RESUMEN
Breast cancer is currently one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. The mechanisms by which pesticides can increase breast cancer risk are multiple and complex. We have previously observed that two aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists âpesticides hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlorpyrifos (CPF)â act on tumor progression, stimulating cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in animal models. Elevated levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are found in malignant breast tumors, and HIF-1α is known to induce proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are fundamental in breast cancer progression. In this work, we studied HCB (0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 µM) and CPF (0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 µM) action on the expression of these proangiogenic factors in triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231, as well as the effect of their conditioned medium (CM) on endothelial cells. Exposure to pesticides increased HIF-1α and VEGF protein expression in an AhR-dependent manner. In addition, HCB and CPF boosted NOS-2 and COX-2 content and VEGF secretion in MDA-MB-231 cells. The treatment of endothelial cells with CM from tumor cells exposed to pesticides increased cell proliferation, migration, and tubule formation, enhancing both tubule length and branching points. Of note, these effects were VEGF-dependent, as they were blocked in the presence of a VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) inhibitor. In sum, our results highlight the harmful impact of HCB and CPF in modulating the interaction between breast cancer and endothelial cells and promoting angiogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Cloropirifos , Ciclooxigenasa 2 , Hexaclorobenceno , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/metabolismo , Humanos , Hexaclorobenceno/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenceno/toxicidad , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/patología , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Ligandos , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Femenino , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Environmental exposures may have endocrine disruptor (ED) effects, e.g., a role for halogenated hydrocarbon chlorobenzenes in increasing vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT) secretion and, in association, anxiety and aggression in male rats has been shown. Our aim is to investigate whether 1,2,4-trichlorobenzenehexachlorobenzene= 1:1 (mClB) treatment of female rats also shows ED effects and reproductive biology differences, and whether AVP may have a mediator role in this? Female Wistar rats were treated (0.1; 1.0; 10.0 µg/bwkg/day) with mClB (by gastrictube) and then 30; 60; 90 days after treatment anxiety (open field test) and aggressive (resident intruder test) behaviors AVP, OT concentrations from blood plasma samples were detected by radioimmunoassay on 30; 60; 90 days. Treated female rats were mated with untreated males. Mating success, number of newborn and maternal aggression on the neonates were monitored. Results showed that AVP, OT levels; and anxiety, aggressive behaviors; and mothers' aggression towards their offspring increased significantly in relation to the duration and the dose of mClB treatment. But mating propensity and number of offspring decreased. Patterns of AVP, OT release and anxiety, aggression behaviors, and reproductive-related behaviors were correlated. Consistent with the literature, our studies confirmed the role of AVP and OT in different behavioral effects.
Asunto(s)
Agresión , Ansiedad , Disruptores Endocrinos , Oxitocina , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Agresión/fisiología , Animales Recién Nacidos , Arginina Vasopresina/sangre , Clorobencenos/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Exploratoria/fisiología , Hexaclorobenceno/sangre , Conducta Materna/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Oxitocina/sangre , Ratas Wistar , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Reproducción/fisiología , Conducta Sexual Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Sexual Animal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), has historically been linked to population collapses in wildlife. Despite international regulations, these legacy chemicals are still currently detected in women of reproductive age, and their levels correlate with reduced ovarian reserve, longer time-to-pregnancy, and higher risk of infertility. However, the specific modes of action underlying these associations remain unclear. Here, we examined the effects of five commonly occurring POPs - hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB156), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) - and their mixture on human ovaries in vitro. We exposed human ovarian cancer cell lines COV434, KGN, and PA1 as well as primary ovarian cells for 24 h, and ovarian tissue containing unilaminar follicles for 6 days. RNA-sequencing of samples exposed to concentrations covering epidemiologically relevant levels revealed significant gene expression changes related to central energy metabolism in the exposed cells, indicating glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species as potential shared targets of POP exposures in ovarian cells. Alpha-enolase (ENO1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), cytochrome C oxidase subunit 4I1 (COX4I1), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were validated as targets through qPCR in additional cell culture experiments in KGN. In ovarian tissue cultures, we observed significant effects of exposure on follicle growth and atresia as well as protein expression. All POP exposures, except PCB180, decreased unilaminar follicle proportion and increased follicle atresia. Immunostaining confirmed altered expression of LDHA, ATP5A, and GPX4 in the exposed tissues. Moreover, POP exposures modified ATP production in KGN and tissue culture. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the disruption of cellular energy metabolism as a novel mode of action underlying POP-mediated interference of follicle growth in human ovaries.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético , Fluorocarburos , Ovario , Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes , Humanos , Femenino , Ovario/efectos de los fármacos , Ovario/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Fluorocarburos/toxicidad , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/toxicidad , Ácidos Alcanesulfónicos/toxicidad , Hexaclorobenceno/toxicidadRESUMEN
