Comparison of erector spinae and gluteus medius muscle thickness and activation in individuals with and without low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional patterns of the erector spinae (ES) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles often accompany episodes of low back pain (LBP). Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) has been used to measure ES and GM muscle thickness, however such measurements have not been compared in individuals with and without LBP. OBJECTIVES: To compare ES and GM muscle thickness and change in thickness utilizing RUSI in individuals with and without LBP. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison. METHODS: A volunteer sample of 60 adults with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) LBP was examined. Thickness measurements of the ES and GM at rest and during contraction were obtained by using RUSI during a single session. Statistical comparison was performed using ANCOVA. The demographic variable age was used as a covariate in the primary comparative analysis. RESULTS: Mean difference for age between groups was 5.4 years (95% CI: 1.85, 8.94, p = 0.004). Average ODI score was 32.33±6.58 and pain level of 5.39±0.73 over the last 24 h in the symptomatic group. There was a statistically significant difference in the percent thickness change in both the ES, mean difference = -3.46 (95% CI: -6.71, -0.21, p = 0.039) and GM, mean difference = -1.93 (95% CI: -3.85, -0.01, p = 0.049) muscles between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with LBP may have reduced percent thickness change of the ES and GM muscles when compared to asymptomatic individuals.

Thoracolumbar Fascia and Lumbar Muscle Stiffness in Athletes with A History of Hamstring Injury.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) and lumbar muscle modulus in individuals with and without hamstring injury using shear wave elastography (SWE). Thirteen male soccer players without a previous hamstring injury and eleven players with a history of hamstring injury performed passive and active (submaximal) knee flexion efforts from 0°, 45° and 90° angle of knee flexion as well as an active prone trunk extension test. The elastic modulus of the TLF, the erector spinae (ES) and the multifidus (MF) was measured using ultrasound SWE simultaneously with the surface electromyography (EMG) signal of the ES and MF. The TLF SWE modulus was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the injured group (range: 29.86 ± 8.58 to 66.57 ± 11.71 kPa) than in the uninjured group (range: 17.47 ± 9.37 to 47.03 ± 16.04 kPa). The ES and MF modulus ranged from 14.97 ± 4.10 to 66.57 ± 11.71 kPa in the injured group and it was significantly (p < .05) greater compared to the uninjured group (range: 11.65 ± 5.99 to 40.49 ± 12.35 kPa). TLF modulus was greater than ES and MF modulus (p < 0.05). Active modulus was greater during the prone trunk extension test compared to the knee flexion tests and it was greater in the knee flexion test at 0° than at 90° (p < 0.05). The muscle EMG was greater in the injured compared to the uninjured group in the passive tests only (p < 0.05). SWE modulus of the TLF and ES and MF was greater in soccer players with previous hamstring injury than uninjured players. Further research could establish whether exercises that target the paraspinal muscles and the lumbar fascia can assist in preventing individuals with a history of hamstring injury from sustaining a new injury.

Effects of high-intensity training on fatty infiltration in paraspinal muscles in elderly males with osteosarcopenia - the randomized controlled FrOST study.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcopenia is a common geriatric syndrome with an increasing prevalence with age, leading to secondary diseases and complex consequences such as falls and fractures, as well as higher mortality and frailty rates. There is a great need for prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS: In this analysis, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from the randomised controlled FrOST trial, which enrolled community-dwelling osteosarcopenic men aged > 72 years randomly allocated to 16 months of twice-weekly high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) or a non-training control group. MR Dixon imaging was used to quantify the effects of HIRT on muscle fat infiltration in the paraspinal muscles, determined as changes in muscle tissue, fat faction and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in the erector spinae and psoas major muscles. Intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation was used to analyse the data set. RESULTS: After 16 months of intervention, 15 men from the HIRT and 16 men from the CG were included in the MRI analysis. In summary, no positive effects on the fat infiltration of the erector spinae and psoas major muscles were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The previously reported positive effects on lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) suggest that mechanotransduction induces tropic effects on bone, but that fat infiltration of the erector spinae and psoas major muscles are either irreversible or, for some unknown reason, resistant to exercise. Because of the beneficial effects on spinal BMD, HIRT is still recommended in osteosarcopenic older men, but further research is needed to confirm appropriate age-specific training exercises for the paraspinal muscles. The potential of different MRI sequences to quantify degenerative and metabolic changes in various muscle groups must be better characterized. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: FrOST was approved by the University Ethics Committee of the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (number 67_15b and 4464b) and the Federal Office for Radiation Projection (BfS, number Z 5-2,246,212 - 2017-002). Furthermore, it fully complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03453463 (05/03/2018). JAMA 310:2191-2194, 2013.

