RESUMEN
Sarcopenia is one of the most common skeletal muscle disorders and is characterized by infirmity and disability. While extensive research has focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying the progression of sarcopenia, further comprehensive insights into its pathogenesis are necessary to identify new preventive and therapeutic approaches. The involvement of inflammasomes in sarcopenia is widely recognized, with particular emphasis on the NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome. In this review, we aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its relevance in sarcopenia of various etiologies. Furthermore, we highlight interventions targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in the context of sarcopenia and discuss the current limitations of our knowledge in this area.
Asunto(s)
Inflamasomas , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Sarcopenia , Humanos , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Sarcopenia/metabolismo , Sarcopenia/terapia , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Animales , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismoRESUMEN
Retinal diseases encompass various conditions associated with sight-threatening immune responses and are leading causes of blindness worldwide. These diseases include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and uveitis. Emerging evidence underscores the vital role of the innate immune response in retinal diseases, beyond the previously emphasized T-cell-driven processes of the adaptive immune system. In particular, pyroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death process involving inflammasome formation, has been implicated in the loss of membrane integrity and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Several disease-relevant animal models have provided evidence that the formation of inflammasomes and the induction of pyroptosis in innate immune cells contribute to inflammation in various retinal diseases. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge about the innate immune system and pyroptosis in retinal diseases. We also provide insights into translational targeting approaches, including novel drugs countering pyroptosis, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Innata , Inflamasomas , Piroptosis , Enfermedades de la Retina , Humanos , Piroptosis/fisiología , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Retina/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Retina/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Inmunidad Innata/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Neuropathic pain caused by somatosensory system injuries is notoriously difficult to treat. Previous research has shown that neuroinflammation and cell death have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with inflammatory processes, as it can enhance or sustain the inflammatory response by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review presents the current knowledge on pyroptosis and its underlying mechanisms, including the canonical and noncanonical pathways. Moreover, we discuss recent findings on the role of pyroptosis in neuropathic pain and its potential as a therapeutic target. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential significance of pyroptosis as a promising target for developing innovative therapies to treat neuropathic pain.
Asunto(s)
Neuralgia , Piroptosis , Humanos , Apoptosis , Muerte Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamasomas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that activate inflammatory responses by inducing pyroptosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Along with many previous studies on inflammatory responses and diseases induced by canonical inflammasomes, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that non-canonical inflammasomes, such as mouse caspase-11 and human caspase-4 inflammasomes, are emerging key players in inflammatory responses and various diseases. Flavonoids are natural bioactive compounds found in plants, fruits, vegetables, and teas and have pharmacological properties in a wide range of human diseases. Many studies have successfully demonstrated that flavonoids play an anti-inflammatory role and ameliorate many inflammatory diseases by inhibiting canonical inflammasomes. Others have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory roles of flavonoids in inflammatory responses and various diseases, with a new mechanism by which flavonoids inhibit non-canonical inflammasomes. This review discusses recent studies that have investigated the anti-inflammatory roles and pharmacological properties of flavonoids in inflammatory responses and diseases induced by non-canonical inflammasomes and further provides insight into developing flavonoid-based therapeutics as potential nutraceuticals against human inflammatory diseases.
Asunto(s)
Flavonoides , Inflamasomas , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Caspasas , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Citocinas , Piroptosis , Caspasa 1RESUMEN
Two years after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, our understanding of COVID-19 disease pathogenesis is still incomplete. Despite unprecedented global collaborative scientific efforts and rapid vaccine development, an uneven vaccine roll-out and the emergence of novel variants of concern such as omicron underscore the critical importance of identifying the mechanisms that contribute to this disease. Overt inflammation and cell death have been proposed to be central drivers of severe pathology in COVID-19 patients and their pathways and molecular components therefore present promising targets for host-directed therapeutics. In our review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role and impact of diverse programmed cell death (PCD) pathways on COVID-19 disease. We dissect the complex connection of cell death and inflammatory signaling at the cellular and molecular level and identify a number of critical questions that remain to be addressed. We provide rationale for targeting of cell death as potential COVID-19 treatment and provide an overview of current therapeutics that could potentially enter clinical trials in the near future.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/etiología , COVID-19/patología , Antivirales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/fisiología , Humanos , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Interferones/metabolismo , Necroptosis/fisiología , Neutrófilos/patología , Neutrófilos/virología , Piroptosis/fisiología , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
Inflammation is a double-edged sword. The moderate inflammatory response is a fundamental defense mechanism produced by the body's resistance to dangerous stimuli and a repair process of the body itself. Increasing studies have confirmed that the overactivation of the inflammasome is involved in the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases. Strictly controlling the overactivation of the inflammasome and preventing excessive inflammatory response have always been the research focus on inflammatory diseases. However, the endogenous regulatory mechanism of inflammasome is not completely clear. The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein is one of the members of E3 ligases in the process of ubiquitination. The universality and importance of the functions of TRIM members are recognized, including the regulation of inflammatory response. This article will focus on research on the relationship between TRIMs and NLRP3 Inflammasome, which may help us make some references for future related research and the discovery of treatment methods.