This study aimed to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk as well as the attributable cases due to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs): hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), heptachlor, and chlordane. From serum concentrations of pesticides of interest in a sample of 908 women from Northern Mexico, the risk for both cancer and non-cancer health effects was evaluated. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was also calculated based on summary association estimates between exposure to OCPs and different health events. Findings revealed that due to their OCP exposure slightly less than half of the women in the sample were at increased risk of developing non-cancerous diseases. Moreover, approximately 25% and 75% of participants were at risk of develop some type of cancer associated with their HCB and DDE concentrations, respectively. In addition, it was estimated that 40.5% of type 2 diabetes, 18.7% of endometriosis, and 23.1% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases could have been prevented if women had not been exposed to these OCPs. Results suggest that the use of OCPs may have contributed to the disease burden in the study area and, based on the time required for these substances to be eliminated from the body, there are probably some women who are still at elevated risk of developing diseases associated to OCPs.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Neoplasias , Plaguicidas , Humanos , Femenino , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Carcinógenos , México/epidemiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Plaguicidas/análisis , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Neoplasias/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effects of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) exposure on the development of human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) are not well understood. A nested case-control study was conducted with data from the U.S. Department of Defense Serum Repository (DoDSR) cohort between 2000 and 2013 to assess associations of individual OCPs serum concentrations with PTC risk. METHODS: This study included 742 histologically confirmed PTC cases (341 females, 401 males) and 742 individually-matched controls with pre-diagnostic serum samples selected from the DoDSR. Associations between categories of lipid-corrected serum concentrations of seven OCPs and PTC risk were evaluated for classical PTC and follicular PTC using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for body mass index category and military branch to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Effect modification by sex, birth cohort, and race was examined. RESULTS: There was no evidence of associations between most of the OCPs and PTC, overall or stratified by histological subtype. Overall, there was no evidence of an association between hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PTC, but stratified by histological subtype HCB was associated with significantly increased risk of classical PTC (third tertile above the limit of detection (LOD) vs. Asunto(s)
Hexaclorociclohexano
, Hidrocarburos Clorados
, Personal Militar
, Plaguicidas
, Neoplasias de la Tiroides
, Masculino
, Humanos
, Femenino
, Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo/epidemiología
, Hexaclorobenceno
, Estudios de Casos y Controles
, Neoplasias de la Tiroides/inducido químicamente
, Neoplasias de la Tiroides/epidemiología
RESUMEN
This study presents a comprehensive assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the blubber of a stranded blue whale found on the coast of Taiwan. The analysis included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The whale exhibited evident signs of emaciation, including low body weight, reduced blubber fat content, and thin blubber thickness. The dominant fatty acid type detected in the blubber was short-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (SC-MUFA), known to aid in thermoregulation. Stable isotope ratios indicated that the blue whale occupied a lower trophic position compared to a fin whale, suggesting its proximity to krill habitats in the Southern Ocean for feeding. The average concentrations of DDTs (1089.2 ± 4.7 ng/g lw; ΣDDT) and PCBs (1057.1 ± 49.8 ng/g lw) in the blubber were almost one order of magnitude higher than PAHs (41.7 ± 10.0 ng/g lw), HCB (70.6 ± 2. ng/g lw), and PBDEs (7.2 ± 1.2 ng/g lw). Pollutant concentrations in this individual blue whale were comparable to levels found in Norway, higher than those found in Chile, and notably lower than those found in Canada and Mexico. Calculating the biomagnification factor (BMF) for the POPs from krill (Euphausia superba) to the blue whale revealed significant bioaccumulation of pollutants in this particular whale. Additional research is imperative to achieve a thorough comprehension of bioaccumulation of POPs and their potential toxicological impacts on whale health.