Vestibular control of deep and superficial lumbar muscles.

The active control of the lumbar musculature provides a stable platform critical for postures and goal-directed movements. Voluntary and perturbation-evoked motor commands can recruit individual lumbar muscles in a task-specific manner according to their presumed biomechanics. Here, we investigated the vestibular control of the deep and superficial lumbar musculature. Ten healthy participants were exposed to noisy electrical vestibular stimulation while balancing upright with their head facing forward, left, or right to characterize the differential modulation in the vestibular-evoked lumbar extensor responses in generating multidirectional whole body motion. We quantified the activation of the lumbar muscles on the right side using indwelling [deep multifidus, superficial multifidus, caudal longissimus (L4), and cranial longissimus (L1)] and high-density surface recordings. We characterized the vestibular-evoked responses using coherence and peak-to-peak cross-covariance amplitude between the vestibular and electromyographic signals. Participants exhibited responses in all lumbar muscles. The vestibular control of the lumbar musculature exhibited muscle-specific modulations: responses were larger in the longissimus (combined cranio-caudal) compared with the multifidus (combined deep-superficial) when participants faced forward (P < 0.001) and right (P = 0.011) but not when they faced left. The high-density surface recordings partly supported this observation: the location of the responses was more lateral when facing right compared with left (P < 0.001). The vestibular control of muscle subregions within the longissimus or the multifidus was similar. Our results demonstrate muscle-specific vestibular control of the lumbar muscles in response to perturbations of vestibular origin. The lack of differential activation of lumbar muscle subregions suggests the vestibular control of these subregions is co-regulated for standing balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the vestibular control of the deep and superficial lumbar extensor muscles using electrical vestibular stimuli. Vestibular stimuli elicited preferential activation of the longissimus muscle over the multifidus muscle. We did not observe clear regional activation of lumbar muscle subregions in response to the vestibular stimuli. Our findings show that the central nervous system can finely tune the vestibular control of individual lumbar muscles and suggest minimal regional variations in the activation of lumbar muscle subregions.

Hamstring and knee injuries are associated with isometric hip and trunk muscle strength in elite Australian Rules and Rugby League players.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated relationships between isometric trunk and hip extensor strength, lumbar muscle morphology, and the risk of hamstring and knee ligament injuries in Australian Football League and National Rugby League players. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Trunk and hip extensor strength, multifidus and quadratus lumborum cross-sectional area were measured during the 2020 pre-season. Logistic regressions and decision trees were employed to explore associations between maximum strength, strength endurance, multifidus and quadratus lumborum cross-sectional area, age, previous injuries, and hamstring and knee ligament injury risk. RESULTS: Greater strength endurance [odds ratio = 0.42 (0.23-0.74), p = 0.004] and maximum strength [odds ratio = 0.55 (0.31-0.94), p = 0.039] reduced hamstring injury risk. Increased risk of knee ligament injuries was associated with larger multifidus [odds ratio = 1.66 (1.14-2.45), p = 0.008] and higher multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio (odds ratio = 1.57 (1.13-2.23), p = 0.008]. Decision tree models indicated that low strength endurance (< 99 Nm) characterised hamstring strains, while high (≥ 1.33) multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio mitigated risk. Knee ligament injuries were associated with larger (≥ 8.49 cm2) multifidus, greater (≥ 1.25) multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio, and lower maximum strength (< 9.24 N/kg). CONCLUSIONS: Players with lower trunk and hip extensor maximum strength and strength endurance had increased risk of hamstring injuries, while knee ligament injury risk was elevated with larger multifidus cross-sectional area, higher multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio, and lower maximum trunk and hip extensor strength.