Asunto(s)
Inflamasomas/fisiología , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Proteínas de Motivos Tripartitos/fisiología , Animales , Inflamación/etiología , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Modelos Biológicos , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Why a systems analysis view of this pandemic? The current pandemic has inflicted almost unimaginable grief, sorrow, loss, and terror at a global scale. One of the great ironies with the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly early on, is counter intuitive. The speed at which specialized basic and clinical sciences described the details of the damage to humans in COVID-19 disease has been impressive. Equally, the development of vaccines in an amazingly short time interval has been extraordinary. However, what has been less well understood has been the fundamental elements that underpin the progression of COVID-19 in an individual and in populations. We have used systems analysis approaches with human physiology and pharmacology to explore the fundamental underpinnings of COVID-19 disease. Pharmacology powerfully captures the thermodynamic characteristics of molecular binding with an exogenous entity such as a virus and its consequences on the living processes well described by human physiology. Thus, we have documented the passage of SARS-CoV-2 from infection of a single cell to species jump, to tropism, variant emergence and widespread population infection. During the course of this review, the recurrent observation was the efficiency and simplicity of one critical function of this virus. The lethality of SARS-CoV-2 is due primarily to its ability to possess and use a variable surface for binding to a specific human target with high affinity. This binding liberates Gibbs free energy (GFE) such that it satisfies the criteria for thermodynamic spontaneity. Its binding is the prelude to human host cellular entry and replication by the appropriation of host cell constituent molecules that have been produced with a prior energy investment by the host cell. It is also a binding that permits viral tropism to lead to high levels of distribution across populations with newly formed virions. This thermodynamic spontaneity is repeated endlessly as infection of a single host cell spreads to bystander cells, to tissues, to humans in close proximity and then to global populations. The principal antagonism of this process comes from SARS-CoV-2 itself, with its relentless changing of its viral surface configuration, associated with the inevitable emergence of variants better configured to resist immune sequestration and importantly with a greater affinity for the host target and higher infectivity. The great value of this physiological and pharmacological perspective is that it reveals the fundamental thermodynamic underpinnings of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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COVID-19/etiología , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Análisis de Sistemas , Termodinámica , Animales , Quirópteros/virología , Humanos , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Nasofaringe/virología , Tropismo Viral , Internalización del Virus , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Inflammation is central to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Although the exact mechanisms of inflammation in the kidney have not been well elucidated, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation is involved in the onset and progression of DN. Here, we investigated the underlying regulatory mechanisms of hyperglycaemia-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the kidney. METHODS: HEK293T cells received high glucose, and the cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected. Biochemical indicators in db/db mice were tested by kits, and the morphological changes in the kidney were observed using staining methods and transmission electron microscopy. The interaction of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) and NLRP3 inflammasome in cells and in mice was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence. Expression of all proteins was examined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In additional, the directly combination of RAC1 and NLRP3 was evaluated by GST Pulldown. RESULTS: High-glucose and hyperglycaemia conditions resulted in Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) and NLRP3 inflammasome interactions in cells and in mice. Additionally, RAC1 promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation and then induced cell damage, and morphological and functional abnormalities in the kidney. We also observed that RAC1 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by directly binding to NLRP3. CONCLUSION: In the present study, we confirmed that RAC1 binding to NLRP3 is sufficient to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in the kidney and accelerate DN pathological processes. These results elucidate the upstream cellular and molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and provide new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DN.
