Spontaneous haemoperitoneum caused by a bleeding gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumour.

Spontaneous haemoperitoneum is described as a collection of blood in the peritoneal cavity due to non-traumatic aetiology. Common causes in the literature include splenic, hepatic and gynaecological pathology. Patients with spontaneous haemoperitoneum usually present with non-specific dull aching abdominal pain. Spontaneous haemoperitoneum can only be radiologically diagnosed and, if not treated in time, is life threatening. Rupture of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) presenting as a spontaneous haemoperitoneum is a rare event. Gastric GIST presents as ambiguous abdominal pain, complications of which include melena, obstruction and rupture. This is a report of a male patient in his early 60s who presented with acute abdominal pain. A contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen showed haemoperitoneum with an unknown source of origin. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed a bleeding exophytic mass arising from the stomach, which was resected. Thus, early diagnosis with proper imaging and prompt treatment has a favourable outcome.

Postpartum hemoperitoneum - A rare case of uterine artery pseudoaneurysm rupture after uncomplicated vaginal delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to demonstrate a rare cause of hemoperitoneum without vaginal bleeding resulting from the rupture of a uterine artery pseudoaneurysm after uncomplicated vaginal delivery. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old woman who had experienced a normal vaginal delivery 8 days previously to being seen in our hospital, was presented to the emergency room with hypovolemic shock. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed massive internal bleeding and a ruptured pseudoaneurysm arising from the left uterine artery. The patient was successfully treated through transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). CONCLUSION: A pseudoaneurysm is a rare disease which can occur during an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. The clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic, vaginal bleeding or hemoperitoneum. The diagnosis can be made by using Doppler sonography, CTA or Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The use of TAE is now the most common treatment option and possesses a high success rate.

Omentum pregnancy resulting in severe hemoperitoneum: Lessons learned from a review of the literature along with a case report.

Abdominal pregnancies are a rare form of ectopic pregnancy with omentum pregnancies being even rarer. Ectopic pregnancy should be diagnosed and terminated early to prevent the risk of harm to the mother. This case report describes a rare case of omentum pregnancy with severe hemoperitoneum. The patient had not visited a doctor until she failed to menstruate for 3 months, by which point she had developed severe hypogastralgia. The patient was diagnosed with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy after ultrasonography. The omentum pregnancy was complicated by severe hemoperitoneum, which was confirmed by emergency laparotomy. The patient was treated successfully with fetal extraction and partial omentectomy. Ultrasound examination in early pregnancy is essential to detect and treat ectopic pregnancies as early as possible, as surgery is usually required for abdominal pregnancies. Prompt treatment of ectopic pregnancies is critical, as an omentum pregnancy is dangerous and may result in severe intraperitoneal bleeding.

[Hemoperitoneum secondary to a malignant tumor of the sheath of the peripheral nerve in the liver]. / Hemoperitoneo secundario a tumor maligno de la vaina del nervio periférico en hígado.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. They are usually located in the extremities or in the axial area. Its visceral location is very rare and its hepatic origin is infrequent. They tend to be aggressive with a poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so surgical management is the best treatment option. We present the case of a young man with neurofibromatosis type 1, who presented with hemoperitoneum as a complication of a malignant tumor of the peripheral nerve sheath located in the liver.

Spontaneous hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm rupture as a first presentation of polyarteritis nodosa.

A man in his 70s presented with a sudden onset stabbing back pain radiating to the chest and pre-syncopal symptoms. He underwent urgent investigations, including a CT angiogram aorta which did not reveal any abnormalities within the thorax, abdomen or pelvis and no cause of symptoms was identified. After being discharged, he re-presented 2 days later with syncopal episodes, abdominal pain and a significant drop in haemoglobin levels. This time, a CT mesenteric angiogram showed two hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms and a large haemoperitoneum. Following a hepatic artery embolisation, a workup showed that the likely cause of the pseudoaneurysms was a rare first presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. This case highlights the importance of considering the possibility of an aneurysmal rupture, especially when common causes of an acute abdomen have been excluded, and not relying on previous negative investigations to exclude pathology, as the outcomes can be detrimental.

