RESUMEN
Here, the protective effect of antioxidant Idebenone (IDB) on renovascular hypertension was studied. The two-kidney one-clip (2K-1C) model of renal hypertension was established. The rats were divided into 3 groups: sham-operation group, 2K-1C renal hypertensive rats' model group and model treated with IDB group. The mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) of rats was measured and pathological condition of kidney was observed by H&E staining. The change of renal damage biomarkers (Cre, BUN, urine proteins), inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α), oxidative stress ratio and key factors (MDA, SOD and CAT) were assessed by kits. The apoptosis key proteins (BAD, BAX, Caspase9, GSK-3ß) were detected via Western blot. The 2K-1C model of renal hypertension was established. IDB reduced the MBP, Cre, BUN, urine proteins and improved the pathological condition of 2K-1C kidney. IDB restrained the inflammation factors (IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α) and oxidative stress in kidney of renal hypertensive rats' model. Besides, IDB suppressed the expression of apoptosis key factors (BAD, BAX, Caspase9, GSK-3ß) in kidney of renal hypertensive rats' model. IDB protects the kidneys of rats with renovascular arterial hypertension by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These findings might provide medication guidance for IDB in renovascular arterial hypertension.
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Apoptosis , Hipertensión Renovascular , Riñón , Estrés Oxidativo , Ubiquinona , Animales , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/patología , Riñón/metabolismo , Masculino , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Ubiquinona/farmacología , Ubiquinona/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Fenofibrate, a PPAR-α agonist clinically used to lower serum lipid levels, reduces cardiac remodeling and improves cardiac function. However, its mechanism of action is not completely elucidated. In this study we examined the effect of fenofibrate on mitochondria in a rat model of renovascular hypertension, focusing on mediators controlling mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. Rats with two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertension were treated with fenofibrate 150 mg/kg/day (2K1C-FFB) or vehicle (2K1C-VEH) for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure and cardiac functional were in-vivo assessed, while cardiomyocyte size and protein expression of mediators of cardiac hypertrophy and mitochondrial dynamics were ex-vivo examined by histological and Western blot analyses. Fenofibrate treatment counteracted the development of hypertension and the increase of left ventricular mass, relative wall thickness and cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, fenofibrate re-balanced the expression Mfn2, Drp1 and Parkin, regulators of fusion, fission, mitophagy respectively. Regarding autophagy, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was increased in 2K1C-VEH and 2K1C-FFB, whereas the autophagy was increased only in 2K1C-FFB. In cultured H9C2 cardiomyoblasts, fenofibrate reversed the Ang II-induced mRNA up-regulation of hypertrophy markers Nppa and Myh7, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane exerting protection mediated by up-regulation of the Uncoupling protein 2. Our results indicate that fenofibrate acts directly on cardiomyocytes and counteracts the pressure overload-induced cardiac maladaptive remodeling. This study reveals a so far hidden mechanism involving mitochondrial dynamics in the beneficial effects of fenofibrate, support its repurposing for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and provide new potential targets for its pharmacological function.
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Cardiomegalia , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fenofibrato , Dinámicas Mitocondriales , Miocitos Cardíacos , Remodelación Ventricular , Animales , Fenofibrato/farmacología , Fenofibrato/uso terapéutico , Dinámicas Mitocondriales/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Cardiomegalia/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomegalia/metabolismo , Cardiomegalia/patología , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Remodelación Ventricular/efectos de los fármacos , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/patología , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Ratas Wistar , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
AIMS: Our aim was to evaluate whether the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor, 4-carboxyphenyl-isothiocyanate (4-CPI), exerts cardioprotective effect in the two kidney- one clip (2K-1C) rats through oxidative stress and MMP-2 activity attenuation and compare it with the classical H2S donor, Sodium Hydrosulfide (NaHS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Renovascular hypertension (two kidneys-one clip; 2K-1C) was surgically induced in male Wistar rats. After two weeks, normotensive (2K) and hypertensive rats were intraperitoneally treated with vehicle (0.6 % dimethyl sulfoxide), NaHS (0.24 mg/Kg/day) or with 4-CPI (0.24 mg/Kg/day), for more 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was evaluated weekly by tail-cuff plethysmography. Heart function was assessed by using the Millar catheter. Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, and Picrosirius Red staining, respectively. The H2S was analyzed using WSP-1 fluorimetry and the cardiac oxidative stress was measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence and Amplex Red. MMP-2 activity was measured by in-gel gelatin or in situ zymography assays. Nox1, gp91phox, MMP-2 and the phospho-p65 subunit (Serine 279) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels were evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS: 4-CPI reduced blood pressure in hypertensive rats, decreased cardiac remodeling and promoted cardioprotection through the enhancement of cardiac H2S levels. An attenuation of oxidative stress, with inactivation of the p65-NF-κB/MMP-2 axis was similarly observed after NaHS or 4-CPI treatment in 2K-1C hypertension. SIGNIFICANCE: H2S is a mediator that promotes cardioprotective effects and decreases blood pressure, and 4-CPI seems to be a good candidate to reverse the maladaptive remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in renovascular hypertension.
