RESUMEN
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in the general population and encompasses a range of pathological and hemodynamic changes in the veins of the lower extremities. These alterations give rise to a variety of symptoms, with more severe forms resulting in venous ulceration, which causes morbidity and high socioeconomic burden. The origins and underlying mechanisms of CVD are intricate and multifaceted, involving environmental factors, genetics, hormonal factors, and immunological factors that bring about structural and functional alterations in the venous system. This review offers the latest insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of CVD, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge. Furthermore, the diagnostic approach for CVD is highlighted and current diagnostic tools are described.
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedad Crónica , Insuficiencia Venosa/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Vasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Vasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Vasculares/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This review article provides an updated review of a relatively common pathology with various manifestations. Superficial venous diseases (SVDs) are a broad spectrum of venous vascular disease that predominantly affects the body's lower extremities. The most serious manifestation of this disease includes varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, stasis dermatitis, venous ulcers, superficial venous thrombosis, reticular veins, and spider telangiectasias. METHODS: The anatomy, pathophysiology, and risk factors of SVD were discussed during this review. The risk factors for developing SVD were related to race, age, sex, lifestyle, and certain genetic conditions as well as comorbid deep vein thrombosis. Various classification systems were listed, focusing on the most common one-the revised Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology classification. The clinical features including history and physical examination findings elicited in SVD were outlined. RESULTS: Imaging modalities utilized in SVD were highlighted. Duplex ultrasound is the first line in evaluating SVD but magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography venography, plethysmography, and conventional venography are feasible options in the event of an ambiguous venous duplex ultrasound study. Treatment options highlighted in this review ranged from conservative treatment with compression stockings, which could be primary or adjunctive to pharmacologic topical and systemic agents such as azelaic acid, diuretics, plant extracts, medical foods, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticoagulants and skin substitutes for different stages of SVD. Interventional treatment modalities include thermal ablative techniques like radiofrequency ablationss, endovenous laser ablation, endovenous steam ablation, and endovenous microwave ablation as well as nonthermal strategies such as the Varithena (polidocanol microfoam) sclerotherapy, VenaSeal (cyanoacrylate) ablation, and Endovenous mechanochemical ablation. Surgical treatments are also available and include debridement, vein ligation, stripping, and skin grafting. CONCLUSIONS: SVDs are prevalent and have varied manifestations predominantly in the lower extremities. Several studies highlight the growing clinical and financial burden of these diseases. This review provides an update on the pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, and imaging findings as well as the conservative, pharmacological, and interventional treatment options indicated for different SVD pathologies. It aims to expedite the timely deployment of therapies geared toward reducing the significant morbidity associated with SVD especially varicose veins, venous ulcers, and venous insufficiency, to improve the quality of life of these patients and prevent complications.
Asunto(s)
Várices , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Várices/terapia , Várices/fisiopatología , Várices/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/terapia , Insuficiencia Venosa/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Venas/fisiopatología , Venas/diagnóstico por imagen , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to explore the characteristics of the arterial risk factors and ankle-brachial index (ABI) in patients with lower extremity chronic venous disease (LECVD). METHODS: A total of 2642 subjects were employed in our study. The lifestyle and clinical data were collected. The history of vascular diseases contained coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. ABI low than 0.9 was considered as lower extremity artery disease (LEAD). A series of blood indicators were measured. RESULTS: Patients with ABI low than 0.9 belonged to the group of LEAD. Age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lipid-lowering drug, antidiabetic, total protein, total protein, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin and homocysteine were the common risk factors shared by LEAD and LECVD (P<0.05). The prevalence of LEAD in patients with LECVD was higher than those without LECVD (P<0.05). In Pearson correlation analysis, LECVD was related to LEAD (P<0.05). Before and after adjusted shared factors, as the performance of the logistic regression models, LEAD was an independent risk factor for the prevalence of LECVD (OR=2.937, 95% CI: [1.956, 4.411], P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that an ABI lower than 0.9 is an independent risk factor for LECVD.