Anatomical study and proposed EMG technique for the cervical paraspinal muscles.

Paraspinal electromyography has proven to be the most sensitive component of the electrodiagnostic examination for lumbar spinal disorders. However, no standardized, anatomically validated technique has been proposed for the cervical region. This study reviewed the published textbooks on cervical paraspinal anatomy to develop a standardized electromyography technique and scoring system. A library search found 32 anatomy texts published between 2000 and 2021. Of these 11 were unique and appropriate. Most texts described the basic muscle anatomy similarly, but only one cited original research. When the spinous process is defined as the origin, the multifidus and deeper rotatores appear innervated by the posterior primary rami of single cervical roots. However, texts differ in the number of pennae, between two and five, traveling to transverse process regions below. These are crowded into a small area between the spinous processes and transverse processes. Based on this understanding, a proposed cervical paraspinal mapping technique involves skin insertions from 1 to 2 cm lateral to the C5, C7, and T2 spinous processes. The needle samples transversely and deep toward midline, contacts bone, then is withdrawn and redirected to sample medial and caudally to midline to bone, creating two scores of 0-4 at three levels, theoretically resulting in scores of 0-24. This technique must be validated by clinical research to determine the range of normal, reproducibility, and the spectrum of findings in various disorders.

The Effect of Leg Length Discrepancy on Paraspinal Muscles Activation Using Surface Electromyography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the effects of leg length discrepancy on paraspinal muscle activity and kinematic variables during gait. DESIGN: Thirty-nine healthy participants aged 5-12 yrs performed the 10-m walk test using the surface electromyography and G-walk sensor for the following conditions: (1) non-leg length discrepancy condition (leg length discrepancy 0 cm) and (2) leg length discrepancy condition with an insole on the right leg at three different heights (leg length discrepancy 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, and 1.5 cm). The root mean square was normalized using maximal voluntary contraction and reference voluntary contraction methods (RMS_MVC and RMS_ref) and compared between the sides. RESULTS: The mean RMS_MVC of the 12th thoracic erector spinae on the right side was significantly higher at a leg length discrepancy 0.5 cm and 1 cm. Regarding the 3rd lumbar multifidus, the mean RMS_MVC on the right side was significantly higher at a leg length discrepancy 1.5 cm. The mean RMS_ref exhibited similar patterns. Pelvic obliquity and rotation showed asymmetry at a leg length discrepancy 1.5 cm compared with a leg length discrepancy 0 cm. CONCLUSIONS: A small leg length discrepancy significantly affected the asymmetric hyperactivation of the 3rd lumbar multifidus and 12th thoracic erector spinae muscles during gait. Considering the action of these muscles, asymmetric hyperactivation might result in rotation and bending of the lumbar spine and the bending of the thoracolumbar spine.

Thoracolumbar fascia mobility and chronic low back pain: Phase 1 of a pilot and feasibility study assessing repeated measures and the influence of paraspinal muscle contraction.