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Presión Sanguínea , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz , FN-kappa B , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Sulfuros/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Renovascular hypertension (RVHT) is characterized by renal artery stenosis and overactivated renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Apelin, known for its negative modulation of RAS, has protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. The role and mechanisms of the primary active form of apelin, apelin-13, in RVHT are unclear. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model, and 2K1C with apelin-13 treatment groups. Renin expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and molecular techniques. Full-length (pro)renin receptor (fPRR) and soluble PRR (sPRR) levels were assessed via Western blotting, and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA. Plasma renin content, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (ANG II), and sPRR levels were determined by ELISA. Human Calu-6 and mouse As4.1 cells were used to investigate renin production mechanisms. The 2K1C model exhibited increased systolic blood pressure, plasma renin content, PRA, sPRR, and ANG II levels, while apelin-13 treatment reduced these elevations. Apelin-13 inhibited cAMP production, renin mRNA expression, protein synthesis, and PRR/sPRR protein expression in renal tissue. In Calu-6 cells, cAMP-induced fPRR and site-1 protease (S1P)-derived sPRR expression, which was blocked by cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) inhibition. Apelin-13 suppressed cAMP elevation, CREB phosphorylation, fPRR/sPRR protein expression, and renin production. Recombinant sPRR (sPRR-His) stimulated renin production, which was inhibited by the PRR decoy peptide PRO20 and S1P inhibitor PF429242. These findings suggest that apelin-13 inhibits plasma renin expression through the cAMP/PKA/sPRR pathway, providing a potential therapeutic approach for RVHT. Understanding the regulation of renin production is crucial for developing effective treatments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our research elucidated that apelin-13 inhibits renin production through the cAMP/PKA/soluble (pro)renin receptor pathway, presenting a promising therapeutic approach for renovascular hypertension (RVHT) by targeting renin expression mechanisms. These findings underscore the potential of apelin-13 as a novel strategy to address RVHT.
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Hipertensión Renovascular , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Renina , Animales , Renina/metabolismo , Renina/genética , Masculino , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Ratas , Humanos , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/genética , Ratones , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Receptor de Prorenina , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal , Línea Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Declined kidney function associated with hypertension is a danger for cognitive deficits, dementia, and brain injury. Cognitive decline and vascular dementia (VaD) are serious public health concerns, which highlights the urgent need for study on the risk factors for cognitive decline. Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT1) receptors are concerned with regulating cognition, motivation, inflammatory processes, and neurogenesis. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to examine the consequence of montelukast (specific CysLT1 antagonist) in renovascular hypertension 2-kidney-1-clip-2K1C model-triggered VaD in experimental animals. METHODS: 2K1C tactics were made to prompt renovascular hypertension in mature male rats. Morris water maze was employed to measure cognition. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum nitrite levels, aortic superoxide content, vascular endothelial activity, brain's oxidative stress (diminished glutathione, raised lipid peroxides), inflammatory markers (IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α), cholinergic activity (raised acetylcholinesterase), and cerebral injury (staining of 2, 3, 5- triphenylterazolium chloride) were also examined. RESULTS: Montelukast in doses of 5.0 and 10.0 mg kg-1 was used intraperitoneally as the treatment drug. Along with cognitive deficits, 2K1C-operated rats showed elevated MAP, endothelial dysfunction, brain oxidative stress, inflammation, and cerebral damage with diminished serum nitrite/nitrate. Montelukast therapy significantly and dose-dependently mitigated the 2K1Chypertension- provoked impaired behaviors, biochemistry, endothelial functions, and cerebral infarction. CONCLUSION: The 2K1C tactic caused renovascular hypertension and associated VaD, which was mitigated via targeted regulation of CysLT1 receptors by montelukast administration. Therefore, montelukast may be taken into consideration for the evaluation of its complete potential in renovascular-hypertension-induced VaD.