Asunto(s)
Índice Tobillo Braquial , Extremidad Inferior , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedad Crónica , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Anciano , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/epidemiología , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/sangre , Prevalencia , Adulto , China/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Venosa/sangre , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
Background: The aim of this publication is to demonstrate similarities and differences in the association of risk factors with the prevalence of different manifestations of chronic venous disease (CVD), like varicose veins (VV), venous oedema (C3) and severe chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) in the population-based cross-sectional Bonn Vein Study 1 (BVS). Patients and methods: In the BVS 1 between 13.11.2000 and 15.3.2002, 3.072 participants, 1350 men and 1722 women, from a simple random sample of the general population of the city of Bonn and two rural townships aged 18-79 years were included. The overall response proportion was 59%. All participants answered a standardized questionnaire including information about socio-economic data, lifestyle, physical activity, medical history, and quality of life. Venous investigations were performed clinically and by a standardized duplex examination by trained investigators. The CEAP classification in the version of 1996 was used to classify the findings. Logistic regression models were performed for the association of possible risk factors with VV, venous edema (C3) and severe CVI (C4-C6). The predictive risk (PR) describes the association of the diseases and the possible influencing factors. Results: VV, venous oedema (C3) and severe CVI (C4-C6) have common risk factors like higher age, number of pregnancies, family history of VV and overweight or obesity. Female gender is significantly associated with VV and C3 but not with severe CVI (C4-C6). High blood pressure and urban living are only associated with C3 and C4-C6 disease whereas prolonged sitting is associated with C3 and lower social class with C4-C6 exclusively. Discussion: In many epidemiological studies risk factors were associated with chronic venous disorders in general. Our data show that VV, venous edema and severe CVI may have different risk profiles. Venous edema is more often associated with arterial hypertension and sedentary lifestyle whereas lower social class seems to be a risk factor for severe CVI including venous ulcers. Conclusions: The differences in the association of risk factors to VV, venous edema and severe CVI should be considered if prevention and treatment of chronic venous diseases are planned. As examples, compression stockings could be proposed in sitting profession to prevent oedema, VV patients with risk factors like obesity might benefit from early treatment for VV and obesity. More longitudinal evaluation of risk factors is necessary to evaluate the true risk profile of CVD.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión , Várices , Insuficiencia Venosa , Masculino , Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Calidad de Vida , Várices/diagnóstico por imagen , Várices/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Obesidad/complicaciones , Edema/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the demographics, outcomes, and healthcare utilization of patients with chronic venous insufficiency-associated lymphedema (CVI-LED) and the prevalence of lymphedema-specific therapy use after venous intervention. METHODS: The IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Claims Databases were examined for patients with CVI-LED. Patient demographics and the use of lymphedema-specific therapy before and after venous intervention were collected. RESULTS: Of 85,601 LED patients identified, 8,406 also had a diagnosis of CVI. In the CVI-LED group, 1051 underwent endovenous ablation or venous stent placement. The use of lymphedema-specific therapy before and after venous intervention was 52% and 39%, respectively (p < .05). The mean time of initiation of LED-specific therapy following venous intervention was 265 days after ablation and 347 days after stent placement. CONCLUSION: Treating venous hypertension improves certain venous-related signs and symptoms of CVI. However, a significant proportion of patients have persistent edema which may reflect underlying, sub-optimally treated LED.
Asunto(s)
Linfedema , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Insuficiencia Venosa/terapia , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Prevalencia , Linfedema/economía , Linfedema/terapia , Linfedema/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Adulto , Stents/economía , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To comparatively evaluate performances of tablet-based versus paper-based Venous Insufficiency Epidemiologic and Economic Study-Quality of Life/Symptom (VEINES-QOL/Sym) questionnaire. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 78 consecutive patients who completed tablet-based and paper-based VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaires and compared their scores, completion time, data entry time, and ease of use. We used Student's t-test and Wilcoxon test for quantitative variables, Bland-Altman test and kappa coefficient for agreement between questionnaires and patients, respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlations. RESULTS: Most participants (83.3%) found it easier to use the tablet device. Less time was needed to complete the tablet-based (median, 4.75; IQR, 3-7 min) than the paper-based (median, 8.3; IQR, 6.3-11.3 min) questionnaire (p < .001). Better educated patients took less time to complete paper-based (p = .003) and tablet-based (p = .001) questionnaires and considered the latter easier to use (p = .010). CONCLUSIONS: The tablet-based VEINES-QOL/Sym proved to be an easy-to-use and time-saving tool.