BACKGROUND: Differential movement, or shear strain (SS), between layers of thoracolumbar fascia is reduced with chronic low back pain. To provide a foundation for clinical research involving SS, this study assessed temporal stability and the effect of paraspinal muscle contraction on SS in persons with chronic low back pain. METHODS: We used ultrasound imaging to measure SS in adults self-reporting low back pain ≥1 year. Images were obtained by placing a transducer 2-3 cm lateral to L2-3 with participants lying prone and relaxed on a table moving the lower extremities downward 15°, for 5 cycles at 0.5 Hz. To assess paraspinal muscle contraction effects, participants raised the head slightly from the table. SS was calculated using 2 computational methods. Method 1 averaged the maximum SS from each side during the third cycle. Method 2 used the maximum SS from any cycle (2-4) on each side, prior to averaging. SS was also assessed after a 4-week no manual therapy period. RESULTS: Of 30 participants (n = 14 female), mean age was 40 years; mean BMI 30.1. Mean (SE) SS in females with paraspinal muscle contraction was 66% (7.4) (method 1) and 78% (7.8) (method 2); 54% (6.9) (method 1) and 67% (7.3) (method 2) in males. With muscles relaxed, mean SS in females was 77% (7.6) (method 1) or 87% (6.8) (method 2); 63% (7.1) (method 1) and 78% (6.4) (method 2) in males. Mean SS decreased 8-13% in females and 7-13% in males after 4-weeks CONCLUSION: Mean SS in females was higher than males at each timepoint. Paraspinal muscle contraction temporarily reduced SS. Over a 4-week no-treatment period, mean SS (with paraspinal muscles relaxed) decreased. Methods less likely to induce muscle guarding and enabling assessment with broader populations are needed.

The Effects of Posture and Dynamic Stretching on the Electromechanical Delay of the Paraspinal Muscles.

Electromechanical delay (EMD) of muscle is influenced in part by its in-series arrangement with connective tissue. Therefore, studying EMD might provide a better understanding of the muscle-connective tissue interaction. Here, EMD of the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae muscles were investigated under conditions that could influence muscle-connective tissue interaction. A total of 19 participants performed isometric back extension contractions in 3 different postures that influence lumbar spine angle: sitting, standing, and kneeling. They then performed a 15-minute dynamic stretching routine and repeated the standing contractions. Mean lumbar flexion angles of 0.5°, 9.9°, and 19.8° were adopted for standing, kneeling, and sitting, respectively. No statistically significant differences in the thoracic erector spinae EMD were found between the different postures. Lumbar erector spinae EMD was significantly longer in the sitting (94.1 ms) compared to the standing (69.9 ms) condition, with no differences compared to kneeling (79.7 ms). There were no statistically significant differences of the thoracic or lumbar erector spinae EMDs before and after dynamic stretching. These results suggest that dynamic stretching does not affect the mechanical behavior of the muscle-tendon-aponeurosis units in a way that alters force generation and transmission, but a sitting posture can alter how force is transmitted through the musculotendinous complex of the lumbar erector spinae.

The association between size and symmetry of the lumbar multifidus muscle, and injuries in adolescent rugby union players.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between size and symmetry of the lumbar multifidus muscle, and season injuries in adolescent rugby union players. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Pre-season assessment of the size (cross-sectional area) of the lumbar multifidus (L2-5) muscles using ultrasound imaging. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-one adolescent rugby union players (aged 15-18 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: "Time-loss" injuries were recorded during the season and divided into four injury regions (head and neck, upper limb, trunk and lower limb). RESULTS: Thirty-nine injuries were recorded during the season. Players who sustained an upper limb injury during the season had smaller lumbar multifidus muscles at the L5 vertebral level (effect size = 0.7, p = 0.03) and asymmetry in muscle size at the L2 (p = 0.05) and L5 (p = 0.04) in the pre-season. There was no association between size of the lumbar multifidus muscle and other injuries (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lumbar multifidus muscle size and symmetry may impact lumbopelvic control which may increase the risk of sustaining an upper limb injury during rugby union. Future research should aim to identify whether lumbar multifidus muscle size is a modifiable risk factor for rugby union injuries to guide future intervention programs.

Mapping of lumbar multifidus stiffness Quantification in ankylosing spondylitis with shear-wave elastography.