[The 506th case: fever of unknown origin, negative PET-CT and hemoperitoneum].

A 48-year-old male was admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital presented with intermittent fever for two years. The maximum body temperature was 39 ℃, and could spontaneously relieve. The efficacy of antibacterial treatment was poor. He had no other symptoms and positive signs. He had a significant weight loss, and the serum lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly. It was highly alert to be lymphoma, but bone marrow smear and pathology, and PET-CT had not shown obvious abnormalities. Considering high inflammatory indicators, increased ferritin and large spleen, the patient had high inflammatory status, and was treated with methylprednisolone. Then the patient's body temperature was normal, but the platelet decreased to 33×109/L. During hospitalization, he had suddenly hemoperitoneum and hemorrhagic shock. He was found spontaneous spleen rupture without obvious triggers, and underwent emergency splenectomy. The pathological diagnosis of spleen was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Primary omental pregnancy after in vitro fertilization complicated by hemoperitoneum-how to manage it laparoscopically.

OBJECTIVE: To report an uncommon case of primary OP treated laparoscopically. Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the leading cause of maternal mortality during the first trimester and the incidence increases with assisted reproductive techniques, occurring in approximately 1.5%-2.1% of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.1 Omental pregnancy (OP) is an extremely rare form of EP accounting for less than 1% of all EPs. OP can be classified as primary or secondary on the basis of Studdiford's criteria2. The preoperative diagnosis of OP is complex and usually occur in acute circumstances during a throughout intraoperative evaluation of the abdomen.3-5 A delayed diagnosis poses a serious threat to the survival of the patient; therefore, it is important to remark that EP can exist in unusual locations and prompt surgical intervention may be necessary. DESIGN: A step-by-step narrated video of a rare clinical case and description of the surgical procedure. SETTING: Tertiary Level Academic Hospital "IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Bologna" Bologna, Italy. PATIENT: A 36-year-old woman was referred to our emergency room because of acute abdominal pain and nausea for 2 hours with no signs of hemodynamic instability. The patient also complained that poor vaginal bleeding appeared during the last 24 hours. The patient has undergone a cycle of in vitro fertilization with an elective single frozen embryo transfer of a blastocyst on day 5, 2 months before. She had no relevant clinical or surgical history. Diffuse abdominal tenderness and a painful uterus at mobilization were appreciated at clinical examination. A massive hemoperitoneum was diagnosed using transvaginal-transabdominal ultrasound, and no uterine or adnexal lesions were identified. The ß-human chronic gonadotropin level was 43.861 mIU/mL, and the hemoglobin value was 10.5 g/dL. INTERVENTIONS: On suspicion of a ruptured EP, after detailed counseling and the acquisition of informed consent, a laparoscopic exploration was planned. First, the hemoperitoneum was evacuated to allow visualization of the abdominal cavity. At pelvic inspection, no EP was found. Throughout the exploration of the abdominal cavity, a 4-cm bluish cystic mass of friable consistency was detected infiltrating the omentum and the mesentery. According to Studdiford's criteria, the diagnosis of a primary OP was established. A careful and complete excision of the ectopic implant was performed with an ultrasonic system and required a considerable hemostatic effort using bipolar energy, endoscopic clips, and mechanical compression. The postoperative course was uneventful. The ß-human chronic gonadotropin levels gradually decreased to negative values within 29 days after surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Omental ectopic pregnancy can be successfully managed with a laparoscopic approach even in an emergency setting. CONCLUSION: Omental pregnancy can easily be overlooked, even by skilled surgeons, during laparoscopic exploration. It is mandatory that all peritoneal surfaces and the omentum be carefully inspected during surgery in patients without other signs of pelvic EP.We confirm that the patient included in this video gave consent for publication of the video and posting of the video online, including on social media, the journal website, scientific literature websites, and other applicable sites.