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos , Ciclopropanos , Demencia Vascular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Endotelio Vascular , Hipertensión Renovascular , Antagonistas de Leucotrieno , Estrés Oxidativo , Quinolinas , Receptores de Leucotrienos , Sulfuros , Animales , Acetatos/farmacología , Quinolinas/farmacología , Masculino , Demencia Vascular/fisiopatología , Demencia Vascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Demencia Vascular/metabolismo , Demencia Vascular/psicología , Antagonistas de Leucotrieno/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Receptores de Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Ratas , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Almost a hundred years have passed since obstruction of the renal artery has been recognized to raise blood pressure. By now chronic renovascular disease (RVD) due to renal artery stenosis is recognized as a major source of renovascular hypertension and renal disease. In some patients, RVD unaccompanied by noteworthy renal dysfunction or blood pressure elevation may be incidentally identified during peripheral angiography. Nevertheless, in others, RVD might present as a progressive disease associated with diffuse atherosclerosis, leading to loss of renal function, renovascular hypertension, hemodynamic compromise, and a magnified risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerotic RVD leads to renal atrophy, inflammation, and hypoxia but represents a potentially treatable cause of chronic renal failure because until severe fibrosis sets in the ischemic kidney, it retains a robust potential for vascular and tubular regeneration. This remarkable recovery capacity of the kidney begs for early diagnosis and treatment. However, accumulating evidence from both animal studies and randomized clinical trials has convincingly established the inadequate efficacy of renal artery revascularization to fully restore renal function or blood pressure control and has illuminated the potential of therapies targeted to the ischemic renal parenchyma to instigate renal regeneration. Some of the injurious mechanisms identified as potential therapeutic targets included oxidative stress, microvascular disease, inflammation, mitochondrial injury, and cellular senescence. This review recapitulates the intrinsic mechanisms that orchestrate renal damage and recovery in RVD and can be harnessed to introduce remedial opportunities.
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Aterosclerosis , Hipertensión Renovascular , Obstrucción de la Arteria Renal , Animales , Humanos , Hipertensión Renovascular/diagnóstico , Hipertensión Renovascular/etiología , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Riñón , Pruebas de Función Renal , Enfermedad Crónica , InflamaciónRESUMEN
Asperglaucide (ASP) is an aurantiamide, an effective constituent of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), a safe to eat greenery. Effects of ASP on endothelial function, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, vascular fluidity, renal and vascular reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production was examined in the two-kidney one-clip (2 K-1C) rat model of renovascular arterial hypertension. ASP toxicity, dose dependent eNOS gene expression and protein levels were also analyzed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The 2 K-1C model of hypertension was created via surgery and mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured by tail-cuff method during four weeks of ASP treatment. Erythrocyte deformability was monitored by rotational ektacytometry, while vascular constrictor and dilator responses were determined in organ baths. eNOS gene expression and protein levels were assessed in thoracic aorta and HUVEC. MBP was significantly decreased in hypertensive rats treated with ASP. Endothelium dependent vascular dilator and constrictor responses were also considerably improved following ASP treatment. There was a notable increase in red blood cell deformability in hypertensive rats treated with ASP as compared to hypertensive rats alone. A significant increase was observed in eNOS gene expression and protein levels in both normotensive and hypertensive rats treated with ASP. Treatment of HUVEC with 3 µM ASP notably increased eNOS mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, ASP lowered blood pressure, improved endothelium-mediated relaxation, decreased renovascular ROS/RNS production in hypertensive rats. ASP also increased eNOS protein expression in aorta and HUVEC at nontoxic doses. ASP may have future potential as an anti-hypertensive agent.
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Hipertensión Renovascular , Hipertensión , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
The crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin system and Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gained significant interest due to their involvement in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a crucial role in developing cardiac remodelling by inducing energy imbalance, inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)-induced fibrosis. Ang II directly or through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation impairs AMPK signalling with well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the role of bempedoic acid, a novel antihyperlipidemic drug, in attenuating hypertension-induced cardiac remodelling in rats by modulating Ang II-induced damage and activating the AMPK signalling pathway. METHOD: Sixty adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into the Sham control group, Hypertensive group, Captopril group (30 mg/kg), and Bempedoic acid group (30 mg/kg). Hypertension was induced by left renal artery ligation in all groups except the Sham control group. Treatment with captopril and bempedoic acid started 14 days post-surgy and lasted two weeks. Finally, Hemodynamic measurements and electrocardiographic examination were done followed by heart tissue samples collection for biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations. KEY FINDINGS: Bempedoic acid preserved the cardiac function and electrocardiogram patterns. It inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress, exhibited antioxidant activity, and increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Bempedoic acid interfered with ERK signalling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB and TGF-ß, exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings indicate the cardioprotective and antihypertrophic activity of bempedoic acid, which are suggested to result from energy-independent AMPK downstream signalling activation.
