MAGLIO study: epideMiological Analysis on invasive meninGococcaL disease in Italy: fOcus on hospitalization from 2015 to 2019.

This study analyzed hospital admissions for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in epidemiological and economic terms in Italy from 2015 to 2019. The volume of acute admissions for meningococcal diagnosis was analyzed in the period from 2015 to 2019. IMD admissions were identified by ICD-9-CM diagnoses. Costs were assessed using current DRG tariffs. In 2019, a total of 237 admissions for meningococcal disease were recorded in Italy. The mean age of patients was 36.1 years. Lumbar puncture was reported in only 14% of hospital discharge forms. From 2015 to 2019, there was a mean annual reduction of - 1.2% nationally for IMD hospitalizations. For 2019, the total costs for acute inpatient admissions were €2,001,093. Considering annual incidence due to IMD, a significant decrease was noted in the age group from 0 to 1 year (p = 0.010) during 2015-2019. For all years, mortality associated with meningeal syndrome was lower compared to septic shock with or without meningitis. From 2015 to 2019, hospitalizations for IMD appear to be decreasing slightly in Italy, even if mortality remains high. Favorable trends in hospitalizations for IMD were seen in the 0-1-year age group, which may be attributable to increased vaccination. Costs of hospitalizations for IMD remain high.

Immunoadsorption therapy for a meningococcemia patient with myocarditis, adrenal hemorrhage, and purpura fulminans: a case report

Abstract Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus, is a relatively uncommon cause of invasive infection, but when it occurs, it is frequently severe and potentially life-threatening. A ten-year-old female patient developed a purpuric rash with fever. Upon arrival to the pediatric intensive care department, she was unconscious and in a poor general condition. We combined treatment with antibiotics, volume resuscitation, hydrocortisone, and CytoSorb® therapy resulted in a stabilization of hemodynamics, as well as control of hyperinflammation. We observed a significant decrease in vasopressor dosage in this patient.

Immunoadsorption therapy for a meningococcemia patient with myocarditis, adrenal hemorrhage, and purpura fulminans: a case report.

Neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcus, is a relatively uncommon cause of invasive infection, but when it occurs, it is frequently severe and potentially life-threatening. A ten-year-old female patient developed a purpuric rash with fever. Upon arrival to the pediatric intensive care department, she was unconscious and in a poor general condition. We combined treatment with antibiotics, volume resuscitation, hydrocortisone, and CytoSorb.½ therapy resulted in a stabilization of hemodynamics, as well as control of hyperinflammation. We observed a significant decrease in vasopressor dosage in this patient.

Nonspecific symptoms dominate at first contact to emergency healthcare services among cases with invasive meningococcal disease.

BACKGROUND: An early appropriate response is the cornerstone of treatment for invasive meningococcal disease. Little evidence exists on how cases with invasive meningococcal disease present at first contact to emergency medical services. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of cases presenting with invasive meningococcal disease from January 1st of 2016 to December 31st of 2020 in the Capital Region of Denmark with a catchment area population of 1,800,000. A single medical emergency center provides services to the region. Data was collected from emergency medical services' call audio files, data from the call receiver registrations, registrations from ambulance personal and electronic health record data from the hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 1527 cases suspected of meningitis, 38 had invasive meningococcal disease and had been in contact with the emergency service. Most contacts were to the medical helpline rather than the emergency call center at initial contact to emergency medical services. All were hospitalized within 12 h. At initial contact, fever was present in 28 (74%) of 38 cases, while specific symptoms such as headache (n=12 (32%)), a rash or petechiae (n=9 (23%)) and stiffness of the neck (n=4 (11%)) varied and were infrequent. Cases younger than 18 years of age were more often male and more often presented with fever and rash/petechiae. Only 4 (11%) received prehospital antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Cases with invasive meningococcal disease presented with fever and unspecific symptoms. Although few were acutely ill at their initial contact, all were admitted within 12 h. We suggest that all feverish cases should be systematically asked about specific symptoms and should be wary of symptom progression to optimize the early management if cases with invasive meningococcal disease.

[About the Chilean meningococcal epidemic (1941-1942): The children with septic shock 80 years ago from a medical and social perspective]. / A propósito de la epidemia meningocóccica chilena (1941-1942): El niño con shock séptico hace 80 años desde la perspectiva médica y social.