BACKGROUND: Lower back pain and stiffness are the typical symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). In this study, muscle mass was assessed by muscle density, mechanical elasticity, and area. We investigated the characteristics of lumbar paraspinal-muscle (PSM) mass using muscle ultrasound shear-wave elastography (SWE), as well as the validity of this method for identifying patients with AS. METHODS: We recruited a representative cohort of 30 AS patients, and 27 healthy volunteers who were age- and sex-matched to the patient study group, investigated the Young's modulus (YM), cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness of lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle using SWE. This study did not need to be randomized. Data were collected at the department of ultrasonography of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. We analyzed the data using SPSS version 18.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Normal distribution was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test and Q-Q plots. Demographic and baseline data will be analyzed with standard descriptive statistics. Data will be presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Non-normally distributed data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). RESULTS: Young's modulus (YM) of SWE in AS patients was significantly higher than that in volunteers. Percentage change in lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness were significantly lower in AS patients than in healthy volunteers on the left side of the body. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between percentage change in CSA and thickness in both volunteers and AS patients. In AS patients, YM was negatively correlated with percentage change of CSA and thickness on the right side, while increased disease duration in AS was associated with increased YM on the left. CONCLUSION: AS patients showed reductions in LM muscle mass and function as the disease progressed, SWE could reflect these changes well. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000031476. Registered 02/04/2020. http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx .

Effect of Motor Control Training on Trunk Muscle Morphometry, Pain, and Disability in People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to study the effects of motor control training (MCT) on trunk muscle morphometry measured by ultrasound imaging and pain and disability in individuals with chronic low back pain. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from study inception until January 2021. Randomized control trials evaluating both muscle morphometry and pain or disability in individuals with chronic low back pain were included. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by 2 reviewers independently. Modified Downs and Black tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach were used to assess the risk of bias and quality of evidence, respectively. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model with mean difference or standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: Of 3459 studies initially identified, 15 studies were included, and 13 studies were selected for meta-analysis. The results revealed no differences in the resting thickness of the transversus abdominis, internal and external oblique, and lumbar multifidus muscles in studies that compared MCT with other interventions. The transversus abdominis muscles contraction ratio was greater (SMD = 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.0 to 1.85) and lower pain (weighted mean difference: -1.07 cm; 95% CI, -1.91 to -0.22 cm; P = .01) and disability (SMD = -0.86; 95% CI, -1.42 to -0. 29; P < .01) scores were found in the groups who underwent MCT compared with other interventions. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that motor control exercise training increased the transverse abdominis contraction ratio (muscle activation) and improved the level of pain and disability compared to other interventions in people with chronic low back pain. However, motor control exercise training was not superior to other interventions in increasing the resting thickness of deep abdominal and lumbar multifidus muscles in intervention times less than 12 weeks.

A guide for standardized interpretation of lumbar multifidus ultrasonography; an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Inconsistent descriptions of Lumbar multifidus (LM) morphology were previously identified, especially in research applying ultrasonography (US), hampering its clinical applicability with regard to diagnosis and therapy. The aim of this study is to determine the LM-sonoanatomy by comparing high-resolution reconstructions from a 3-D digital spine compared to standard LM-ultrasonography. METHODS: An observational study was carried out. From three deeply frozen human tissue blocks of the lumbosacral spine, a large series of consecutive photographs at 78 µm interval were acquired and reformatted into 3-D blocks. This enabled the reconstruction of (semi-)oblique cross-sections that could match US-images obtained from a healthy volunteer. Transverse and oblique short-axis views were compared from the most caudal insertion of LM to L1. RESULTS: Based on the anatomical reconstructions, we could distinguish the LM from the adjacent erector spinae (ES) in the standard US imaging of the lower spine. At the lumbosacral junction, LM is the only dorsal muscle facing the surface. From L5 upwards, the ES progresses from lateral to medial. A clear distinction between deep and superficial LM could not be discerned. We were only able to identify five separate bands between every lumbar spinous processes and the dorsal part of the sacrum in the caudal anatomical cross-sections, but not in the standard US images. CONCLUSION: The detailed cross-sectional LM-sonoanatomy and reconstructions facilitate the interpretations of standard LM US-imaging, the position of the separate LM-bands, the details of deep interspinal muscles, and demarcation of the LM versus the ES. Guidelines for electrode positioning in EMG studies should be refined to establish reliable and verifiable findings. For clinical practice, this study can serve as a guide for a better characterisation of LM compared to ES and for a more reliable placement of US-probe in biofeedback.

