Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the quality and safety analysis of fats and oils: A review.

Fats and oils are essential food components. Their quality and safety pose major concerns for consumers and food producers because of factors such as oxidation and rancidity, excessive levels of trans fatty acid (TFA), and widespread adulteration. Thus, a rapid and easy-to-use technique must be exploited for quality parameter evaluation and monitoring to ensure the edibility, safety, and quality of fats and oils. In the last decades, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has shown great potential in analyzing fats and oils given its speed and simplicity. FTIR-based analytical techniques for common intrinsic quality parameters, including peroxide value, free fatty acid, moisture, TFA, iodine value, as well as oxidation stability, adulteration, and classification of various fats and oils, are summarized in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of selected infrared spectral accessories and sample preparation and spectral processing methods are highlighted. The prospects and reformative aspects for future application of the FTIR technique in the field of fats and oils are also discussed. This review may serve as a basis for applying FTIR not only in future research but also in the fat and oil industries.

Standards and labeling of milk fat and spread products in different countries.

In the present paper, we provide comprehensive information related to labeling claims and standards of identity of milk fat and spread products. By reviewing the standards and regulations for dairy and non-dairy fat products, Codex Alimentarius and several other countries have clearly specified these products and set the requirements for use of the product name to prevent misleading or confusing the consumers. Generally, for the milkfat products, the fat in the products should be exclusively from milk and/or the products obtained from milk. The milkfat contents of these products should be no less than 10%. Whereas, the blends or blended spreads are mixture of butter and vegetable oils with more than 3% of milkfat of the total fat content. The fat spreads are defined that any milkfat content must be no more than 3% of the total fat content. Although the specification of each fat product might be different, most countries still adopt the labeling system of Codex Alimentarius, including the use of the food names and the "reduced fat" claims. Each of the ingredients used in the food also need to be declared on the label.

Mamoplastia de aumento com lipoenxertia autóloga: revisão da literatura e relato de caso / Breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting: literature review and case report

INTRODUÇÃO: O autotransplante do lipoaspirado na mama para fins estéticos e reconstrutivas tem avançado intensamente na técnica e na tecnologia, assim como na aceitação dos médicos e dos pacientes. O autor relata um caso de aumento mamário estético e discute a revisão da literatura, interessando a eficácia, o potencial carcinogênico e o exame de imagem. MÉTODO:Revisão da literatura no Pubmed na língua inglesa e na Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, e relato de caso da experiência inicial do autor. RESULTADO: O volume manteve-se estável a partir do segundo mês, e não houve complicações no pós-operatório. Os exames de imagem não apresentaram alterações patológicas. Foram selecionados 24 artigos relacionados. DISCUSSÃO: Dos 24 artigos, só há dois artigos prospectivos não controlados, mas, de maneira geral, não há problemas no diagnóstico nos exames por imagem, não há aumento de potencial cancerígeno, e os resultados são bons nas séries de casos. CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento é reprodutível, seguro e eficaz, consolidando-se como uma indicação no tratamento reparadora da mama e uma opção no aumento estético. Entretanto, uma curva de aprendizado mais longa pode ser necessária, para evitar complicações e atingir bons resultados.

INTRODUCTION: The technique and technology lipoaspirate autotransplantation to the breast with the aim of aesthetic appearance and reconstruction has strongly advanced; further, its acceptance by doctors and patients has also improved. The author reports cosmetic breast augmentation and performed a literature review, focusing on the efficacy, carcinogenic potential, and imaging diagnosis. METHOD:A literature review was performed using English-language articles from the PubMed database and the Brazilian Journal of Plastic Surgery (RBCP); in addition, case series of the initial experience of the author has been described. RESULTS: The volume remained stable from the second month, and there were no postoperative complications. Imaging did not show any pathological alterations. In all, 24-related articles were selected. DISCUSSION: Among the 24 articles, only two prospective non-controlled studies were found, but overall, imaging diagnostic tests did not reveal problems, the carcinogenic potential was not increased, and case series had positive results. CONCLUSION: The procedure is reproducible, safe and effective, and reinforces the use of this technique in breast reconstruction and as an option in cosmetic breast augmentation. However, it may require a longer learning curve to avoid complications and achieve good results.