In our country, meningococcal disease has a low endemic and high lethality, with epidemic out breaks; some of them of historical character, like the one happened during the first half of the last century. The action of a group of doctors, pioneers in clinical, research and teaching aspects, together with the health personnel that constituted their team, immersed in a successful public health policy, allowed to consolidate the necessary care of the sick child of this serious pathology, as well as many others, thus enabling the development of a structured and scientific proposal, in the light of the knowledge available at that time. Therefore, after 80 years, it is important to review the various clini cal, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects, in addition to the hospital and social context, of this successful history of the Chilean public health system.

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C causing primary polyarthritis in an octogenarian.

A man in his 80s presented to the hospital with a 36-hour history of fever, myalgia, bilateral shoulder and right knee pain. Joint fluid aspirates from his shoulders and right knee isolated Gram-negative diplococci. After failing to grow on standard and selective media, Neisseria meningitidis was identified by 16s PCR and subsequently typed as serogroup C. He had no clinical features of meningitis or meningococcaemia. Blood cultures were negative and an EDTA blood sample was negative for meningococcal ctrA gene. Urine PCR was negative for Neisseria gonorrhoeae He was treated successfully with two arthroscopic joint washouts of his right knee, aspirates of both shoulders, 40 days of intravenous ceftriaxone and intensive physiotherapy as both an inpatient and outpatient. In the literature, we have not found any previously documented cases of serogroup C meningococcus causing polyarticular primary septic arthritis in this age group or guidance on duration of antibiotic treatment. Literature on the impact of rehabilitation to baseline function was also found to be lacking. Although rare, primary meningococcal arthritis (PMA) should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of acute polyarticular septic arthritis. Polyarticular PMA in older adults may require prolonged rehabilitation before one might expect to return to premorbid function.

A propósito de la epidemia meningocóccica chilena (1941-1942): el niño con shock séptico hace 80 años desde la perspectiva médica y social / About the Chilean meningococcal epidemic (1941-1942): the children with septic shock 80 years ago from a medical and social perspective

Resumen: En nuestro país, la enfermedad meningocóccica presenta una baja endemia y alta letalidad, con exis tencia de brotes epidémicos, algunos de ellos de carácter histórico, como el acaecido durante la pri mera mitad del siglo pasado. La acción de un grupo de médicos, pioneros en los aspectos clínicos, de investigación y docencia, junto al personal de salud que constituía su equipo, inmersos en una política pública sanitaria exitosa, permitieron consolidar el cuidado necesario del niño enfermo de esta grave patología, como también de muchas otras, posibilitando así el desarrollo de una propuesta estructurada y científica a la luz del conocimiento disponible en aquella época. Por ello, luego de 80 años, es importante revisar los diversos aspectos clínicos, fisiopatológicos y terapéuticos, además del contexto hospitalario y social de esta exitosa historia del sistema de salud público chileno.

Abstract: In our country, meningococcal disease has a low endemic and high lethality, with epidemic out breaks; some of them of historical character, like the one happened during the first half of the last century. The action of a group of doctors, pioneers in clinical, research and teaching aspects, together with the health personnel that constituted their team, immersed in a successful public health policy, allowed to consolidate the necessary care of the sick child of this serious pathology, as well as many others, thus enabling the development of a structured and scientific proposal, in the light of the knowledge available at that time. Therefore, after 80 years, it is important to review the various clini cal, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects, in addition to the hospital and social context, of this successful history of the Chilean public health system.

Meningococcaemia causing necrotizing cellulitis associated with acquired complement deficiency after gastric bypass surgery: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Neisseria meningitidis has rarely been described as an agent of necrotic soft tissue infection. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a septic shock with necrotizing cellulitis due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W, treated by urgent extensive surgical debridement followed by skin grafts. The invasive meningococcal disease occurred together with a complement deficiency, possibly acquired after bypass surgery that took place 1 year before. CONCLUSIONS: Necrotic tissue infections should be considered part of the invasive meningococcal diseases spectrum and should prompt clinicians to look for complement deficiencies. Gastric bypass surgery associated malnutrition may be implicated but further verification is needed.