Correlation of sonographic with intraoperative findings in laparoscopic managed ectopic pregnancies, a 10-year synopsis: a restrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Ectopic pregnancies (EP) are a common pregnancy complication that's associated with significant morbidity and rarely mortality if not managed properly. Ultrasound examination forms the cornerstone of diagnosis of EP with some sonographic features occasionally not correlating with intraoperative findings. We set out to conduct an audit of EP managed surgically at our hospital for a 10-year period and discern the correlation and prediction of sonographic findings to intraoperative findings. METHODS: This study was designed as a Retrospective Observational Study based at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH). Study population was all women admitted to AKUH with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy that was surgically managed between the period of January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2020. Analysis of data was done against a pre-set checklist. Descriptive statistics for continuous variables was calculated and tabulated in graphs and tables. SPSS version 22 was used for analysis of data. RESULTS: A total of 337 patients in this study had ultrasound findings. 99.7% (n = 336) of these patients had an intraoperatively confirmed EP. The commonest ultrasound finding was an adnexal mass in 97.1% (n = 309) of patients. These were confirmed surgically in 290 patients at the following locations: 76.6% (n = 222) were ampullary in location; 10.7% (n = 31) were fimbrial in location; 8.6%(n = 25) were isthmic in location; 2.4%(n = 7) were interstitial in location; 1%(n = 3) were abdominal in location; while 0.3% were located in the ovary(n = 1) or round ligament(n = 1) each. Interstitial EP on ultrasound were all (100%) confirmed in the same location intraoperatively, with ampullary EP also correlating fairly well with intraoperative location (75%). The distribution of location in the minor hemoperitoneum (HP) versus major HP groups were similar except for interstitial EP that increased from 1.4% in the minor HP group to 9.5% in the major HP group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ultrasonography still represents the best imaging modality for EP. The most common finding is usually an adnexal mass with no specific location. Most (99.7%) of the patients with this sonographic finding usually have a confirmed EP. Interstitial EP are the most well localized with ultrasound followed by ampullary EP. Furthermore, the presence of major (> 500mls) hemoperitoneum may act as an adjunct for diagnosis of an interstitial EP.

Splenic hematoma and hemoperitoneum in a Thoroughbred racehorse after racing.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of a Thoroughbred filly with acute hemoperitoneum from a splenic source immediately after racing. ANIMAL: A 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly used for racing and that had raced shortly before presentation to the hospital. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES: On presentation, the filly was quiet, alert, and responsive with a heart rate of 76 beats/min, pale mucous membranes, and absent borborygmi. All other physical examination parameters were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasound was performed and revealed echogenic free abdominal fluid and a splenic hematoma. Abdominocentesis yielded sanguinous fluid with a PCV of 35%. The next day, repeat ultrasound revealed the splenic hematoma with capsular separation. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The filly was treated overnight with isotonic crystalloid fluids and aminocaproic acid (40 mg/kg, IV, slow bolus over 30 minutes followed by 20 mg/kg, IV, q 6 h), potassium penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IV, q 6 h), gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h), and omeprazole (4 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h). The lowest PCV obtained from the filly was 36 hours after presentation. The filly stabilized with medical treatment and was discharged to a farm for further recuperation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There are no published reports detailing hemoperitoneum of splenic origin in Thoroughbreds immediately after racing. Hemoperitoneum of splenic origin is not common in horses, with most cases of hemoperitoneum being secondary to acute trauma, neoplasia, parturition, or postoperative complications. While uncommon, this case raises awareness to another differential for a colicky horse immediately after racing.

Ruptured Endometrioma with Hemoperitoneum Requiring Emergency Laparotomy: A Case Report.