Spatial distribution of erector spinae activity is related to task-specific pain-related fear during a repetitive object lifting task.

Fear-avoidance beliefs, particularly the fear of lifting with a flexed spine, are associated with reduced spinal motion during object lifting. Low back pain patients thereby also showed potentially clinically relevant changes in the spatial distribution of back muscle activity, but it remains unknown whether such associations are also present in pain-free individuals. This cross-sectional observational study investigated the relationship between fear-avoidance beliefs and the spatial distribution of lumbar paraspinal muscle activity in pain-free individuals during a repetitive lifting task. Thirty participants completed two pain-related fear questionnaires and performed 25 repetitions of lifting a 5 kg-box from a lower to an upper shelf and back, while multi-channel electromyographic signals were recorded bilaterally from the lumbar erector spinae muscles. Changes in spatial distribution were defined as the differences in vertical position of the weighted centroids of muscle activity (centroid shift) between the first and last few repetitions. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between centroid shift and fear-avoidance belief scores. Fear of lifting an object with a flexed spine was negatively associated with erector spinae activity centroid shift (R2 adj. = 0.1832; p = 0.045), which might be an expression of behavioral alterations to prevent the back from possible harm.

Investigation of precision task demands on workers' muscular activities, heart rate, and perceived exertion rating.

BACKGROUND: Manual material handling (MMH) tasks significantly contribute to musculoskeletal disorders in manual workers. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed the physical factors of precision lifting tasks that affect muscular activities (electromyography, EMGs), heart rate, and perceived exertion rating in ten healthy male workers aged 25-35 years, while considering the safety aspect of the common types of safety footwear. METHODS: The independent variables that were assessed are as follows: 1) lifting method (precise and inexact), 2) lifting frequency (one and four liftings/min), and 3) type of safety footwear worn by the worker (light, medium, or heavy). The response variables data, represented by EMG signals, for four muscular activities (biceps brachii, deltoid, trapezius, and erector spinae), heart rate, and perceived exertion were analyzed using a three-factor within-subjects design. RESULTS: The results showed that wearing heavy safety shoes increases the effort used with precise lifting methods in trapezius and erector spinae muscular activities. We also observed that the heart rate and perceived exertion increased rapidly at four lifts/min compared to one lift/min, regardless of the lifting method. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of choosing appropriate safety footwear must be carefully assessed before replacing the conventional working safety shoes.

Response characteristics of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials recorded over splenius capitis in young adults and adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Examine vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) responses recorded from surface electrodes over Splenius Capitis (SPC) in a seated position. SPECIFIC AIMS: (1) validate response characteristics of VEMP recordings from surface electrodes over Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and over SCP and (2) assess age effects on responses in adolescents and young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Simultaneous surface VEMP was recorded bilaterally from electrodes placed over the dorsal neck musculature at a location known from previous work to record from SPC in 15 healthy participants during trials with head rotation toward and away from the stimulated ear. VEMP was also recorded from electrodes over SCM, ipsilateral to the stimulus ear, in the same participants in a supine, head lift/turn position. RESULTS: Response amplitudes significantly increased with contraction strength and decreased with age. Participants were able to maintain sufficient contraction strength (amplitude) with head rotation to reliably measure over SPC. Normalized response amplitudes measured from electrodes over contralateral SPC were largest with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus ear. Normalized amplitudes and peak latencies were comparable to the same measures from SCM obtained in supine, head lift/turn position. CONCLUSIONS: Otolith generated myogenic responses can be recorded seated from electrodes over the dorsal neck with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus ear. In this position, contralateral recordings are consistent with responses known from previous work to arise from SPC; ipsilateral recordings may include crosstalk from activated muscles nearby, including ipsilateral SCM. Overall, techniques targeting contralateral SPC during contralateral head turn may provide additional methods of recording VEMPs.

A Preliminary Study on the Equivalence between Standing Back-Extension and Superman Training in Lumbar Multifidus Exercise.