Asunto(s)
Balaenoptera , Contaminantes Ambientales , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Bifenilos Policlorados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/análisis , Taiwán , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisisRESUMEN
Rapid industrial and agricultural developments in China have led to the wide use and discharge of chemical products and pesticides, resulting in extensive residues in environmental media. These residues can enter the human body through various pathways, leading to high exposure risks and health hazards. Because the human body is exposed to a variety of chemical pollutants, accurately quantifying the exposure levels of these pollutants in the human body and evaluating their health risks are of great importance. In this study, the serum concentrations of 97 typical chemical pollutants of 60 adults in central China were simultaneously determined using solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS/MS). In this method, 200 µL of a serum sample was mixed with 10 µL of an isotope-labeled internal standard solution. The sample was vortexed and refrigerated overnight at 4 â. Each sample was then deproteinized by the addition of 200 µL of 15% formic acid aqueous solution and vortexed. The serum sample was loaded into a preconditioned Oasis® PRiME HLB SPE cartridge and rinsed with 3 mL of methanol-water (6â¶1, v/v). The SPE cartridge was subsequently vacuumed. The analytes were eluted with 3 mL of dichloromethane followed by 3 mL of n-hexane. The eluent was concentrated to near dryness under a gentle nitrogen stream and reconstituted with 100 µL of acetone. The samples were determined by GC-MS/MS and separated on a DB-5MS capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 µm) with temperature programming. The column temperature was maintained at 70 â for 2 min, increased at a rate of 25 â/min to 150 â, increased at a rate of 3 â/min to 200 â, and then held for 2 min. Finally, the column temperature was increased at a rate of 8 â/min to 300 â and maintained at this temperature for 8 min. The samples were detected in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and quantitatively analyzed using the internal standard method. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the effects of demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and diet on the concentrations of the chemical pollutants in the serum samples, and known biomonitoring equivalents (BEs) and human biomonitoring (HBM) values were combined to compute hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard indices (HIs) and evaluate the health risks of single and cumulative exposures to the chemical pollutants. The results showed that the main pollutants detected in human serum were organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The detection rates of eight pollutants, including hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (100%), pentachlorophenol (PCP) (100%), p,p'-dichlorodiphenylene (p,p'-DDE) (100%), PCB-138 (100%), PCB-153 (98.3%), ß-hexachlorocyclohexane (ß-HCH) (91.7%), fluorene (Flu) (85.0%), and anthracene (Ant) (75.0%), were greater than 70%. The serum levels of ß-HCH were higher in females than in males, and age was positively correlated with exposure to p,p'-DDE, PCB-138, PCB-153, and ß-HCH. Increased exposure levels to p,p'-DDE and ß-HCH may be associated with a high frequency of meat intake, whereas increased exposure level to PCP may be associated with a high frequency of vegetable intake. The serum HQ of PCP was greater than 1 in 6.7% of the samples, and no risk was observed for HCB and p,p'-DDE exposure in the study population. Approximately 28.3% of the study subjects had HI values greater than 1. Overall, the general adult population in this region is widely exposed to a wide range of chemical pollutants, and gender, age, and diet are likely to be the main factors influencing the concentration of chemical pollutants. The health risk of single and compound exposures to chemical pollutants should not be ignored.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Hexaclorociclohexano , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Pentaclorofenol , Plaguicidas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análisis , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Pentaclorofenol/análisis , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) is an emblematic species of conservation concern. Anthropogenic pressures have led to severe population declines and significant fragmentation of the remaining populations. Because of their close relationship with coastal areas, Mediterranean monk seals may be potentially exposed to pollution from agricultural sources, as well as from oil tanker spills. Although monitoring of pollution has long been considered a priority for this species, data on monk seal contamination levels are scarce. In this study, 55 blubber samples of all genders and age classes collected during necropsies (1995-2013) from seals of the Eastern Mediterranean subpopulation were analyzed for organochlorine compounds (OCs), i.e., hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Overall, PCBs > DDTs â« PAHs > HCB in all samples. Results showed a significant downward trend over the 19-year period for DDTs and HCB. No marked pattern was found for PAHs, even though relative abundance of cancerogenic PAH fraction rose in recent years. PCB levels in subadult specimens increased noticeably over time despite worldwide ban. Our findings did not suggest recent releases of DDT or new pesticides (e.g., Dicofol) in the environment, but may indicate an improper disposal of ancient storages of PCBs or a remobilization from reservoirs. OC levels exceeded thresholds that are commonly associated with immunosuppression and reproductive impairment in other pinnipeds. Hence, OCs could be responsible of potential toxicological effects in this subpopulation. This study represents the first report on PAH and one of the few reports on OC bioaccumulation in Mediterranean monk seals. Based on the levels found in the blubber of monk seals from the Eastern Mediterranean, and given the known harmful effects associated to the prolonged exposure to these substances and the reduced long-term expectations of species recovery, regular monitoring is advocated.