Endometrioma is the localization of endometriosis in ovary which often develops as cyst. The condition can be complicated with infection, torsion and rupture leading to significant hemoperitoneum and ascites. We present here a 28-year female P2 L1 presented with the features of acute abdomen and severe anemia referred from other hospital where pain management was done. She had raised Ca-125 level, negative Urine Beta HCG and USG findings of left endometrioma with degenerating subserosal fibroid. The improvement of her general condition with analgesics was misleading however a static hematocrit level despite blood transfusion raised suspicion of ongoing pathology leading to blood loss and diagnostic paracentesis confirmed the hemoperitoneum while awaiting of CT report. She underwent Emergency Laparotomy which revealed hemoperitoneum of 2000ml and right ruptured ovarian endometrioma measuring and left ovarian cyst measuring 6x6 cm was noted. The postoperative period was uneventful. Keywords: Acute abdomen; case report; endometriosis; hemoperitoneum; ruptured endometrioma.

Symptomatic corpus luteum hemorrhage in adolescent females with ITP.

Patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) usually present with minor mucocutaneous bleeding. Corpus luteum hemorrhage (CLH) is generally asymptomatic but may, rarely, lead to severe intraperitoneal bleeding, mostly in patients with coagulation disorders. CLH causing intraperitoneal bleeding has only been described in few individuals with ITP. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to assess the clinical course and incidence of symptomatic CLH in adolescent females with newly diagnosed or chronic ITP. Additionally, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to scrutinize cases of pediatric female patients with ITP, complicated by CLH. We identified three patients with ITP and hemoperitoneum secondary to CLH. They presented with acute abdominal pain, had severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts below 20 × 109/L), and required blood transfusions as well as ITP-directed therapy. All the patients were hemodynamically stable and did not require emergency surgical intervention.  Conclusion: CLH could potentially pose a significant complication in the context of adolescent females with ITP, requiring a strong index of suspicion to direct expedient therapy. What is Known: • Immune thrombocytopenia is typically associated with minor bleeding tendency. • Corpus luteum hemorrhage is generally asymptomatic; however, in women with bleeding disorders, it has the potential to result in substantial intra-abdominal bleeding. What is New: • Corpus luteum hemorrhage leading to intra-abdominal bleeding is a potential severe complication of immune thrombocytopenia in adolescent females.

Endometriosis-associated spontaneous major haemoperitoneum in pregnancy.

Spontaneous haemoperitoneum in pregnancy (SHiP) related to endometriosis is a rare and life-threatening complication. We report a case of a patient presenting to our department with major haemoperitoneum at 23+3 weeks of gestation due to a large rectovaginal endometriotic nodule. The patient required a midline laparotomy to evacuate 1 L of haemoperitoneum and achieve haemostasis. A large rectovaginal nodule was seen bleeding and was packed with haemostatic material and a large swab. After 24 hours, the swab was removed and haemostasis was confirmed. The patient was monitored very closely by a multidisciplinary team and the pregnancy was allowed to continue to try and achieve a better outcome for the baby and at 28 weeks of gestation, a girl was delivered in good condition via caesarean section.

Peliosis of the spleen as an unusual cause of splenic rupture: A case report and a review of literature.

Isolated splenic peliosis is an extremely rare condition characterized by the presence of multiple blood-filled cavities, occasionally resulting in non-traumatic splenic rupture with fatal bleeding. In our case, a 64-year-old man was brought by ambulance due to weakness and abdominal pain without nausea or febrility. On clinical examination, the patient was sensitive to palpation with significant tenderness over the abdomen but no associated features of peritonitis. He collapsed during the imaging examination and became unconscious and asystolic. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was not successful. The patient died approximately within 2 hours of admission to the hospital. Postmortal examination showed 2800 ml of intraperitoneal blood with clots and a laceration of the lower pole of the spleen. Macroscopic examination of the spleen revealed huge nodular splenomegaly, measuring 21 cm x 19 cm x 5 cm, weighing 755 g. On the cut surfaces, multiple randomly distributed blood-filled cavities ranging from 0,5 to 2 cm in diameter were seen. At microscopic examination, the specimens showed multiple irregular haemorrhagic cyst-like lesions that were not lined by any epithelium or sinusoidal endothelium, consistent with the diagnosis of peliosis lienis. Although the condition is often clinically silent, the forensic pathological significance arises from the differential diagnosis of resultant intraperitoneal haemorrhage and sudden death, mimicking a violent death.