Asunto(s)
Nefropatías Diabéticas/etiología , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Proteína de Unión al GTP rac1/fisiología , Animales , Caspasa 1/fisiología , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/complicaciones , Interleucina-1beta/fisiología , Riñón/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Proteína de Unión al GTP rac1/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been the primary air pollutant and the fourth leading risk factor for disease and death in the world. Exposure to PM2.5 is related to activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, but the mechanism of PM2.5 affecting the NLRP3 inflammasome is still unclear. Previous studies have shown that PM2.5 can cause alterations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and an increase in extracellular ATP and a decrease in intracellular ATP can trigger the activation process of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Therefore, we emphasize that ATP changes may be the central link and key mechanism of PM2.5 exposure that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. This review briefly elucidates and summarizes how PM2.5 acts on ATP and subsequently further impacts the NLRP3 inflammasome. Investigation of ATP changes due to exposure to PM2.5 may be essential to regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and treat inflammation-related diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Inflamasomas , Adenosina Trifosfato , Humanos , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Material ParticuladoRESUMEN
Adipose tissue (AT) expands by a combination of two fundamental cellular mechanisms: hypertrophic growth of existing adipocytes or through generation of new adipocytes, also known as hyperplastic growth. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a limited capacity for hyperplastic growth of AT in adulthood and that adipocyte number is relatively stable, even with fluctuations in AT mass. If the adipocyte number is stable in adulthood, despite well-documented birth and death of adipocytes, then this would suggest that birth may be coupled to death in a regenerative cycle. To test this hypothesis, we examined the dynamics of birth of new fat cells in relationship to adipocyte death by using high-fidelity stable isotope tracer methods in C57Bl6 mice. We discovered birth of new adipocytes at higher frequency in histological proximity to dead adipocytes. In diet-induced obesity, adipogenesis surged after an adipocyte death peak beyond 8 weeks of high-fat feeding. Through transcriptional analyses of AT and fractionated adipocytes, we found that the dominant cell death signals were inflammasome related. Proinflammatory signals were particularly evident in hypertrophied adipocytes or with deletion of a constitutive oxygen sensor and inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor, Egln1. We leveraged the potential role for the inflammasome in adipocyte death to test the adipocyte death-birth hypothesis, finding that caspase 1 loss of function attenuated adipocyte death and birth in murine visceral AT. These data collectively point to a regenerative cycle of adipocyte death and birth as a driver of adipogenesis in adult murine AT.
Asunto(s)
Adipocitos/fisiología , Adipogénesis/fisiología , Muerte Celular , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Grasa Intraabdominal/fisiopatología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Células 3T3-L1 , Animales , Caspasa 1/genética , Caspasa 1/fisiología , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Hipertrofia , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Obesidad/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Acute hyperglycemia (HG) exacerbates reperfusion injury after stroke. Our recent studies showed that acute HG upregulates thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression, which in turn induces inflammation and neurovascular damage in a suture model of ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute HG on TXNIP-associated neurovascular damage, in a more clinically relevant murine model of embolic stroke and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HG was induced in adult male mice, by intraperitoneal injection of 20% glucose. This was followed by embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO), with or without IV-tPA (10 mg/kg) given 3 h post embolization. Brain infarction, edema, hemoglobin content, expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occluding, and zonula occludens-1), TXNIP, and NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome activation were evaluated at 24 h after eMCAO. RESULTS: HG alone significantly increased TXNIP in the brain after eMCAO, and this was associated with exacerbated hemorrhagic transformation (HT; as measured by hemoglobin content). IV-tPA in HG conditions showed a trend to decrease infarct volume, but worsened HT after eMCAO, suggesting that HG reduces the therapeutic efficacy of IV-tPA. Further, HG and tPA-reperfusion did not show significant differences in expression of MMP-9, VEGFA, junction proteins, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation between the groups. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest a potential role for TXNIP in the occurrence of HT in hyperglycemic conditions following eMCAO. Further studies are needed to understand the precise role of vascular TXNIP on HG/tPA-induced neurovascular damage after stroke.