Marine mammal blubber reference and control materials for use in the determination of halogenated organic compounds and fatty acids.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a diverse collection of control materials derived from marine mammal blubber, fat, and serum. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber was recertified for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. SRM 1945 has also been assigned mass fraction values for compounds not frequently determined in marine samples including toxaphene congeners, coplanar PCBs, and methoxylated PBDE congeners which are natural products. NIST also has assigned mass fraction values, as a result of interlaboratory comparison exercises, for PCB congeners, organochlorine pesticides, PBDE congeners, and fatty acids in six homogenate materials produced from marine mammal blubber or serum. The materials are available from NIST upon request; however, the supply is very limited for some of the materials. The materials include those obtained from pilot whale blubber (Homogenates III and IV), Blainville's beaked whale blubber (Homogenate VII), polar bear fat (Homogenate VI), and California sea lion serum (Marine Mammal Control Material-1 Serum) and blubber (Homogenate V).

Evaluation of microbiological and physicochemical indicators for wastewater treatment.

The quality control of wastewater treatments was monitored using selected novel and classical physicochemical and microbiological indicators, and the associations of the treatments with the effluents was analyzed. The microbiological indicators monitored were heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), sulfite-reducing clostridia (SRC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. The stages of wastewater treatment also were evaluated through determination of ammonia; biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)); chemical oxygen demand (COD); chloride; conductivity; suspended dissolved and total solids; fats; nitrate, nitrite, and total nitrogen; pH; phosphate and total phosphorus. Additional indicators included the Escherichia coli growth inhibition (IGEC) bioassay for assessing whole effluent toxicity, spectral determinations between wavelengths (lambda) 190-650 nm, and total (TP) and soluble (SP) protein contents. Of the more common physicochemical parameters, only BOD(5), COD, suspended and total solids, and fats showed a statistically significant reduction between raw water and effluent; for the microbiological indicators, significant reduction was seen only for HPC, FC, and Ps. aeruginosa. We suggest that determinations of Ps. aeruginosa be commonly used as an indicator of wastewater quality. Spectral analysis--most notably the values of absorbance at 225, 255, and 295 nm-revealed a statistically significant correlation with several physicochemical parameters. Statistical analysis of SP and TP values showed them to be good indicators of contamination. The quantitative study of Salmonella spp. and the results of the IGEC bioassay show the need for close control of infectious and toxic risks in wastewater and effluents.

Rendering practices and inactivation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents.

The authors describe the historic form of rendering and provide details on present-day practice. Possible future directions for the rendering industry are considered. The role of rendered meat-and-bone meal (MBM) as a dietary supplement in propagating the United Kingdom (UK) epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is discussed, together with the role of MBM in spreading BSE outside the UK. Evidence that customarily used rendering processes did not substantially inactivate the agents of BSE or scrapie is presented. In addition, the influence that the abandonment of solvent extraction (as an adjunct to rendering) in the UK might have had on BSE infectivity levels in MBM is discussed. The BSE-related safety of tallow and by-products of tallow are considered. Data that associate the BSE agent with a new variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, predominantly but not exclusively, in the UK, are also discussed.

[Comparison of methods to characterise thermally altered frying fats and oils]. / Methodenvergleich zur Charakterisierung thermisch veränderter Fritierfette und -öle.

During the process of deep fat frying the fat or oil undergoes several chemical and physical changes. To guarantee an effective quality control for used frying fats simple and rapid methods for the measurement of heat abuse are needed. Therefore several frying oils were heated with and without foodstuff and the change of polar parts, acid number, colour acid number, specific absorption and dielectric properties with prolonged heating time were determined. It could be shown that under usual frying conditions acid number and colour acid number, which are often used in praxis, as well as the specific absorption are not unrestrictedly useful to characterise heated frying fats. It turned out, however, that the determination of the dielectric properties with a foodoil-sensor is a useful tool to investigate heat abuse of frying fats and oils in routine analysis.

Management and nutritional factors associated with the detection of Salmonella sp. from cattle fecal specimens from feedlot operations in the United States.

In a convenience sample of 100 feedlot operations (included in the United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 1994 Cattle on Feed Evaluation), up to 25 cattle fecal samples were collected and tested for the presence of Salmonella from each of two pens (the pen which contained the most-recent arrivals, and the pen with cattle that had been on feed the longest). One or more Salmonella spp. were recovered from 38 (38.0%) of the 100 feedlots, 52 (26.0%) of the 200 pens and 273 (5.5%) of the 4977 fecal samples collected. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that feeding tallow and feeding whole cottonseed or cottonseed hulls within seven days prior to fecal sample collection was associated with an increased risk of finding Salmonella in a pen. Variables not found to be significantly associated with the detection of Salmonella in a pen included region, operation size, use of sprinklers, time on feed, type of cattle in the pen, number and concentration of cattle in a pen, feeding probiotics, and various other feeds.

Effects of amount and ruminal degradability of protein on nutrient digestibility and production by cows fed tallow.