Asunto(s)
Hidrocarburos Clorados , Bifenilos Policlorados , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Phocidae , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Mar Mediterráneo , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , DDT/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) constitute a large group of individual congeners originating from commercial chlorinated paraffin (CP) products with carbon chain lengths of PCAs-C10-13, PCAs-C14-17, and PCAs-C18-32, occasionally containing PCAs-C6-9 impurities. The extensive use of CPs has led to global environmental pollution of PCAs. This study aimed to quantify PCAs in paired serum and breast milk of lactating Swedish mothers, exploring their concentration relationship. METHODS: Twenty-five paired samples of mothers' blood serum and breast milk were analysed and concentrations were determined for PCAs C6-32 and compared to 4,4'-DDE, the PCB congener 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). RESULTS: The median concentrations of PCAs-C6-9, PCAs-C10-13, PCAs-C14-17, PCAs-C18-32 and ΣPCAs in serum were 14, 790, 520, 16 and 1350 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively, and in breast milk 0.84, 36, 63, 6.0 and 107 ng/g lw. Levels of 4,4'-DDE, CB-153 and HCB were comparable in the two matrices, serum and breast milk at 17, 12 and 4.9 ng/g lw. The results show significant differences of PCAs-C10-13 and PCAs-C14-17 in breast milk with 22- and 6.2-times lower lw-based concentrations than those measured in serum. On wet weight the differences serum/breast milk ratios of PCAs-C6-9, PCAs-C10-13, PCAs-C14-17, PCAs-C18-32 and ΣPCAs were 1.7, 3.2, 1.0, 0.4 and 1.6, respectively, while the ratio for 4,4'-DDE, CB-153 and HCB were each close to 0.1. CONCLUSION: Swedish lactating mothers had high serum concentrations of PCAs-C10-13 and PCAs-C14-17, with the ΣPCAs median serum concentration of 1350 ng/g lw. The breast milk concentration, although considerably lower at 107 ng/g lw, still surpassed those of 4,4'-DDE, CB-153 and HCB, suggesting an exposure risk of infants to PCAs. The variation in blood and breast milk accumulation between PCAs and studied legacy POPs, is rarely discussed but warrants further studies on partitioning properties as well as associated toxicological implications.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Bifenilos Policlorados , Femenino , Lactante , Humanos , Leche Humana/química , Lactancia , Hexaclorobenceno , Suero/química , Suecia , Estudios de Cohortes , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisisRESUMEN
(1) Background: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a persistent organic pollutant that is possibly carcinogenic to humans. It is still found in the environment, humans and animals, and in foods, including milk and dairy products; (2) Methods: The influence of the probiotic cultures Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP on the possibility of effecting the biodegradation of HCB in dairy products fermented from mare milk was investigated, taking into account the product storage time (maximum 21 days). HCB content was determined using the GC/MS method; (3) Results: A strong negative Pearson correlation (p < 0.05) was found between HCB concentration and the refrigeration storage time of the fermented beverages. The highest HCB reduction was observed in milk fermented with both Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LCR and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP (78.77%), while the lowest was noted when only Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum LP was used (73.79%); (4) Conclusions: This pilot study confirmed that probiotics commonly used to give products health-promoting properties can also contribute to reducing the content of undesirable substances, and the bacterial cultures used might provide an alternative method for reducing HCB residues in fermented drinks.