Asunto(s)
Calidad de Vida , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Venas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Enfermedad CrónicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are well-recognized risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD), but little is known of their impact on chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). This study evaluates these factors in patients undergoing iliac vein stenting (IVS) for CVI. METHODS: A registry of 708 patients who underwent IVS from August 2011 to June 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. Symptoms were quantified using venous clinical severity score (VCSS) and CEAP classification. Both major and minor reinterventions were recorded. Logistic regression models were used to determine the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio of any reintervention. Log-rank test was used to assess differences in reintervention-free survival. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 51.1% (N = 362), diabetes was 23.0% (N = 163), and smoking was 22.2% (N = 157). Patients with diabetes (3.6 vs. 3.4; P = 0.062), hypertension (3.6 vs. 3.3; P < 0.001), and smoking (3.7 vs. 3.4; P = 0.003) had higher CEAP scores than those without these comorbidities. Improvement in VCSS composite scores showed no differences postoperatively (diabetes: P = 0.513; hypertension: P = 0.053; smoking: P = 0.608), at 1-year follow-up (diabetes: P = 0.666; hypertension: P = 0.681; smoking: P = 0.745), or at 5-year follow-up (diabetes: P = 0.525; hypertension: P = 0.953; smoking: P = 0.146). Diabetes (P = 0.454), smoking (P = 0.355), and hypertension (P = 0.727) were not associated with increased odds of major reintervention. Log-rank test similarly showed no differences in reintervention-free survival for major or minor reoperations between those with and without diabetes (P = 0.79), hypertension (P = 0.14), and smoking (P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes, hypertension, and smoking were prevalent among CVI patients, but unlike in PAD patients, they had little to no impact on long-term outcomes or reinterventions after IVS.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Hipertensión , Enfermedades Vasculares Periféricas , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Constricción Patológica/cirugía , Enfermedad Crónica , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/cirugía , Stents , Vena Ilíaca , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Chronic venous disease is a global public health problem, with high morbidity and economic distress. There is scarcity of data on this disease in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We conducted the first population-based study over a period of 20 months from 1st February 2020 to 30th September 2021 in the 10 regions of Cameroon. A stratify sampling method was chose to select study site. Socio-demographic data, personal and family history, anthropometric parameters, clinical signs, illustrative images, CEAP (Clinical-Etiological-Anatomical-Pathophysiological) classification revised in 2004, VCSS (venous Clinical Severity Score) and risk factor assessment score were used to construct the survey form. Chi-squared test and Fischer exact test were used to compare the prevalence of chronic venous disease across different potential risk factors (sex, age category, previous history of deep vein thrombosis, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, obesity). Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratio for risk factors associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Statistical analyses were done with R version 4.2 for Linux and the threshold for statistical significance was 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 6578 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 41.09 ± 16.02 years with female predominance (54.3%). The prevalence of chronic venous disease was 21.8% (95% CI: 20.8-22.9) and the prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency (C3-C6) was 7.02% (n = 462). Night cramps (43.2%), oedema (21.7%), lower limbs pain (20.4%) mostly worsens by walking and heavy legs (16.2%) were more common symptoms. The mean total venous clinical severity score was 0.69 ± 1.76 and this score had a significant positive correlation with C classification (p < .001). In the multivariate analysis, the following factors were independently associated with CVD: Male gender (aOR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.04-1.56; p = .021), retired people (aOR: 46.9; 95% CI: 12.6-174.5; p < .001), hypertension (aOR: 289.5; 95%CI: 169.69-493.1; p < .001), diabetes (aOR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.21-3.96; p = .009), obesity (aOR: 10.22; 95%CI: 7.67-13.62; p < .001). Smoking appears as a protective factor (aOR: 0.18; 95%CI: 0.10-0.30; p < .001). CONCLUSION: Chronic venous disease is frequent in Cameroon and main traditional cardiovascular risk factors are associated to this condition. Systematic screening of the CVD in these specific groups could reduce the burden of the disease and its economic impact.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Hipertensión , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Camerún/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico , Obesidad/epidemiología , Enfermedad CrónicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of lower limb chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of the deep veins is increasing and presents a significant burden to patients and health care services. To improve the evaluation of interventions it is necessary to standardise their reporting. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the outcomes of interventions delivered to people with CVI of the deep veins as part of the development of a novel core outcome set (COS). METHODS: Following the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) framework for COS development, a systematic review was conducted to PRISMA guidance. The protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO (CRD42021236795). MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched from January 2018 to January 2021. Clinical trials and observational studies involving more than 20 participants, reporting outcomes for patients with CVI of the deep veins were eligible. Outcomes were extracted verbatim, condensed into agreed outcome terms and coded into domains using standard COMET taxonomy. Outcome reporting consistency, where outcomes were fully reported throughout the methods and results of their respective articles was also assessed. RESULTS: Some 103 studies were eligible. There were 1183 verbatim outcomes extracted, spanning 22 domains. No outcome was reported unanimously, with the most widely reported outcome of primary patency featuring in 51 articles (<50%). There was a predominant focus on reporting clinical outcomes (n = 963 [81%]), with treatment durability (n = 278 [23%]) and clinical severity (n = 108 [9%]) reported frequently. Life impact outcomes were relatively under-reported (n = 60 [5%]). Outcome reporting consistency was poor, with just 50% of outcomes reported fully. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome reporting in studies of people with CVI of the deep veins is currently heterogeneous. Life impact outcomes, which likely reflect patients' priorities are under-reported. This study provides the first step in the development of a COS for people with lower limb CVI of the deep veins.