Five cows with ruminal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to determine the effects of fat and amount and ruminal degradability of dietary crude protein (CP) on nutrient digestibility and production of milk and milk components. Treatments were 1) control; 2) 15% CP, soybean meal; 3) 15% CP, by-product proteins; 4) 18% CP, soybean meal; and 5) 18% CP, soybean meal and by-product proteins. Diets 2 through 5 contained 3.5% tallow. Diets consisted of 28% alfalfa haylage, 22% corn silage, and 50% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Fat did not affect dry matter intake or percentages and yields of fat and CP in milk but increased milk yield 2.5 kg/d. Fat did not affect N fractions in milk but decreased the percentages of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (C6:0 to C16:0) and increased the percentages of long-chain fatty acids (C18:0 and C18:1) in milk fat. Fat did not affect ruminal fermentation characteristics or the percentages of dietary DM, organic matter, CP, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, starch, ether extract, and energy that were digested. An increase in dietary CP from 15 to 18% increased dry matter intake 1.7 kg/d; increased intake of gross energy 8 Mcal/d; increased the percentages and quantities of DM, organic matter, CP, and energy digested; increased the quantities of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber digested; decreased ruminal pH; increased concentrations of total volatile fatty acids; and increased NH3 N in ruminal fluid. However, the difference in dietary CP did not affect milk yield or composition. Replacement of soybean meal in the diet with a mixture of by-product proteins decreased NH3 N in ruminal fluid, tended to decrease concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and increase pH of ruminal fluid, but did not affect milk yield or percentages and yields of milk components.

Effects on nutrient digestion of wheat processing and methods of tallow addition to the diets of lactating dairy cows.

Five multiparous Holstein cows in midlactation that were fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 3 x 5 incomplete Latin square. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on nutrient digestion of wheat processing and method of tallow addition to the diets of lactating dairy cows. Diets consisted of 45% forage and 55% concentrate, and each diet contained 20% wheat and 2% tallow (as-fed basis). Treatments were dry-rolled wheat with tallow added to the concentrate, steam-rolled wheat with tallow added to the concentrate, and steam-rolled wheat with tallow added first to the wheat. The dry matter intake; digestion of starch, fiber, and fatty acids; ammonia N concentration; and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid were not affected by treatments. The apparent digestibility in the total tract of organic matter and nitrogenous compounds was significantly higher for the steam-rolled treatment with tallow added first to the wheat. Mean ruminal fluid pH was similar across treatments; however, cows fed the diet containing steam-rolled wheat with tallow added first to the wheat had the smallest pH change from 0 to 2 h postfeeding. Milk yield did not differ, regardless of cow diet. Method of tallow addition had marked effects on the apparent digestibility of organic matter and N in the total tract of lactating dairy cows.

Effect of rendering procedures on the scrapie agent.

A pool of scrapie-infected sheep brains was used to spike mixtures of porcine bone and intestine. These were processed in pilot-scale facsimiles of 12 rendering procedures that were in use within the European Union in 1991, and three that were not. Meat and bone meal, and tallow, were produced from the rendered tissues. Suspensions of all the meat and bone meal samples, and two of the tallow samples were assayed in mice for scrapie infectivity. Neither of the tallow samples had any detectable infectivity but the meat and bone meal samples were positive, except for those produced by processes involving exposure to hyperbaric steam. In addition, greaves were produced from the scrapie-spiked raw materials by an atypical low-temperature process and subjected to solvent extraction with hot heptane. The treated greaves were then exposed to steam to drive off residual solvent. Although the starting titre of infectivity in these greaves was low, there appeared to be no reduction in infectivity as a result of the treatments with hot heptane and steam. However, there was no detectable infectivity in the meat and bone meal prepared from the greaves produced by the atypical low-temperature process after it had been exposed to hyperbaric steam.

Coconut oil and beef tallow, but not tricaprylin, can replace menhaden oil in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) without adversely affecting growth or fatty acid composition.

The ability of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to utilize medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and other saturated dietary lipids was investigated in two 6-wk feeding experiments. Diets contained solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal to which menhaden fish oil (control), coconut oil, corn oil, beef tallow or various levels of MCT as tricaprylin (30, 46, 65 and 80% of total lipid) were added. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum in aquaria containing brackish (6%) water. In the first feeding experiment, red drum fed the control diet had the greatest weight gains and feed efficiencies. Weight gain, but not feed was slightly, of fish fed corn oil and fish fed coconut oil was slightly (P < 0.05) lower. In the second feeding experiment, fish fed coconut oil and those fed beef tallow had significantly higher weight gains and feed efficiencies than did fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the diets containing tricaprylin at all inclusion levels in both feeding experiments had significantly lower weight gains and feed efficiencies and higher levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in plasma. Fish fed diets with high levels of MCT also had lower (n-3) and greater (n-6) fatty acid levels in the neutral lipid fraction of muscle tissue compared with fish fed the control diet. Coconut oil and beef tallow consistently resulted in greater liver lipid deposition but had variable effects on other tissue indices. Saturated dietary lipids had variable effects on fatty acid composition of muscle polar and neutral lipid fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of adding fat and(or) milk products to the weanling pig diet on performance in the nursery and subsequent grow-finish stages.

