were the number of doctor visits, medication intake, number of missed schooldays, acceptability of the test drinks, and safety. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, a validated questionnaire to assess behavior, was submitted to parents at the end of the intervention period. RESULTS: Initially 253 children were included, but 71 dropped out (these were subjects with <80% intake or for <90 d). No adverse effects led to the discontinuation. Per-protocol analysis was performed in 97 girls and 85 boys. The group (n = 182) was normally distributed, with a mean age of 4.4 ± 0.9 y. The amount of product taken each day and the acceptability were similar in the intervention and control groups. The number of days with fever (>38.5°C) and the number of short (<3 d) febrile periods were significantly (P < 0.03) decreased in the intervention group (1.7 ± 2.5 vs 2.6 ± 3.1 d) This significant difference in febrile episodes appeared after 6 wk of consecutive intake. Other outcome parameters (diarrhea, constipation, cough, doctor visit, and days of school absence) were similar in the two groups. An analysis of the 169 Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment questionnaires (two-tailed t test) showed significant differences in the internal (P < 0.003), external (P < 0.004), and total (P < 0.002) problem scores in favor of the intervention group. Between-subjects effects were highly correlated (internal, P < 0.003; external, P < 0.005; total, P < 0.002, one-way analysis of variance). CONCLUSION: Regular consumption of formula enriched with a concentrated milk fat membrane (INPULSE) product by preschool children was safe, well tolerated, and, based on per-protocol analysis, is associated with a significant decrease in the number of short febrile episodes and leads to improved behavioral regulation.

Effects of skim milk powder enriched with glycomacropeptide and G600 milk fat extract on frequency of gout flares: a proof-of-concept randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Previous laboratory studies have identified two dairy fractions, glycomacropeptide (GMP) and G600 milk fat extract (G600), with anti-inflammatory effects in models of acute gout. The aim of this proof-of-concept clinical trial was to test the hypothesis that daily intake of skim milk powder (SMP) enriched with GMP and G600 can prevent gout flares. METHODS: This was a 3-month randomised double-blind controlled trial of milk products for prevention of gout flares. One hundred and twenty patients with recurrent gout flares were randomised to one of three arms: lactose powder control, SMP control and SMP enriched with GMP and G600 (SMP/GMP/G600). The primary end point was change in the frequency of gout flares using a daily flare diary measured monthly for 3 months. RESULTS: The frequency of gout flares reduced in all three groups over the 3-month study period compared with baseline. Over the 3-month study period there was a significantly greater reduction in gout flares in the SMP/GMP/G600 group (analysis of covariance p(group)=0.031, Tukey post hoc test compared with lactose control, p=0.044). Following treatment with SMP/GMP/G600 over the 3-month period, greater improvements were also observed in pain and fractional excretion of uric acid, with trends to greater improvement in tender joint count. Similar adverse event rates and discontinuation rates were observed between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported controlled trial of dietary intervention in patients with gout, and suggests that SMP enriched with GMP and G600 may reduce the frequency of gout flares.

Development and preclinical safety evaluation of a new therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine based on 18 T-cell minimal epitope peptides applying a novel cationic adjuvant CAF01.

Therapeutic immunization of HIV-1-infected individuals with or without anti-retroviral therapy is a new promising disease prevention. To induce a new cytotoxic T(CD8) lymphocyte (CTL) immunity during chronic HIV-1 infection 15 infrequently targeted but conserved HLA-supertype binding CTL epitopes from Gag, Pol, Nef, Env, Vpu and Vif were identified. The 15 T(CD8) and three T(CD4) helper peptides were GMP synthesised and formulated with a new adjuvant CAF01 which is a synthetic two-component liposomic adjuvant comprising the quaternary ammonium dimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammonium (DDA) and the immune modulator trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (TDB). Using IFN-γ ELISPOT assay, T-cell immune induction by the vaccine was found to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell restricted peptides in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Comprehensive toxicity studies of the CAF01 adjuvant-alone and together with different vaccines showed that CAF01 when tested at human dose levels was safe and well tolerated with only local inflammation at the site of injection and no systemic reactions. No pharmacological safety issues were observed in Beagle dogs. The HIV-1 vaccine toxicity study in the Göttingen Minipig(®) showed no systemic toxicity from five repetitive i.m. injections, each with a 2-week interval, of either the 18 HIV-1 peptide antigen solution (AFO18) or the AFO18-CAF01, in which the 18 HIV-1 peptides were formulated with the CAF01 adjuvant. Distinct inflammatory responses were observed in the injected muscles of the AFO18-CAF01 vaccine treated animals as a result of the immune stimulating effect of the adjuvant on the vaccine. The results of the toxicity studies provide optimism for phase I clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic HIV-1 T-cell vaccination approach using multiple subdominant minimal epitope peptides applying the novel cationic adjuvant CAF01.

A novel galacto-glycerolipid from Oxalis corniculata kills Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia.

Oxalis corniculata is a naturally occurring weed that has been used in traditional medicine for the cure of dysentery and diarrhea in India. One of the common causes of dysentery is due to infection by the protist pathogen Entamoeba histolytica. Bioactivity profiling of extracts from O. corniculata identified several compounds that showed antiamoebic activity in axenic cultures of E. histolytica. These were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and mass spectrometry as (i) Oc-1, a mixture of saturated fatty acids C24 to C28; (ii) Oc-2, a mixture of long-chain alcohols C18 to C28; and (iii) Oc-3, a single compound that was a galacto-glycerolipid (GGL). Of the different compounds that were obtained, the strongest antiamoebic activity was found in GGL. The addition of GGL to E. histolytica xenic cultures containing other microbial flora from the large intestine did not affect its antiamoebic activity. Amoebicidal concentrations of GGL had no effect on intestinal microbial flora or on the mammalian cell line HEK-293. GGL was also found to be equally effective in killing another protist pathogen, Giardia lamblia, that causes diarrhea in humans. The importance of this study is based on the identification of novel natural products and the possibility of developing these compounds as active agents to treat at least two pathogenic parasitic intestinal infections endemic to tropical regions.