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Hipertensión Renovascular , Hipertensión , Ratas , Animales , Masculino , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Captopril , Remodelación Ventricular , Hipertensión/inducido químicamente , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Sodium alginate (SALG) is a substance derived from brown seaweed that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). However, its effects on renovascular hypertension caused by 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) are not yet clear. Previous research suggests that hypertensive rats have increased intestinal permeability, and that SALG improves the gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease mouse models. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether the antihypertensive effects of SALG involve the intestinal barrier in 2K1C rats. Rats were fed either a 1.0% SALG diet or a control diet for six weeks after being subjected to 2K1C surgery or a sham operation. The systolic BP was measured weekly, and the mean arterial BP was measured at the end of the study. Intestinal samples were taken for analysis, and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were measured. The results showed that BP in 2K1C rats was significantly higher than in SHAM rats when fed CTL, but not when fed SALG. The gut barrier in 2K1C rats was improved by SALG intake. Plasma LPS levels also differed depending on the animal model and diet. In conclusion, dietary SALG may alleviate 2K1C renovascular hypertension by altering the gut barrier.
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Hipertensión Renovascular , Ratones , Ratas , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/etiología , Alginatos/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Riñón , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos/efectos adversosRESUMEN
AIMS: Reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced endogenously and may participate in intra- and extracellular signaling, including modulation of angiotensin II responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic subcutaneous (sc) administration of the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATZ) on arterial pressure, autonomic modulation of arterial pressure, hypothalamic expression of AT1 receptors and neuroinflammatory markers and fluid balance in 2-kidney, 1clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Holtzman rats with a clip occluding partially the left renal artery and chronic sc injections of ATZ were used. KEY FINDINGS: Subcutaneous injections of ATZ (600 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 9 days in 2K1C rats reduced arterial pressure (137 ± 8, vs. saline: 182 ± 8 mmHg). ATZ also reduced the sympathetic modulation and enhanced the parasympathetic modulation of pulse interval, reducing the sympatho-vagal balance. Additionally, ATZ reduced mRNA expression for interleukins 6 and IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, AT1 receptor (0.77 ± 0.06, vs. saline: 1.47 ± 0.26 fold change), NOX 2 (0.85 ± 0.13, vs. saline: 1.75 ± 0.15 fold change) and the marker of microglial activation, CD 11 (0.47 ± 0.07, vs. saline, 1.34 ± 0.15 fold change) in the hypothalamus of 2K1C rats. Daily water and food intake and renal excretion were only slightly modified by ATZ. SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest that the increase of endogenous H2O2 availability with chronic treatment with ATZ had an anti-hypertensive effect in 2K1C hypertensive rats. This effect depends on decreased activity of sympathetic pressor mechanisms and mRNA expression of AT1 receptors and neuroinflammatory markers possibly due to reduced angiotensin II action.
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Hipertensión Renovascular , Hipertensión , Enfermedades Renales , Ratas , Masculino , Animales , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Angiotensina II/farmacología , Catalasa , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , ARN Mensajero , Presión SanguíneaRESUMEN
Garcinia dulcis (GD) extract has been found to have anti-hypertensive properties in animal studies. GD can also alter the colonic microbiota of rats. However, the effects of GD on changes in the gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles of normotensive and hypertensive rats are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles of 2-kidneys-1 clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats after feeding with GD flower extract. Rats were randomly divided into the following 4 groups: sham operation (SO) receiving corn oil (CO) (SO + CO), SO receiving GD (SO + GD), 2K1C receiving corn oil (2K1C + CO) and 2K1C receiving GD (2K1C + GD). Body weight (BW) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured weekly throughout the study. Gut microbiota and fecal metabolites were measured from fresh fecal contents. Alpha diversity results demonstrated a similar microbial richness and diversity between groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) suggested that GD treatment affected gut microbial community structure in both hypertensive and normotensive rats. Feeding rats with GD caused metabolic alterations that rendered 2K1C + GD rats similar to SO + CO and SO + GD rats. Findings suggest that the impact of GD on gut microbiota and metabolite profiles may be related to its anti-hypertensive properties.