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Extremidad Inferior , Medición de Resultados Informados por el PacienteRESUMEN
The full spectrum of venous disease poses a significant burden on individuals and health-care systems globally. Venous disease can lead to a wide range of symptoms based on the level of disease and underlying pathology. In general, underlying pathologies are due to nonthrombotic (reflux/obstructive) and thrombotic causes. Most conditions are a sequela of the long-term effects of chronic venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or nonthrombotic deep vein obstruction. The prevalence of venous disease is substantial, impacting the quality of life of a considerable proportion of the adult population. Untreated and progressive lower extremity venous disease can lead to venous ulceration and other complications. Additionally, poorly recognized and poorly understood venous conditions of the abdomen and pelvis leave many patients "orphaned" in health-care systems that lack expertise in complex venous conditions. Addressing the burden and breadth of venous disease requires comprehensive management approaches, early diagnosis, appropriate treatment interventions, and provider and patient education. Multidisciplinary collaborations and further research are essential to enhance our understanding, develop innovative therapies, and improve patient outcomes in the field of venous disease. In this paper, we highlight the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and our journey to building an institutional venous team, as well as lessons learned.
Asunto(s)
Calidad de Vida , Insuficiencia Venosa , Adulto , Humanos , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/terapia , Venas , Atención al Paciente , Enfermedad CrónicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The relationship between physical activity and lower limb veins is complex. If a sedentary lifestyle is considered to be negative on lower limb veins, specific information on physical activity varicose vein volume is sparse, especially the effect of high physical activity volume. The main objective of the VARISPORT study was to evaluate lower limb veins (clinically, morphologically, and haemodynamically) and chronic venous disease symptoms in subjects exposed to high physical activity volume compared with a group of non-exposed subjects. METHODS: A cross sectional study compared a group of high exercise training volume volunteers (more than eight hours of uninterrupted vigorous intensity physical activity per week for more than six months: high physical activity volume group, HPAV group) with a volunteer control group matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Clinical examination was performed to determine the Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, Pathophysiological (CEAP) classification of each subject and the Carpentier score was used to assess symptoms related to possible chronic venous disease. Duplex ultrasonography was used to assess vein diameters and reflux in the deep and superficial veins. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen subjects were included in each group. The lower limb veins (deep and superficial) were significantly more dilated in the HPAV group. More reflux was found in the great saphenous veins and non-saphenous veins in the HPAV group. High physical activity volume was associated with a higher frequency of visible varicose veins (stage C2 of the CEAP classification), odds ratio 3.37 (95% confidence interval 1.66 - 7.25) without impact on functional discomfort (44 subjects with a Carpentier score ≥ 1 in each group). CONCLUSION: The VARISPORT study reported an increase in the calibre of the lower limb veins without impact on functional discomfort. Further studies are needed to determine whether these athletic veins are truly pathological varicose veins or simply an adaptation to high physical activity volumes.