Acute hepatic rupture causing hemoperitoneum in a dog with anaphylaxis.

A 2-year-old spayed female Siberian Husky was presented with a history of acute onset lethargy, collapse, haematochezia and vomiting. The patient was severely tachycardic and hypotensive. Point-of-care ultrasound revealed gallbladder wall thickening and peritoneal effusion consistent with haemorrhage on subsequent abdominocentesis. Despite attempted medical stabilization over the course of several hours, including blood products and multiple autotransfusions, the patient progressed to cardiopulmonary arrest. The dog was successfully resuscitated but was subsequently euthanized. Necropsy revealed a severe, acute hemoperitoneum secondary to rupture of the left lateral liver lobe. A tear in the hepatic capsule was identified along with a large hematoma. A single adult nematode, consistent with Dirofilaria immitis, was found in a pulmonary vessel in the right caudal lung lobe. The remaining necropsy findings were supportive of the clinical diagnosis of anaphylaxis. This report details a case, with necropsy findings, supporting a diagnosis of anaphylaxis and severe, refractory hemoperitoneum resulting from hepatic rupture. Acute hepatic rupture should be considered in cases of anaphylaxis-related hemoperitoneum.

Accuracy of FAST in detecting intraabdominal bleeding in major trauma with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) is a tool to rapidly detect intraabdominal and intrapericardial fluid with point-of-care ultrasound. Previous studies have questioned the role of FAST in patients with pelvic fractures. The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of FAST to detect clinically significant intraabdominal hemorrhage in patients with pelvic fractures. METHODS: We included all consecutive patients with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures treated our Level 1 trauma center from 2009-2020. We registered patient and fracture characteristics, FAST investigations and CT descriptions, explorative laparotomy findings, and transfusion needs. We compared FAST to CT and laparotomy findings, and calculated true positive and negative findings, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). RESULTS: We included 389 patients. FAST had a sensitivity of 75%, a specificity of 98%, a PPV of 84%, and a NPV of 96% for clinically significant intraabdominal bleeding. Patients with retroperitoneal hematomas were at increased risk for laparotomy both because of True-negative FAST and False-positive FAST. CONCLUSION: FAST is accurate to identify clinically significant intraabdominal blood in patients with severe pelvic fractures and should be a standard asset in these patients. Retroperitoneal hematomas challenge the FAST interpretation and thus the decision making when applying FAST in patients with pelvic fractures.

Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis Part II: Nonmechanical Complications.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a form of KRT that offers flexibility and autonomy to patients with ESKD. It is associated with lower costs compared with hemodialysis in many countries. Unlike mechanical complications that typical arise early in the course of treatment, noninfectious, nonmechanical complications often present late in patients who are established on PD. In this review, we first discuss abnormal-appearing drained dialysate, including hemoperitoneum, chyloperitoneum, and noninfectious cloudy dialysate. The underlying cause is frequently unrelated to PD. We then discuss encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis, a rare complication of PD. Finally, we review metabolic changes associated with PD and methods to mitigate its effects.

Rare case of haemoperitoneum secondary to a ruptured ovarian ectopic pregnancy superimposed by a bleeding corpus luteum cyst.

An adolescent female presented with an acute abdomen and elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels and underwent a laparoscopy for a suspected ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Intraoperatively, a ruptured haemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst and tissues suggestive of products of conception were noted in the same ovary. Histology confirmed an ovarian ectopic pregnancy. Haemorrhagic ovarian cysts, and ectopic pregnancies, can cause acute pelvic pain in women of childbearing age. Their similar clinical signs and symptoms pose a diagnostic dilemma for any gynaecologist. Ruptured corpus luteal cysts, as well as ruptured ovarian ectopic pregnancies, should be considered rare but differential diagnoses in women presenting with acute abdominal pain, an adnexal mass and ultrasound features of haemoperitoneum. The mainstay of treatment is a diagnostic laparoscopy, which is a safe and feasible management strategy without compromising patient safety or ovarian function in the long run.