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Garcinia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hipertensión Renovascular , Hipertensión , Ratas , Animales , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Aceite de Maíz/farmacología , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Presión Sanguínea , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Recently, the effect of an aqueous extract of asafetida on acute angiotensin II hypertensive rats was evaluated. The present study evaluated the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of asafetida on a rat model of renovascular hypertension (RVH) using four groups. RVH was induced by clipping the renal artery; the sham group underwent surgery but without clipping. The RVH rats received losartan (Los, an AT1 receptor antagonist) or asafetida by gavage for 4 weeks. On the 28th day, the femoral artery was cannulated, and the systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Finally, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol content in the kidney and heart tissues were measured. In RVH rats, SBP and MAP significantly increased compared with the control. Los and the extract significantly reduced the changes in SBP, MAP, and HR that were induced in the RVH rats (P <0.05-0.001). In RVH rats, levels of MDA significantly increased and the content of total thiol and SOD decreased in both the heart and kidney tissues. Los plus the extract significantly decreased MDA and increased total thiol and SOD in the heart and kidney tissues. We concluded that an aqueous extract of asafetida gum has antihypertensive and antioxidant effects in the RVH rat model. The effect of the extract is similar to that of Los, which suggests that this effect of asafetida is mediated via an effect on the angiotensin Type I receptor.
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Antihipertensivos , Antioxidantes , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipertensión Renovascular , Riñón , Losartán , Extractos Vegetales , Superóxido Dismutasa , Animales , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Masculino , Losartán/farmacología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Miocardio/metabolismo , Presión Arterial/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BmooMPα-I has kininogenase activity, cleaving kininogen releasing bradykinin and can hydrolyze angiotensin I at post-proline and aspartic acid positions, generating an inactive peptide. We evaluated the antihypertensive activity of BmooMPα-I in a model of two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C). Wistar rats were divided into groups: Sham, who underwent sham surgery, and 2K1C, who suffered stenosis of the right renal artery. In the second week of hypertension, we started treatment (Vehicle, BmooMPα-I and Losartan) for two weeks. We performed an electrocardiogram and blood and heart collection in the fourth week of hypertension. The 2K1C BmooMPα-I showed a reduction in blood pressure (systolic pressure: 131 ± 2 mmHg; diastolic pressure: 84 ± 2 mmHg versus 174 ± 3 mmHg; 97 ± 4 mmHg, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05), improvement in electrocardiographic parameters (Heart Rate: 297 ± 4 bpm; QRS: 42 ± 0.1 ms; QT: 92 ± 1 ms versus 332 ± 6 bpm; 48 ± 0.2 ms; 122 ± 1 ms, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05), without changing the hematological profile (platelets: 758 ± 67; leukocytes: 3980 ± 326 versus 758 ± 75; 4400 ± 800, 2K1C Vehicle, p > 0.05), with reversal of hypertrophy (left ventricular area: 12.1 ± 0.3; left ventricle wall thickness: 2.5 ± 0.2; septum wall thickness: 2.3 ± 0.06 versus 10.5 ± 0.3; 2.7 ± 0.2; 2.5 ± 0.04, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05) and fibrosis (3.9 ± 0.2 versus 7.4 ± 0.7, 2K1C Vehicle, p < 0.05). We concluded that BmooMPα-I improved blood pressure levels and cardiac remodeling, having a cardioprotective effect.