Asunto(s)
Productos Lácteos Cultivados , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Lactobacillus , Probióticos , Humanos , Caballos , Animales , Femenino , Productos Lácteos Cultivados/análisis , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Proyectos Piloto , Fermentación , Probióticos/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), they have contributed to the exposure of women to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These compounds can cross the placental barrier and interfere with the hormonal system of newborns. AIM: To determine concentrations of OCPs and PCBs and their xenoestrogenic activity in placentas of women from the PA-MAMI cohort of Panama. METHODS: Thirty-nine placenta samples from women in the Azuero peninsula (Panama) were analyzed. Five OCPs [p-p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p-p'-DDE), beta-hexachlorohexane (ß-HCH), γ-hexachlorohexane (lindane), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex] and three PCB congeners (PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180) were quantified in placenta extracts. The xenoestrogenic activity of extracts was assessed with the E-Screen bioassay to estimate the total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB). RESULTS: All placental samples were positive for at least three POP residues and >70% for at least six. The frequencies of quantified OCPs ranged from 100% for p,p'-DDE and HCB to 30.8% for ß-HCH. The highest median concentration was for lindane (380.0 pg/g placenta), followed by p,p'-DDE (280.0 pg/g placenta), and HCB (90.0 pg/g placenta). Exposure to p,p'-DDE was associated with greater meat consumption, suggesting that animal fat is a major source of exposure to DDT metabolites. The frequency of detected PCBs ranged between 70 and 90%; the highest median concentration was for PCB 138 (17.0 pg/g placenta), followed by PCB 153 (16.0 pg/g placenta). All placentas were positive in the estrogenicity bioassay with a median TEXB-α of 0.91 pM Eeq/g of placenta. Exposure to lindane was positively associated with the xenoestrogenicity of TEXB- α, whereas this association was negative in the case of exposure to PCB 153. CONCLUSIONS: To our best knowledge, this study contributes the first evidence on the presence of POPs and xenoestrogenic burden in placentas from Latin-American women. Given concerns about the consequences of prenatal exposure to these compounds on children's health, preventive measures are highly recommended to eliminate or minimize the risk of OCP exposure during pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Plaguicidas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Recién Nacido , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Hexaclorociclohexano/análisis , Hexaclorociclohexano/metabolismo , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , DDT/análisis , Placenta/química , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Relaciones Madre-HijoRESUMEN
From 2005 to 2019, three gadoid species, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and saithe (Pollachius virens), were sampled approximately every third year in the northeastern part of the North Sea. Liver samples were analyzed to investigate levels and temporal trends of six groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-nonachlor (TNC), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Some of the highest average concentrations were found in cod, the levels otherwise being similar between the three species and mostly below established threshold values. The levels of all the contaminants except HCB and TNC were higher than previously reported for cod and haddock in the Barents Sea. Significantly decreasing levels were found for Σ7PCBs, ΣDDTs, ΣHCHs and Σ15PBDEs in all three species, and for TNC in haddock and saithe, while there was no significant trend for TNC in cod. HCB levels increased significantly in cod and haddock and showed only a minor decrease in saithe. The observed time trends of legacy POPs demonstrate the persistence of some of the studied pollutants despite efforts to eliminate them from the marine environment.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Gadiformes , Gadus morhua , Bifenilos Policlorados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenceno/metabolismo , Mar del Norte , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Gadiformes/metabolismo , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Gadus morhua/metabolismo , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/metabolismoRESUMEN