Sulfoglycolipids as candidate antiangiogenic radiosensitizers.

Angiogenesis is considered an essential process for the growth of solid tumors and, accordingly, angiogenesis has been a focus of attention for cancer therapy. Although various antiangiogenic agents have been developed, adverse effects and limitations associated with antitumor therapies have recently become apparent. To overcome these problems, combining such agents with chemotherapy or radiotherapy is now strongly recommended in clinical practice. Provided such combination treatment, from the onset of therapy, different strategies in developing antiangiogenic agents should be used to enhance any combinatory effects and reduce adverse effects. By applying the concept of radiosensitizers, a new class of antiangiogenic treatments should now be possible. We recently developed sulfoglycolipids that possess such properties. In this review, we discuss the properties of antiangiogenic radiosensitizers and their potential usefulness.

Enhanced healing of full-thickness burn wounds using di-rhamnolipid.

The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of di-rhamnolipid [alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoic acid, also referred to as di-rhamnolipid BAC-3] relating to the process of cutaneous wound healing. Di-rhamnolipid was prepared in a eucerin ointment and applied topically on full-thickness burn wounds in normal Sprague-Dawley rats covering 5% of the total body surface area. The rate of wound closure was measured over the period of 45 days. The collagen content was evaluated microscopically, by performing densitometric analysis on Verhoeff's stained histopathological slides of wound biopsies taken at the end of 45th day of di-rhamnolipid treatment. Di-rhamnolipid toxicity was assessed with the subcutaneous multi-dose study in Swiss-Webster mice. The treatment of full-thickness-burn wounds with topical 0.1% di-rhamnolipid accelerated the closure of wounds on day 21 of the treatment by 32% compared to the control (p < 0.05). On day 35, the wounds closed in all animals-treated with 0.1% di-rhamnolipid ointment while some rats in the control group had open wounds on days 35 and even 45. Histologic comparisons have shown that di-rhamnolipid significantly decreased collagen content in burn wounds (47.5%, p < 0.05) as compared to the vehicle-treated (control) wounds. Di-rhamnolipid was well-tolerated. The results of this study raise the possibility of potential efficacy of di-rhamnolipid in accelerating normal wound healing and perhaps in overcoming defects associated with healing failure in chronic wounds.

Etiology of Crohn's disease: Do certain food additives cause intestinal inflammation by molecular mimicry of mycobacterial lipids?

Crohn's disease is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract which was first described in the beginning of the 20th century. The histological similarity with intestinal tuberculosis has led to the assumption of an involvement of mycobacteria and mycobacterial antigens, respectively, in the etiology. A major defense mechanism against mycobacterial lipid antigens is the CD1 system which includes CD1 molecules for antigen presentation and natural killer T cells for recognition and subsequent production of cytokines like interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. These cytokines promote granulomatous transformation. Various food additives, especially emulsifiants, thickeners, surface-finishing agents and contaminants like plasticizers share structural domains with mycobacterial lipids. It is therefore hypothesized, that these compounds are able to stimulate by molecular mimicry the CD1 system in the gastrointestinal mucosa and to trigger the pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade. The understanding of Crohn's disease as a CD1-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity to certain food additives would lead to strong emphasis on a dietary treatment. Related aspects of pathology, physiology and epidemiology of Crohn's disease are presented.

Estudo da sensibilidade e especificidade do teste Elisa anti PGL-1 no Estado de Säo Paulo / Sensibility study and specificity of ELISA test anti PGL-1 at Säo Paulo State

Os testes sorológicos para diagnóstico de hanseníase, usando o glicolipídeo-fenólico, considerado antígeno específico do M. leprae têm aberto algumas possibilidades de estudo do comportamento epidemiológico desta doença. Foi realisado um estudo para medir a sensibilidade e especificidade de um teste de ELISA anti PGL-1, usando material e técnica proveniente de Cuba (UMELISA). Foram testados 84 doentes e 112 controles sadios. A sensibilidade do teste foi maior para o grupo de doentes multibacilares, sendo mais alto entre os casos classificados como virchovianos (V), seguido dos dimorfos (D). No grupo de multibacilares, considerando o limiar de reatividade de 0,200, observou-se que apenas 75,0(por cento) de pacientes V e 50,0(por cento) de D foram positivos ao teste e, no limiar de 0,300, apenas 64,3(por cento) dos V e 40,0(por cento) dos D ainda mostravam positividade. Os doentes indeterminados apresentaram maior proporçäo de soropositivos do que os tuberculóides e isto talvez traduza a polarizaçäo de alguns casos para formas multibacilares. A especificidade do teste foi de 87,5(por cento) no limiar de 0,200 e de 99,1(por cento) no de 0,300. Este teste, à semelhança de outros, apresentou alta especificidade e baixa sensibilidade, resultando em grande percentual de falso-negativos. Para uma doença em que os testes sorológicos säo escassos, apesar de näo se recomendar o uso indiscriminado do teste para triagem de casos na populaçäo geral, a comunidade de seu aprimoramento tecnológico deve ser estimulada. Conseguir-se-ia, assim, avançar na pesquisa de instrumentos cada vez mais sensíveis e específicos para melhorar o diagnóstico precoce e, desse modo intervir mais oportunamente na cadeia de transmissäo