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Bothrops , Venenos de Crotálidos , Hipertensión Renovascular , Animales , Ratas , Presión Sanguínea , Venenos de Crotálidos/farmacología , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Metaloproteasas/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Remodelación VentricularRESUMEN
Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene that has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to increase blood-brain barrier permeability and has shown promising cardiovascular effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of borneol on vascular tone, blood pressure, autonomic function, and baroreflex sensitivity in normotensive and hypertensive rats. A combination of in vitro and in vivo assays was performed in 2-kidneys-1-clip hypertensive rats (2K1C) and their controls (sham). We assessed the in vivo effect of oral treatment with borneol on blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic function, and baroreflex sensitivity in sham and 2K1C rats. Additionally, the vasorelaxant effect of borneol in the superior mesenteric artery isolated from rats and its mechanism of action were evaluated. Oral administration of borneol (125 mg/kg/day) reduced blood pressure, sympathetic vasomotor hyperactivity, and serum oxidative stress and improved baroreflex sensitivity in 2K1C rats. In vessel preparations, borneol induced endothelium-independent vasodilatation after precontraction with phenylephrine or KCl (60 mM). There was no difference in the vascular effect induced by borneol in either the 2K1C or the sham group. In addition, borneol antagonized the contractions induced by CaCl2 and reversed (S)-(-)-Bay K 8644-induced contraction. These data suggest that borneol presents antihypertensive effects in 2K1C rats, which is associated with its ability to improve autonomic impairment and baroreflex dysfunction. The borneol-induced relaxation in the superior mesenteric artery involves L-type Ca2+ channel blockade. This vascular action associated with the antioxidant effect induced by borneol may be responsible, at least in part, for the in vivo effects induced by this monoterpene.
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Hipertensión Renovascular , Hipertensión , Animales , Barorreflejo , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Canfanos/farmacología , Canfanos/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , RatasRESUMEN
Renovascular hypertension is one of the most relevant causes of secondary hypertension, mostly caused by atherosclerotic renovascular stenosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. The increase in angiotensin II production, oxidative stress, and formation of peroxynitrite promotes the decrease in nitric oxide (NO) availability and the development of hypertension, renal and endothelial dysfunction, and cardiac and vascular remodeling. The NO produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) acts as a vasodilator; however, endothelial NOS uncoupling (eNOS) also contributes to NO reduced availability in renovascular hypertension. NO donors and NO-derived metabolites have been investigated in experimental renovascular hypertension and have shown promissory effects in attenuating blood pressure and organ damage in this condition. Therefore, understanding the role of decreased NO in the pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension promotes the study and development of NO donors and molecules that can be converted into NO (such as nitrate and nitrite), contributing for the treatment of this condition in the future.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Humanos , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of allisartan, a new angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist on vascular remodeling through voltage gated potassium channels (Kv7) in hypertensive rats. METHODS: The study included a total of 47 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The animals were randomized to sham operation (n = 14), untreated hypertensive control group (n = 18) and allisartan treatment group (n = 15). Using renal artery stenosis, hypertension was induced in animals. Single dose of allisartan was administered intra-gastrically to animals in the allisartan treatment group and match placebo in the other 2 groups. Wire myography was used to measure the muscle tension in isolated mesenteric arteries from the animals. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of Kv7 channel mRNA subunits. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, a significant decrease in mean arterial, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was observed in allisartan treatment group compared to hypertension control group. The median arterial wall thickness and area/diameter ratio reduced significantly in treatment group compared to untreated hypertension group (P < 0.05). Wire myography demonstrated increased relaxation of mesenteric artery with increase in concentration of ML213. A significant up-regulation in the expression of all Kv7 mRNA subunits was observed in allisartan group compared to untreated hypertension group. CONCLUSIONS: From the results, allisartan was found to lower BP and preserve vascular remodeling through Kv7 channels.
Asunto(s)
Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Bifenilo/uso terapéutico , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Imidazoles/uso terapéutico , Canales de Potasio KCNQ/efectos de los fármacos , Remodelación Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta/fisiología , Compuestos de Bifenilo/farmacología , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Renovascular/genética , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Canales de Potasio KCNQ/genética , Canales de Potasio KCNQ/fisiología , Arterias Mesentéricas/efectos de los fármacos , Arterias Mesentéricas/fisiología , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background: Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, are used for the treatment of hypertension, but their effects on cardiac stereology are unknown. This study, therefore, aimed to examine their effects on cardiac stereology in rats with renovascular hypertension. Methods: This study was conducted at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, and Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Lab, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, in August 2015 to August 2016. Fourty-eight rats were allocated to six groups (n=8 per each group): a sham group, which received a vehicle (distilled water) and five renal artery-clipped groups, which received the vehicle, captopril (50 or 100 mg/ kg/day), or losartan (25 or 50 mg/kg/day). After four weeks, the animals' systolic blood pressures (mm Hg) were measured, and the total volumes of their heart, myocardium, endocardium, matrix, and myocardial vessels (mm3), as well as the number of their cardiomyocytes, and Purkinje fibers were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference (LSD) test. P value of equal to or less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The renal artery-clipped rats receiving the vehicle had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure (P<0.001); heart weight (g) (P<0.001); and total volume of the heart (P<0.001), myocardium (P=0.020), endocardium (P=0.009), and myocardial vessels (P=0.008); as well as a significantly lower number of cardiomyocytes (P=0.010) and Purkinje cells (P=0.005), than did the rats in the sham group. The renal artery-clipped rats receiving captopril or losartan had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (P<0.001), heart weight (P=0.007), and total volume of the heart (P<0.001), myocardium (P<0.001), endocardium (P=0.027), and myocardial vessels (P=0.004) than did the renal artery-clipped rats receiving the vehicle. Neither captopril nor losartan prevented a reduction in the number of Purkinje cells, but captopril at the higher dose attenuated cardiomyocyte loss (P=0.010). Conclusion: Captopril and losartan lowered the systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy but failed to prevent Purkinje cell loss. Captopril only at the higher dose prevented cardiomyocyte loss. Captopril exerted a greater inhibitory effect on cardiac stereology, which warrants further research.