Asunto(s)
Accidente Cerebrovascular Embólico , Hiperglucemia , Reperfusión , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/fisiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Accidente Cerebrovascular Embólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Accidente Cerebrovascular Embólico/patología , Hiperglucemia/complicaciones , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Masculino , Ratones , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Tiorredoxinas/fisiología , Activador de Tejido Plasminógeno/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Increasing evidence support that cellular amino acid metabolism shapes the fate of immune cells; however, whether aspartate metabolism dictates macrophage function is still enigmatic. Here, we found that the metabolites in aspartate metabolism are depleted in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-stimulated macrophages. Aspartate promotes interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) secretion in M1 macrophages. Mechanistically, aspartate boosts the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and inflammasome and increases the levels of metabolites in aspartate metabolism, such as asparagine. Interestingly, asparagine also accelerates the activation of cellular signaling pathways and promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. Moreover, aspartate supplementation augments the macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses in mice and piglets. These results uncover a previously uncharacterized role for aspartate metabolism in directing M1 macrophage polarization.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Aspártico/metabolismo , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Interleucina-1beta/biosíntesis , Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Animales , Citrobacter rodentium , Colitis/inmunología , Colitis/microbiología , Citocinas/sangre , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/inmunología , Femenino , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia , Interferón gamma/farmacología , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Activación de Macrófagos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , PorcinosRESUMEN
Autophagy fights against harmful stimuli and degrades cytosolic macromolecules, organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Autophagy dysfunction is associated with many diseases, including infectious and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have identified the critical role of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes activation in the innate immune system, which mediates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß/IL-18 and cleaves Gasdermin D to induce pyroptosis in response to pathogenic and sterile stimuli. Accumulating evidence has highlighted the crosstalk between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in multifaceted ways to influence host defense and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms require further clarification. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a class IIb deacetylase among the 18 mammalian HDACs, which mainly localizes in the cytoplasm. It is involved in two functional deacetylase domains and a ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domain (ZnF-BUZ). Due to its unique structure, HDAC6 regulates various physiological processes, including autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome, and may play a role in the crosstalk between them. In this review, we provide insight into the mechanisms by which HDAC6 regulates autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome and we explored the possibility and challenges of HDAC6 in the crosstalk between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, we discuss HDAC6 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic approach targeting either autophagy or NLRP3 inflammasome as an anti-inflammatory strategy, although further clarification is required regarding their crosstalk.
Asunto(s)
Autofagia/fisiología , Histona Desacetilasa 6/fisiología , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Humanos , Mitofagia/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Aberrant inflammasome activation contributes to various chronic inflammatory diseases; however, pyroptosis of inflammasome-active cells promptly terminates local inflammasome response. Molecular mechanisms underlying prolonged inflammasome signaling thus require further elucidation. Here, we report that neutrophil-specific resistance to pyroptosis and NLRP3 desensitization can facilitate sustained inflammasome response and interleukin-1ß secretion. Unlike macrophages, inflammasome-activated neutrophils did not undergo pyroptosis, indicated by using in vitro cell-based assay and in vivo mouse model. Intriguingly, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP)-rich milieu in the inflammatory region significantly abrogated NLRP3-activating potential of macrophages, but not of neutrophils. This macrophage-specific NLRP3 desensitization was associated with DAMP-induced mitochondrial depolarization that was not observed in neutrophils due to a lack of SARM1 expression. Indeed, valinomycin-induced compulsory mitochondrial depolarization in neutrophils restored inflammasome-dependent cell death and ATP-induced NLRP3 desensitization in neutrophils. Alongside prolonged inflammasome-activating potential, neutrophils predominantly secreted interleukin-1ß rather than other proinflammatory cytokines upon NLRP3 stimulation. Furthermore, inflammasome-activated neutrophils did not trigger efferocytosis-mediated M2 macrophage polarization essential for the initiation of inflammation resolution. Taken together, our results indicate that neutrophils can prolong inflammasome response via mitochondria-dependent resistance to NLRP3 desensitization and function as major interleukin-1ß-secreting cells in DAMP-rich inflammatory region.