Six experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fat in diets containing a high level of milk products for weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 192 pigs (6.6 kg and 23 d) were used to determine whether milk products (0 or 40%) in the diet influenced the utilization of fat (0 or 10%). No fat x milk product interactions were found. Adding milk products to the diet improved (P < .01) ADG, ADFI, and gain/feed (G/F). Adding fat to the diet did not influence performance. In Exp. 2, 3, and 4, 576 pigs (6.0 kg and 20 d) were used to determine the influence of fat level on performance. Adding soybean oil (0, 3, 6, or 9%) to the diet from d 0 to 14 after weaning had no influence on growth performance. Increasing soybean oil (0, 2, 4, or 6%) in the diet from d 14 to 35 had no influence on ADG; however, G/F improved linearly (P < .001). In Exp. 5, 196 pigs (7.5 kg and 26 d) were used to determine the influence of fat source (soybean oil, corn oil, or tallow) on performance. Pig performance was not different among fat sources. In Exp. 6, 240 pigs (5.4 kg and 21 d) were used to determine the influence of fat and(or) milk product inclusion in the nursery diet on subsequent grow-finish performance. Adding milk products, but not fat, to the nursery diet improved (P < .08) overall performance to market weight. These results indicate adding fat to the diet from d 0 to 14 after weaning had no influence on performance. Adding fat to the diet from d 14 to 35 improved G/F; however, it did not improve ADG or overall performance to market. Diet composition during the nursery period can affect subsequent performance.

Influence of grain type, tallow level, and tallow feeding system on feedlot cattle performance.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type, tallow level, and tallow feeding system on finishing steer performance. Experiment 1 involved 256 yearling steers (359 kg) in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Steers were assigned randomly to one of four tallow feeding systems: 1) 0% tallow fed throughout the experiment; 2) 4% tallow fed throughout the experiment; 3) 0% tallow fed d 1 through 33 and then 4% tallow fed until slaughter; and 4) 4% tallow fed d 1 through 33 and then 0% tallow fed until slaughter. Tallow treatments were applied to diets containing either dry-rolled corn (DRC) of high-moisture corn (HMC). No fat treatment x grain type interaction (P > .10) was observed. Steers fed 4% tallow throughout the experiment, only during d 1 through 33, or only during d 34 until slaughter were more (P < .10) efficient than steers fed 0% tallow. No differences in DMI or ADG were observed (P > .10). In Exp. 2, 120 large-framed steer calves (286 kg) were blocked by weight and allotted randomly within block to one of three treatments consisting of the addition fo 0, 2, or 4% tallow added d 1 and fed for 197 d. Feed efficiency of calves increased linearly (P < .05) with increasing tallow level. Daily gain was not different (P > .10), but DMI decreased linearly (P < .05) with increasing tallow level. This research indicates that tallow added during or after grain adaptation to DRC- or HMC-based diets fed to yearling steers will result in similar improvement in feed efficiency, and that including up to 4% tallow to diets fed to large-framed calves can significantly improve feed efficiency.

[Evaluation of the basic health care pilot project of the Turnhout area]. / Evaluatie van het pilootproject basisgezondheidszorg "regio Turnhout".

A primary health care project was started two years ago by the PIH in collaboration with the health councils of ten municipalities in the region of Turnhout. The objective was to promote actions on better health that were beyond the capacity of existing regional health care facilities. The project is managed by representatives of the province and of the ten municipalities. The first subject for coordinated action was healthy eating. Three practical projects were developed: a salt concentration analysis of bread from 150 bakeries; a quality evaluation of the deep fat from 110 french fry stands and a secondary school programme entitled "Eat Healthy". A new concept of project development was proposed after the first study. 4 steps have to be considered in the future, which are: first to quantify the amount of the suspected health care problem in the region; secondly to activate an intervention strategy which tends to limit to suggest and initiate long term policy actions. Findings of the to suggest and initiate long term policy actions. Findings of the first project show that to obtain the desired results a well conceived information campaign is essential.