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Captopril/farmacología , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Losartán/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Corazón/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Irán , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
[Figure: see text].
Asunto(s)
Barrera Hematoencefálica/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Renovascular , Hipertensión Intracraneal , Presión Intracraneal/efectos de los fármacos , Losartán/farmacología , Receptor de Angiotensina Tipo 1/metabolismo , Bloqueadores del Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina II/farmacología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipertensión Renovascular/complicaciones , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Intracraneal/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Intracraneal/etiología , Hipertensión Intracraneal/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular , Ratas , Núcleo Solitario/fisiología , Núcleos Talámicos Ventrales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine if açai seed extract (ASE) could reverse pre-existing cardiovascular and renal injury in an experimental model of renovascular hypertension (2 kidney, 1 clip, 2K1C). Young male rats (Wistar) were used to obtain 2K1C and sham groups. Animals received the vehicle, ASE (200 mg/kg/d), or enalapril (30 mg/kg/d) in drinking water from the third to sixth week after surgery. We evaluated systolic blood pressure by tail plethysmography, vascular reactivity in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed (MAB), serum and urinary parameters, plasma inflammatory cytokines by ELISA, MAB expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and its active form peNOS by Western blot, plasma and MAB oxidative damage and antioxidant activity by spectrophotometry, and vascular and cardiac structural changes by histological analysis. ASE and enalapril reduced the systolic blood pressure, restored the endothelial and renal functions, and decreased the inflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress in 2K1C rats. Furthermore, both treatments reduced vascular and cardiac remodeling. ASE substantially reduced cardiovascular remodeling and recovered endothelial dysfunction in 2K1C rats probably through its antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions, supplying a natural resource for the treatment of renovascular hypertension.
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Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Enalapril/farmacología , Euterpe , Hipertensión Renovascular/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Remodelación Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Remodelación Ventricular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Euterpe/química , Hipertensión Renovascular/metabolismo , Hipertensión Renovascular/fisiopatología , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Arterial stenosis activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system subsequently resulting in renovascular hypertension (RVHT) and renal oxidative injury. We explored the effect of sodium thiosulfate (STS, Na2S2O3), a developed antioxidant in clinical trial, on RVHT-induced hypertension and renal oxidative injury in rats. METHODS: We induced RVHT in male Wistar rats with bilaterally partial ligation of renal arteries in the 2-kidney 2-clip model. We evaluated the STS effect on RVHT-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis by a chemiluminescence amplification method, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We found STS displayed a dose-dependent antioxidant H2O2 activity and adapted the maximal scavenging H2O2 activity of STS at the dosage of 0.1 g/kg intraperitoneally 3 times/week for 4 weeks in RVHT rats. RVHT induced a significant elevation of arterial blood pressure, blood reactive oxygen species amount, neutrophil infiltration, 4-HNE and NADPH oxidase gp91 expression, Bax/Bcl-2/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-mediated apoptosis formation, blue Masson-stained fibrosis, and urinary protein level. STS treatment significantly reduced hypertension, oxidative stress, neutrophil infiltration, fibrosis, and Bax/Bcl-2/PARP-mediated apoptosis formation and depressed the urinary protein level in the RVHT models. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that STS treatment could ameliorate RVHT hypertension and renal oxidative injury through antioxidant, antifibrotic, and antiapoptotic mechanisms.