Care of the patient with invasive meningococcal disease by prehospital emergency medical service clinicians: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review is to systematically map the literature to identify the scope, depth, key concepts and gaps in the evidence regarding care of the patient with invasive meningococcal disease by emergency medical service (EMS) clinicians. DESIGN: Scoping review. This review is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews reporting guideline. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Sources which focused on patients with invasive meningococcal disease (population), where the care of EMS clinicians was the focus (concept), in EMS systems worldwide (context) were eligible for inclusion. SEARCH STRATEGY: This review utilised a comprehensive search strategy including MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and 'grey' literature databases from 1992 to January 2019. The search also included a Google search, a hand-search of relevant journals, screening of reference lists, contact with authors of included sources and use of social media in an attempt to locate all sources of evidence which fit the inclusion criteria of the review. Two reviewers independently screened sources for inclusion. RESULTS: The search yielded 1803 unique records, of which 10 were included in the synthesis. No original research papers were identified, with all sources classed as either clinical audit or text and opinion literature. The dominant concept throughout the literature is that early antibiotic therapy is critical in the treatment of invasive meningococcal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there is a very narrow scope and shallow depth of literature on the topic of interest. There are gaps in the evidence regarding the care of the patient with invasive meningococcal disease by EMS clinicians. Despite these shortfalls, current consensus-based guidelines should direct clinical practice. Further research is planned to bridge the gaps in knowledge to support best practice.

Child with serogroup W135 primary meningococcal septic arthritis.

Over the last decade, there has been a concerning increase in the number of invasive meningococcal serotype W infections in Europe. Although sepsis and meningitis are the most feared complications, focal complications of systemic disease such as pneumonia, pericarditis and arthritis can also occur. We present a rare case of isolated meningococcal W135 arthritis of the hip without invasive meningococcal disease in a 6-year-old patient.

Neisseria meningitidis and meningococcal disease: recent discoveries and innovations.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Meningococcal disease is a severe consequence of infection with Neisseria meningitidis, a pathobiont of the pharynx. This organism is panmitic so virulent clones transformed with new genetic material can emerge and cause severe outbreaks. The key to sustainable prevention is to restrict carriage of disease-causing strains and thus reduce the chances of transmission between human hosts. RECENT FINDINGS: Meningococcal population biology has changed recently with emergence of virulent strains linked to a number of sublineages of clonal complex 11. These strains have variously expressed the capsular material of serogroups C and W and caused severe disease in various countries. Glycoconjugate vaccines including quadrivalent (ACWY) and now pentavalent (ACWYX) vaccines are highly immunogenic and prevent disease and carriage due to their respective serogroups. For NmB, new vaccines (4CMenB and MenB-FHbp) containing conserved outer membranes proteins have been deployed and are immunogenic and protective at population level, but clones exist which do not express cognate antigens. In contrast to glycoconjugate vaccines they may not have potent carriage-reducing activity. Mass chemoprophylaxis is gaining credence as an alternative strategy is effective, but has significant shortcomings in sustainability. SUMMARY: Meningococcal disease is well defined genomically for epidemiological purposes. There is potential for unpredictable emergence of clones that may have reduced susceptibility even to modern vaccines, and continued surveillance and vigilance is necessary. However, tremendous strides have been made in recent years.

Primary Meningococcal Septic Arthritis Case Report and Literature Review of an Unusual Manifestation of Meningococcal Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Primary meningococcal septic arthritis (PMSA) is an unusual manifestation of meningococcal disease. It is defined as the presence of acute septic arthritis without association with meningitis or the classic meningococcemia and isolation of Neisseria meningitidis in synovial fluid and blood culture. Diagnosis and early treatment, combining antibiotic and joint drainage, are fundamental. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a healthy 17-year-old male who presented with history of an acute onset, painful knee accompanied by fever. N. meningitidis was cultured from the synovial fluid. He was treated with arthroscopic lavage and intravenous ceftriaxone for 2 weeks. He was discharged 7 days after admission receiving outpatient intravenous ceftriaxione for 6 days and was ultimately transitioned to oral ciprofloxacin for 2 weeks thereafter. At the final follow-up visit, he had returned to sports activity with a normal knee joint. LITERATURE REVIEW: We have done an exhaustive literature review in PubMed. Forty-four articles were included, with a total of 46 patients, to which we added ours. We collected the available demographic data, analytical values, culture tests, treatment, and evolution. PURPOSES AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This case illustrates an unusual presentation of N. meningitidis infection. Diagnostic suspicion is essential. Joint washing and antibiotics are the mainstays of treatment. Early and proper treatment prevents complications and mortality. Our main objective was to evaluate the diagnostics tools and treatment in PMSA. As a secondary objective, we evaluated the cases with negative cultures in order to evaluate the criteria for the diagnostic suspicion of PMSA.