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare malignancy representing 15-20% of all leukemia diagnoses among children. Maternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants is suggestive of increased risk for childhood AML based on existing evidence. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between persistent organic pollutants and childhood AML using newborn dried bloodspots (DBS) from the Michigan BioTrust for Health. We obtained data on AML cases diagnosed prior to 15 years of age (n = 130) and controls (n = 130) matched to cases on week of birth from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. We quantified levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether congener 47 (BDE-47) in newborn DBS. We also evaluated other organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyl congener 153, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, though these were not further evaluated as >60% of observations were above the limit of detection for these chemicals. To evaluate the association between each chemical and AML, we used multivariable conditional logistic regression. In our multivariable model of HCB adjusted for month of birth, maternal age at delivery, and area poverty, we observed no association with AML (Odds Ratio [OR] per interquartile range increase: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.69). For p,p'-DDE, ORs were significantly lower for those exposed to the highest tertile of p,'p-DDE (≥0.29 pg/mL, OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.95) compared to the first tertile (<0.09 pg/mL). We observed no statistically significant associations between HCB and BDE-47 and AML. We observed a reduced odds of exposure to p,'p-DDE and an increased, though imprecise, odds of exposure to HCB among AML cases compared to controls. Future studies would benefit from a larger sample of AML patients and pooling newborn DBS across multiple states to allow for additional variability in exposures and evaluation of AML subtypes, which may have differing etiology.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados , Hidrocarburos Clorados , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Bifenilos Policlorados , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Humanos , Niño , Preescolar , Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno , Hexaclorobenceno , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/inducido químicamente , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A human biomonitoring study was conducted in the community of Old Crow, Yukon, in 2019, finding that levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in plasma were elevated in the community relative to the general Canadian population. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary intake of both hexachlorobenzene, and the nutrient omega-3 fatty acids from locally harvested traditional foods in Old Crow, with the aim of identifying possible regional sources of exposure. A stochastic model was constructed to estimate intake of both hexachlorobenzene and the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Average predicted hexachlorobenzene exposure levels from traditional food consumption in Old Crow were below the tolerable daily intake of 1600-1700 ng/kg body weight/day in both average (18 ng/kg body weight/day) and short-term maximum (27 ng/kg body weight/day) exposure models. The primary contributors to average hexachlorobenzene intake were caribou fat, bone marrow, ribs, and kidneys, and Chinook salmon muscle. Average estimated dietary EPA + DHA intake levels from traditional foods were below the recommendation of 2.1 to 3.2 g of EPA + DHA per week in the average (1.6 g/week) exposure model, but above this recommendation in the short-term maximum model (3.3 g/week). The primary contributors to average EPA + DHA intake were the meat of Chinook, coho, and, chum salmon muscle, and whitefish muscle and eggs. The results of this study support the message that traditional foods continue to be an important source of nutrients and other health benefits and that the health benefits of traditional foods generally outweigh contaminant risks.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Hexaclorobenceno , Humanos , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , El Yukón , Canadá , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was exposed through the diet to a mixture of non-ionic organic chemicals for 28 d, followed by a depuration phase, in accordance with OECD method 305. The mixture included hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-52), 2,2',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153), decachlorobiphenyl (PCB-209), decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), perchloro-p-terphenyl (p-TCP), perchloro-m-terphenyl (m-TCP), and perchloro-p-quaterphenyl (p-QTCP), the latter six of which are considered highly hydrophobic based on n-octanol/water partition coefficients (KOW) greater than 108. All chemicals had first-order uptake and elimination kinetics except p-QTCP, whose kinetics could not be verified due to limitations of analytical detection in the elimination phase. For HCB and PCBs, the growth-corrected elimination rates (k2g), assimilation efficiencies (α), and biomagnification factors (BMFL) corrected for lipid content compared well with literature values. For the highly hydrophobic chemicals, elimination rates were faster than the rates for HCB and PCBs, and α's and BMFLs were much lower than those of HCB and PCBs, i.e., ranging from 0.019 to 2.8%, and from 0.000051 to 0.023 (g-lipid/g-lipid), respectively. As a result, the highly hydrophobic organic chemicals were found be much less bioavailable and bioaccumulative than HCB and PCBs. Based on the current laboratory dietary exposures, none of the highly hydrophobic substances would be expected to biomagnify, but Trophic Magnification Factors (TMFs) > 1 have been reported from field studies for TBPH and DBDPE. Additional research is needed to understand and reconcile the apparent inconsistencies in these two lines of evidence for bioaccumulation assessment.