Asunto(s)
Alarminas/análisis , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Inflamación/inmunología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Animales , Proteínas del Dominio Armadillo/fisiología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/fisiología , Femenino , Interleucina-1beta/biosíntesis , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/fisiología , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitosis , Proteínas de Unión a Fosfato/metabolismo , Piroptosis , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Organismos Libres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMEN
Autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases are characterized by an oversensitive immune system with loss of the physiological endogenous regulation, involving multifactorial self-reactive pathological mechanisms of mono- or polygenic nature. Failure in regulatory mechanisms triggers a complex network of dynamic relationships between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to coexistent autoinflammatory and autoimmune processes. Sustained exposure to a trigger or a genetic alteration at the level of the receptors of the natural immune system may lead to abnormal activation of the innate immune system, adaptive system activation, loss of self-tolerance, and systemic inflammation. The IL-1 family members critically activate and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses' diversity and plasticity in autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory conditions. The IL-23/IL-17 axis is key in the communication between innate immunity (IL-23-producing myeloid cells) and adaptive immunity (Th17- and IL-17-expressing CD8+ T cells). In psoriasis, these cytokines are decisive to the different clinical presentations, whether as plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris), generalized pustular psoriasis (pustular psoriasis), or mixed forms. These forms reflect a gradient between autoimmune pathophysiology with predominant adaptive immune response and autoinflammatory pathophysiology with predominant innate immune response.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Autoinmunes/etiología , Inflamación/etiología , Interleucina-1/fisiología , Psoriasis/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th17/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against influenza viruses, which cause severe inflammation of the respiratory tract and are responsible for more than 650,000 deaths annually worldwide. mRNA vaccines are promising alternatives to traditional vaccine approaches due to their safe dosing, low-cost manufacturing, rapid development capability, and high efficacy. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the innate immune response that uses pattern recognition receptors to detect and respond to mRNA vaccination. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines, and discuss the future directions and challenges in advancing this promising therapeutic approach.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la Influenza/inmunología , Vacunas de ARNm/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Receptores Toll-Like/fisiología , Vacunación , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
Aortic diseases comprise aneurysms, dissections, and several other pathologies. In general, aging is associated with a slow but progressive dilation of the aorta, along with increased stiffness and pulse pressure. The progression of aortic disease is characterized by subclinical development or acute presentation. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation participates causally in different clinical manifestations of aortic diseases. As of yet, diagnostic imaging and surveillance is mainly based on ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Little medical therapy is available so far to prevent or treat the majority of aortic diseases. Endovascular therapy by the introduction of covered stentgrafts provides the main treatment option, although open surgery and implantation of synthetic grafts remain necessary in many situations. Because of the risks associated with surgery, there is a need for identification of pharmaceutical targets interfering with the pathophysiology of aortic remodeling. The participation of innate immunity and inflammasome activation in different cell types is common in aortic diseases. This review will thus focus on inflammasome activities in vascular cells of different chronic and acute aortic diseases and discuss their role in development and progression. We will also identify research gaps and suggest promising therapeutic targets, which may be used for future medical interventions.
Asunto(s)
Aorta , Enfermedades de la Aorta , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Aorta/citología , Aorta/patología , Aorta/fisiología , Aneurisma de la Aorta/metabolismo , Aneurisma de la Aorta/fisiopatología , Aneurisma de la Aorta Torácica/metabolismo , Aneurisma de la Aorta Torácica/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de la Aorta/metabolismo , Enfermedades de la Aorta/fisiopatología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Inflamasomas/fisiología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismoRESUMEN
Intrauterine inflammation affects fetal development of the nervous system and may cause prenatal brain injury in offspring. Previously, neural stem cells have been extensively used as a therapeutic choice for nervous system diseases. Recently, the therapeutic ability of conditioned medium, harvested from cultured stem cells, has captured the attention of researchers in the field. Our study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of neural stem cells (NSCs) or NSC-conditioned medium (NSC-CM) after prenatal brain injury. The animal model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide into the pregnant mice and NSCs or NSC-CM were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of embryos in treatment groups. Inflammation and apoptosis were evaluated postpartum in offspring via measuring the expression of NLRP3 gene and protein, the expression and the activity of caspase-3, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, ELISA, and colorimetric assay kit. A rotarod test was performed for motor function evaluation. Data showed that although NSC-CM fought against the inflammation and apoptosis and improved the motor function, NSCs acted more efficiently. In conclusion, the results of our study contend that NSCs have a better therapeutic effect than CM in prenatal brain injury.