Asunto(s)
Várices , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Várices/diagnóstico , Vena Safena/cirugía , Enfermedad Crónica , Ejercicio Físico , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/complicacionesRESUMEN
Background and Objectives: Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a widespread clinical condition that is very common in western countries in the adult general population with a wide range of clinical manifestations, such as varicose veins (VVs) that in certain circumstances may complicate with rupture and subsequent bleeding that may even be fatal. The aim of this study is to evaluate risk factors for bleeding VVs. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in patients with CVD complicating with bleeding of VVs over a 4-year period (2019-2022). A random sample, for the same 4-year period and with a 3:1 ratio, was selected from other CVD patients without VVs bleeding that served as the control group. Results: From a global population of 1048 patients with CVD over a 4-year period, a total of 33 patients (3.15%) with VVs bleeding were selected. A group of 99 patients without VVs bleeding were randomly selected from the total population of 1048 patients with CVD. Findings of this study showed that advanced clinical stage of CVD (i.e., C4b stage), advanced age, living alone, suffering from cardiovascular co-morbidity (i.e., hypertension and CHF), assuming certain drugs that act on blood coagulation (i.e., aspirin, anticoagulants), assuming psychotropic medication, having particular venous reflux patterns (i.e., below-knee GSV reflux, non-saphenous veins reflux, Cockett's perforators reflux), and not having been assessed and treated previously for CVD (i.e., with VADs, CT, or surgery) may predispose a high risk for bleeding VVs. Conclusions: Bleeding VVs may be a life-threatening complications of CVD patients, and monitoring risk factors found in this study and others that, hopefully, may be discovered in the future through further focused research will help to reduce the impact of this problem in this patient population.
Asunto(s)
Várices , Insuficiencia Venosa , Adulto , Humanos , Enfermedad Crónica , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Hemorragia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Várices/complicaciones , Várices/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Chronic venous disease (CVD) occurs because of structural or functional disturbances to the venous system of the lower limbs. Signs and symptoms include leg pain, swelling, varicose veins, and skin changes, with venous ulceration ultimately occurring in severe disease. To assess the prevalence of CVD among health care workers, a scoping review of existing publications exploring the prevalence of CVD among health care workers was conducted in July 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used. A total of 15 papers met the inclusion criteria and these formed the basis of the review. Among health care workers, the mean prevalence of CVD was 58.5% and the mean prevalence for varicose veins was 22.1%. There is an increased prevalence of CVD in health care workers when compared with the general population. Therefore, there is a need for early diagnosis and the use of preventative measures to protect health care workers from CVD and varicose vein development.
Asunto(s)
Úlcera Varicosa , Várices , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Várices/epidemiología , Úlcera Varicosa/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Personal de SaludRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and pelvic vein incompetence (PVI) or pelvic varices. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Gynaecology and vascular surgery services in two teaching hospitals in north-west England. SAMPLE: A total of 328 premenopausal women (aged 18-54 years), comprising 164 women with CPP and 164 matched controls with no history of CPP. METHODS: Symptom and quality-of-life questionnaires and transvaginal duplex ultrasound for PVI and pelvic varices. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Venous reflux of >0.7 s in the ovarian or internal iliac veins (primary outcome) and presence of pelvic varices (secondary outcome). Statistical analysis compared the prevalence of PVI between women with and without CPP using the two-sided chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to compare the odds of having PVI and pelvic varices between women with and without CPP. RESULTS: Pelvic vein incompetence was found on transvaginal duplex ultrasound in 101/162 (62%) women with CPP, compared with 30/164 (19%) asymptomatic controls (OR 6.79, 95% CI 4.11-11.47, p < 0.001). Forty-three of 164 (27%) women with CPP had pelvic varices compared with three of 164 (2%) asymptomatic women (OR 18.9, 95% CI 5.73-62.7, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association between PVI, as detected by transvaginal duplex imaging, and CPP. Pelvic varices were strongly associated with CPP and were infrequently seen in control patients. These results justify further evaluation of PVI and its treatment in well-designed research.