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Oncorhynchus mykiss , Bifenilos Policlorados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Hexaclorobenceno , Compuestos Orgánicos/química , Dieta , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , LípidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may disrupt normal fetal and postnatal growth. Studies have mainly focused on individual aspects of growth at specific time points using single chemical exposure models. However, humans are exposed to multiple EDCs simultaneously, and growth is a dynamic process. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between prenatal exposure to EDCs and children's body mass index (BMI) growth trajectories using single exposure and mixture modeling approaches. METHODS: Using data from the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Spanish birth cohort (n=1,911), prenatal exposure to persistent chemicals [hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 4-4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-138, -150, and -180), 4 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)] and nonpersistent chemicals (8 phthalate metabolites, 7 phenols) was assessed using blood and spot urine concentrations. BMI growth trajectories were calculated from birth to 9 years of age using latent class growth analysis. Multinomial regression was used to assess associations for single exposures, and Bayesian weighted quantile sum (BWQS) regression was used to evaluate the EDC mixture's association with child growth trajectories. RESULTS: In single exposure models exposure to HCB, DDE, PCBs, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were associated with increased risk of belonging to a trajectory of lower birth size followed by accelerated BMI gain by 19%-32%, compared with a trajectory of average birth size and subsequent slower BMI gain [e.g., relative risk ratio (RRR) per doubling in DDE concentration=1.19 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.35); RRR for PFNA=1.32 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.66)]. HCB and DDE exposure were also associated with higher probability of belonging to a trajectory of higher birth size and accelerated BMI gain. Results from the BWQS regression showed the mixture was positively associated with increased odds of belonging to a BMI trajectory of lower birth size and accelerated BMI gain (odds ratio per 1-quantile increase of the mixture=1.70; credible interval: 1.03, 2.61), with HCB, DDE, and PCBs contributing the most. DISCUSSION: This study provides evidence that prenatal EDC exposure, particularly persistent EDCs, may lead to BMI trajectories in childhood characterized by accelerated BMI gain. Given that accelerated growth is linked to a higher disease risk in later life, continued research is important. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11103.
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Disruptores Endocrinos , Contaminantes Ambientales , Bifenilos Policlorados , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Cohortes , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/epidemiología , Hexaclorobenceno , Teorema de BayesRESUMEN
Kogia sima and Kogia breviceps are apex predators of mesopelagic trophic webs being far from most anthropogenic threats. However, chemical pollutants and naturally synthesized compounds may travel long distances. This study aimed to use kogiid whales as sentinels of mesopelagic trophic webs in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, mirex, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB), and the naturally produced methoxylated BDE (MeO-BDEs) were determined in the blubber of 16 K. sima and 15 K. breviceps. Among the organochlorine compounds, DDTs were the main group found in K. sima and in K. breviceps (1636.6 and 3983.3 ng g-1 lw, respective medians), followed by PCBs (425.9 and 956.1 ng g-1 lw, respectively), mirex (184.1 and 375.6 ng g-1 lw, respectively), and HCB (132.4 and 340.3 ng g-1 lw, respectively). As for the organobromine, the natural MeO-BDEs were predominant (1676.7 and 501.6 ng g-1 lw, respectively), followed by PBDEs (13.6 and 10.3 ng g-1 lw, respectively) and PBEB (2.2 and 2.9 ng g-1 lw, respectively). In general, POPs concentration was higher in K. breviceps than in K. sima. Conversely, MeO-BDEs concentration was higher in K. sima than in K. breviceps. Differences in concentrations in these sympatric odontocetes were attributed to distinct species, sampling sites, and biological parameters and suggest some level of niche segregation. It is noteworthy the long-range reach and bioaccumulation of these synthetic compounds in an unexplored habitat, that present an increasing economic interest.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Bifenilos Policlorados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Ballenas/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenceno/metabolismo , Mírex , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/análisis , Bioacumulación , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Océano Atlántico , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychloronated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in 25 woman adipose tissues collected in 2016 from Grand Tunis, Tunisia. p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, HCB and ß-HCH were the dominant organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in decreasing order in all samples. The total OCP levels varied from 79 to 343 ng g-1 lipid with a median value of 189 ng g-1 lipid and DDTs contributed approximately 88% to sum OCP. The ratio of p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE across all samples is below one, which suggests mainly historic exposure but may indicate some recent exposure to the banned pesticide. The median concentration of PCBs was 109 ng g-1 lipid and ranged between 27 and 204 ng g-1 lipid. PCB-153, PCB-180, PCB-138 and PCB-170 were the most abundant congeners, which contributed about 78% of the total PCBs. Spearman analysis showed that dominant organochlorine compounds (OCs) are highly positive correlated except for PCB-28/31, indicating that women from Tunis are exposed via similar routes. Inhalation exposure could be a possible pathway for the uptake of the less chlorinated congeners. We found positive and statistically significant association with subjects age for HCB (r = 0.517; p = 0.009) and PCBs (r = 0.65; p = 0.001) levels and a weak age-dependent accumulation was found for HCHs (r = 0.375; p = 0.065) and DDTs (r = 0.388; p = 0.056). The concentrations of OC subgroups were not associated with BMI, parity and residence. No association was observed between fish, red/white meat, milk and dairy products consumption and levels of HCB, HCHs and PCBs. DDTs levels were significantly correlated only with milk (p = 0.048) and milk products (p = 0.047) intake.