Objective: To explore the equivalence of an easier and more convenient lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle exercise pattern among standing back-extension, static standing, and superman training. Methods: A total of 26 healthy young volunteers were enrolled, including 14 males and 12 females, aged from 22 to 44 years with an average of 31.77 ± 7.06 years. Ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of the left LM of the transverse process of the L5 vertebra during static standing, static prone decubitus, standing back-extension, and prone superman training. In this study, measurement data were expressed as Mean ± SD and compared using the t-test. Results: The left LM thickness of the L5 vertebra was 2.92 ± 0.46 cm during static standing and 2.78 ± 0.39 cm during static prone decubitus, showing no statistical difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The left LM thickness of the L5 vertebra was 3.16 ± 0.51 cm during standing back-extension and 3.33 ± 0.41 cm during the prone superman training, indicating no statistical difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: There is no significant statistical difference in the LM thickness between static standing and static prone decubitus and between standing back-extension and prone superman training, indicating the equivalence of the two methods in LM exercise, providing a simpler and easier way for clinical exercise of lumbodorsal muscles.

Effects of arm and leg positions on lumbar multifidus muscle activity while on hands and knees or while standing.

BACKGROUND: The lumbar multifidus (LMF) muscle, which is involved in the mechanical stability of the lumbar spine, reportedly undergoes atrophy in patients with low back pain. Preventing or mitigating low back pain requires strengthening the LMF muscle; however, methods for triggering selective and significant contraction of this muscle have not been fully studied. This study aims to clarify how, in the hands-and-knees or standing position, the position of the arm and leg on one side affects the activity of the lumbar erector spinae (LES) and LMF muscles. METHODS: We recruited nine adult men with no prior history of low back pain. Measurements were taken in four different postures under varying conditions (that is, one arm and one leg were lifted in either the hands-and-knees or standing position,) as follows: (1) shoulder joint flexion and hip joint extension in the hands-and-knees position; (2) 90° shoulder joint abduction and hip joint abduction in the hands-and-knees position; (3) shoulder joint flexion and hip joint extension in the standing position; and (4) 90° shoulder joint abduction and hip joint abduction in the standing position. The 90° shoulder joint abduction involved simultaneous horizontal abduction, while the hip joint abduction involved simultaneous extension. Muscle activity of the LES and LMF in each posture was measured using a surface electromyograph. RESULTS: Muscle activity of the LMF was significantly higher in 90° shoulder joint abduction and hip joint abduction than in shoulder joint flexion and hip joint extension in both the hands-and-knees and standing positions. The LES muscle showed no significant differences in activity between each posture. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that unilateral 90° shoulder joint abduction and contralateral hip joint abduction in the hands-and-knees and standing positions may produce selective and significant contraction of the LMF muscle.

Individuals With Impaired Lumbopelvic Control Demonstrate Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Activation Deficit Using Ultrasound Imaging in Conjunction With Electrical Stimulation: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle activation deficits in individuals with impaired lumbopelvic control (iLPC) based on musculoskeletal ultrasound in conjunction with electrical stimulation approach and the correlation between back extension force and LM activation. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study design. SETTING: A university laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty participants (25 iLPC and 25 no low back pain [NoLBP]) were recruited from the university physical therapy clinic and surrounding areas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to measure LM thickness at rest, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and electrical stimulation combined with MVIC, and a handheld dynamometer was used to record force during MVIC and electrical stimulation combined with MVIC. These data were used to derive LM activation (LMACT) and percentage force generation (ForceGEN). RESULTS: The iLPC group had significantly lower LMACT (17%) than the NoLBP group (P<.05). No significant difference was seen in ForceGEN between the NoLBP and iLPC groups (P>.05). No significant correlation was seen between LMACT and ForceGEN (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the utility of our protocol to determine LM activation deficits. The lower LM activation in iLPC group suggests that individuals with iLPC were unable to fully recruit the motor units available in LM. Force generation measurements may not be an appropriate approach to determine such deficits in LM.