Asunto(s)
Dolor Crónico , Várices , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Insuficiencia Venosa/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Dolor Pélvico/epidemiología , Dolor Pélvico/etiología , Várices/complicaciones , Várices/diagnóstico por imagen , Várices/epidemiología , Vena Ilíaca , Dolor Crónico/epidemiología , Dolor Crónico/etiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: La insuficiencia venosa periférica tiene una prevalencia aproximada del 60 % en profesionales de la enfermería. Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia de la insuficiencia venosa periférica de los profesionales de enfermería del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" de Camagüey durante el primer semestre de 2022. El universo estuvo constituido por 272 enfermeros y la muestra quedó conformada por los 154 que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Las variables estudiadas incluyeron: sexo, grupo etario, síntomas referidos, signos clínicos desarrollados, factores de riesgo modificables y no modificables, y medidas utilizadas para evitar el progreso de la enfermedad. El estudio fue aprobado en el Consejo Científico, el Comité de Ética del Hospital y se tuvieron en cuenta los principios de la Declaración de Helsinki. Los datos se expresaron en cantidad y porcentaje. Resultados: Existió predominio del sexo femenino (98,1 por ciento), el grupo etario 50-59 años (43,5 por ciento), y, como signos principales, el cansancio (55,8 por ciento) y la telangiectasia (72,2 por ciento). La bipedestación prolongada (92,9 por ciento) resultó el primordial factor de riesgo modificable, mientras que la hipertensión arterial se presentó en los no modificables (33,8 por ciento). El 40,3 por ciento refirió el uso de medias de compresión para evitar el progreso de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Se determinó una alta incidencia de várices en el personal de enfermería femenino, de edad avanzada, asociado a factores de riesgo ocupacional como la bipedestación prolongada y el sedentarismo(AU)
Introduction: Peripheral venous insufficiency has an approximate prevalence of 60 % in nursing professionals. Objective: To estimate the incidence of peripheral venous insufficiency in nursing professionals at "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" Provincial Teaching Pediatric Hospital. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" Provincial Teaching Pediatric Hospital in Camagüey province during the first semester of 2022. The universe consisted of 272 nurses and the sample was made up of 154 who met the selection criteria. The variables studied included: sex, age group, referred symptoms, developed clinical signs, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and measures used to prevent disease progression. The study was approved by the Scientific Council, the Hospital Ethics Committee and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were taken into account. Data were expressed in quantity and percentage. Results: There was a predominance of female sex (98.1 percent), the age group 50-59 years (43.5 percent), and, as main signs, fatigue (55.8 percent) and telangiectasia (72.2 percent). Prolonged standing (92.9 percent) was the primary modifiable risk factor, while hypertension was present in the non-modifiable ones (33.8 percent). 40.3 percent reported the use of compression stockings to prevent the progression of the disease. Conclusions: A high incidence of varicose veins was determined in female nursing staff, of advanced age, associated with occupational risk factors such as prolonged standing and sedentary lifestyle(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Observacionales como AsuntoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the final stage of chronic venous insufficiency. This study aims to characterize the association between cardiovascular diseases and VLU. METHODS: A multicentric case-control study analyzed 17,788 patients between 2015 and 2020. Cases were matched (1:2) by age and sex, and odds ratios (OR) were analyzed with conditional logistic regressions adjusted by risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of VLU was 15.2%. 2390 cases were analyzed. Diseases found to be associated with VLU were atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03-1.42), pulmonary hypertension (OR, 1.45; 95% CI: 1.06-2.00), right heart failure (OR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13-1.43), peripheral artery disease (OR, 2.21; 95% CI: 1.90-2.56), and history of pulmonary embolism (OR, 1.45; 95% CI: 1.06-2.00). CONCLUSIONS: Certain cardiovascular conditions showed an association with VLU. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effect that treating concomitant cardiovascular diseases might exert on the natural history of venous leg ulcers.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Úlcera de la Pierna , Úlcera Varicosa , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Úlcera Varicosa/terapia , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Úlcera de la Pierna/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The use of drug therapies in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD) remains a topic of debate regarding safety, compliance, and effectiveness. Although the beneficial effects of molecules like diosmin have been established in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of C3-C6 classes, the evidence for its use in C0-C1 patients is not well documented. This report aims to describe and analyze the positive impact of a new diosmin-based drug therapy on a population of C0-C1 patients in terms of relief of venous symptoms.