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Hidrocarburos Clorados , Plaguicidas , Bifenilos Policlorados , Embarazo , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , DDT/análisis , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análisis , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Plaguicidas/análisis , Conducta Alimentaria , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Demografía , Lípidos , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Climate-related changes in environmental conditions, such as reduction of sea ice, intensive glacier retreat, and increasing summer precipitation, directly influence the arctic marine environment and, therefore, the organisms living there. Benthic organisms, being an important food source for organisms from higher trophic levels, constitute an important part of the Arctic trophic network. Moreover, the long lifespan and limited mobility of some benthic species make them suitable for the study of the spatial and temporal variability of contaminants. In this study, organochlorine pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) were measured in benthic organisms collected in three fjords of western Spitsbergen. Two of these were recommended by the Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (MARBEF) Network of Excellence as European flagship sites, namely Hornsund as the Biodiversity Inventory and Kongsfjorden as the Long-Term Biodiversity Observatory. Adventfjorden, with notable human activity, was also studied. Æ©7 PCB and HCB concentrations in sediments were up to 2.4 and 0.18 ng/g d.w. respectively. Concentrations of Æ©7 PCBs and HCB measured in collected benthic organisms were up to 9.1 and 13 ng/g w.w., respectively. In several samples (41 of 169) the concentrations of ∑7 PCBs were below the detection limit values, yet nevertheless the results of the research show effective accumulation of target organochlorine contaminants by many Arctic benthic organisms. Important interspecies differences were observed. Free-living, mobile taxa, such as shrimp Eualus gaimardii, have accumulated a large quantity of contaminants, most probably due to their predatory lifestyle. ∑7 PCB and HCB concentrations were both significantly higher in Hornsund than in Kongsfjorden. Biomagnification occurred in 0 to 100 % of the predator-prey pairs, depending on the congener analyzed. Although the sampled organisms were proved to have accumulated organochlorine contaminants, the measured levels can be considered low, and not posing a substantial threat to the biota.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Bifenilos Policlorados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Humanos , Bifenilos Policlorados/análisis , Hexaclorobenceno/análisis , Ecosistema , Svalbard , Estuarios , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported that prenatal exposure to some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is associated with higher adiposity in childhood. Few studies have assessed whether this finding persists into adolescence, and few have considered exposure to POPs as a mixture. This study aims to assess the association between prenatal exposure to multiple POPs and adiposity markers and blood pressure in preadolescents. METHODS: This study included 1667 mother-child pairs enrolled in the PELAGIE (France) and the INMA (Spain) mother-child cohorts. Three polychlorobiphenyls (PCB 138, 153 and 180, treated as a sum of PCBs) and three organochlorine pesticides (p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p'-DDE], ß-hexachlorocyclohexane [ß-HCH], and hexachlorobenzene [HCB]) were assessed in maternal or cord serum. Body mass index z-score (zBMI), abdominal obesity (waist-to-height ratio > 0.5), percentage of fat mass, and blood pressure (mmHg) were measured at around 12 years of age. Single-exposure associations were studied using linear or logistic regressions, and the POP mixture effect was evaluated using quantile G-computation (qgComp) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). All models were adjusted for potential confounders and performed for boys and girls together and separately. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure to the POP mixture was associated with higher zBMI (beta [95 % CI] of the qgComp = 0.15 [0.07; 0.24]) and percentage of fat mass (0.83 [0.31; 1.35]), with no evidence of sex-specific association. These mixture effects were also statistically significant using BKMR. These associations were driven mainly by exposure to HCB and, to a lesser extent, to ß-HCH. In addition, the single-exposure models showed an association between ß-HCH and p,p'-DDE and higher systolic blood pressure, especially in girls (p,p'-DDE for girls = 1.00 [0.15; 1.86]). No significant associations were found for PCBs. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that prenatal exposure to POPs, particularly organochlorine pesticides, remains associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic health up to the age of 12.