Clinical spectrum and short-term outcome of adult patients with purpura fulminans: a French multicenter retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Data on purpura fulminans (PF) in adult patients are scarce and mainly limited to meningococcal infections. Our aim has been to report the clinical features and outcomes of adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) for an infectious PF, as well as the predictive factors for limb amputation and mortality. METHODS: A 17-year national multicenter retrospective cohort study in 55 ICUs in France from 2000 to 2016, including adult patients admitted for an infectious PF defined by a sudden and extensive purpura, together with the need for vasopressor support. Primary outcome variables included hospital mortality and amputation during the follow-up period (time between ICU admission and amputation, death or end of follow-up). RESULTS: Among the 306 included patients, 126 (41.2%; 95% CI 35.6-46.9) died and 180 (58.8%; 95% CI 53.3-64.3) survived during the follow-up period [13 (3-24) days], including 51/180 patients (28.3%, 95% CI 21.9-35.5) who eventually required limb amputations, with a median number of 3 (1-4) limbs amputated. The two predominantly identified microorganisms were Neisseria meningitidis (63.7%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.9%). By multivariable Cox model, SAPS II [hazard-ratio (HR) = 1.03 (1.02-1.04); p < 0.001], lower leucocytes [HR 0.83 (0.69-0.99); p = 0.034] and platelet counts [HR 0.77 (0.60-0.91); p = 0.007], and arterial blood lactate levels [HR 2.71 (1.68-4.38); p < 0.001] were independently associated with hospital death, while a neck stiffness [HR 0.51 (0.28-0.92); p = 0.026] was a protective factor. Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae [sub-hazard ratio 1.89 (1.06-3.38); p = 0.032], together with arterial lactate levels and ICU admission temperature, was independently associated with amputation by a competing risks analysis. CONCLUSION: Purpura fulminans carries a high mortality and morbidity. Pneumococcal PF leads to a higher risk of amputation. TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03216577.

Meningococcal Disease in Northern Ireland - Past, Present & Future: MeningoNI Forum.

Meningococcal disease has had devastating consequences in Northern Ireland since its first description locally in 1859. The incidence of this disease has significantly declined in recent years, however it is important to understand reasons for this changing epidemiology and to acknowledge the diagnostic and clinical management developments that have been made locally. This review aims to examine the changing face of this disease in Northern Ireland over the years, with particular reference to local disease prevention, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical treatment and management, post-disease sequelae and the role of meningitis charities locally, in terms of patient support and research.

Splenic cyst and its management in a 21-month-old boy: a rare complication of invasive meningococcal disease.

Splenic complications of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) are well recognised, though cyst formation is rare, particularly in paediatric populations. The best approach to their management is not yet established. This case outlines the management of a splenic cyst in a 21-month-old boy following severe IMD. The case took place in the context of an acute emergence of serogroup W prompting significant media attention and subsequent change in vaccination practice at a jurisdictional level in Australia. The patient was critically unwell early in the illness, then later a collection in the left upper quadrant was detected, shown on ultrasound to be a 11.6×7.7 cm splenic cyst. In this case, the cyst was managed by ultrasound-guided drainage tube insertion. The residual collection was small and stable on subsequent imaging.

An epidemic of meningococcal disease in children in North Norway in the 1970s and 1980s was dominated by a hypervirulent group B strain.

AIM: We examined children hospitalised for invasive meningococcal disease, a leading cause of paediatric sepsis, in Troms County, North Norway, from 1973 to 2016, including the epidemic in the 1970s and 1980s. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of children under the age of 15 years who were hospitalised for meningococcal disease at the University Hospital of North Norway and Harstad Hospital. We studied hospital and bacteriological records to determine the incidence rates and phenotypes involved. RESULTS: There were 300 cases under 15 years and an incidence rate of 17 per 100,000 cases for 1973-2016. This was broken down into the following: 1973-1980 (n = 130, 49), 1981-1990 (n = 129, 39), and 1991-2016 (n = 41, 4.7), respectively. There were 21 (7%) deaths. Phenotype B:15:P1.7,16 was more common than the other phenotypes in the epidemic period before 1990 than after 1990 (p = 0.02) and had a significantly lower mortality rate than the other phenotypes (p = 0.04). Later years showed a more heterogenous phenotype distribution. Serogroup B was the dominant serogroup. CONCLUSION: The B:15:P1.7,6 strain was more prevalent during the Norwegian epidemic of invasive meningococcal disease, but had a significantly lower mortality rate. The phenotype distribution was more heterogeneous after 1990. The dominant serogroup was B.

[Acute meningococcal disease in children and adolescents].

Meningococcal disease is a rapidly progressing infection, which continues to cause deaths among children and adolescents. In this review, clinical signs and initial treatment of acute childhood meningococcal disease is described. Operational flow charts have been developed for assessment of non-blanching rash and initial treatment of meningococcal disease.