Asunto(s)
Diosmina , Enfermedades Vasculares , Insuficiencia Venosa , Humanos , Diosmina/uso terapéutico , Resultado del Tratamiento , Venas , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Enfermedades Vasculares/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad CrónicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed at the identification of hemodynamic and neurobiological factors for the development of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in patients with pelvic venous disorder (PeVD) using ultrasound, radionuclide, and enzyme immunoassay methods. METHODS: This cohort study included 110 consecutive patients with PeVD and 20 healthy controls. Seventy patients with PeVD had symptoms (CPP in 100% of cases, discomfort in hypogastrium, dyspareunia, vulvar varices, and dysuria), and 40 were asymptomatic. Patients underwent clinical examination, duplex ultrasound study of the pelvic veins and lower extremities, and single-photon emission computed tomography of the pelvic veins with in vivo labeled red blood cells. The prevalence, duration, severity, and pattern of reflux in the pelvic veins, as well as the severity of pelvic venous congestion, were evaluated. Healthy controls underwent only clinical and duplex ultrasound examination. All 130 patients were assessed using enzyme immunoassays to determine plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). RESULTS: Symptomatic patients with PeVD had a higher prevalence of reflux in the ovarian veins (OVs) than asymptomatic ones (45.7% vs 10%, respectively; P = .001) and a greater reflux duration (4.1 ± 1.7 seconds vs 1.4 ± 0.3 seconds; P = .002), although no differences in the OV diameter were found. Similar results were obtained when comparing the diameters of the parametrial veins (PVs) and the duration of reflux in them. Type II/III reflux (greater than 2 seconds) was identified in 41.4% of symptomatic and in only 5% of asymptomatic patients (P = .001). Among patients with CPP, 24.2% had a combined reflux in the OVs, PVs, and uterine veins, and 45.7% had a combined reflux in the OVs and PVs, whereas 90% of patients without CPP had only an isolated reflux in the PVs. The pelvic venous congestion was moderate or severe in 95.7% of patients with CPP and in only 15% patients without CPP (P = .001). In patients with PeVD, the presence of CPP was associated with higher levels of CGRP and SP compared with asymptomatic patients (CGRP: 0.48 ± 0.06 vs 0.19 ± 0.02 ng/mL, respectively, P = .001; SP: 0.38 ± 0.08 vs 0.13 ± 0.03 ng/mL, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PeVD, significant hemodynamic and neurobiological factors for the CPP development were found to be reflux in the pelvic veins greater than 2 seconds, involvement of several venous collectors, and increased plasma levels of CGRP and SP.
Asunto(s)
Hiperemia , Várices , Insuficiencia Venosa , Femenino , Humanos , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Venosa/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Venosa/complicaciones , Hiperemia/complicaciones , Estudios de Cohortes , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina , Várices/complicaciones , Várices/diagnóstico por imagen , Dolor Pélvico/diagnóstico , Dolor Pélvico/epidemiología , Dolor Pélvico/etiología , HemodinámicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of combined >50% iliocaval venous obstruction (ICVO) and superficial venous reflux (SVR) in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) with a healed (C5) or an active (C6) venous leg ulcer (VLU). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from patients with CVI with CEAP (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, Pathophysiology) class C5 (healed ulcer) or C6 (active ulcer) with SVR who had been treated at our institution from February 2017 to January 2018. The demographic, clinical, and surgical data and duplex ultrasound and computed tomography venography findings were collected. We used OsiriX MD, version 2.9, software (Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Switzerland) to measure the vein diameter via multiplanar reconstruction. The prevalence of combined >50% ICVO and SVR was evaluated, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the independent predictors of >50% ICVO in patients with CVI and SVR. RESULTS: A total of 79 limbs from 67 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 59.82 ± 12.86 years, the mean body mass index was 28.68 ± 6.41 kg/m2, and 41.8% were men. The prevalence of >50% ICVO in the patients with SVR was 31.6%. Univariate analysis showed a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the affected leg (P = .001), a VLU in the left leg (P = .033), a history of a recurrent VLU (P = .038), and reversed flow in the superficial epigastric vein (P = .004) were significantly associated with >50% ICVO in patients with CVI and SVR. Multivariate analysis revealed a history of DVT in the affected leg (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29-30.19; P = .001), a VLU in the left leg (aOR, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.18-13.19; P = .026), and a history of a recurrent VLU (aOR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.02-9.32; P = .047) to be independently associated with combined >50% ICVO and SVR in patients with CVI. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of combined >50% ICVO and SVR in patients with CVI and CEAP C5 or C6 was 31.6%. The independent predictors of combined >50% ICVO and SVR in those with CVI were a history of DVT in the affected leg, a VLU in the left leg, and recurrent VLUs.