Ontology of clinical practice guidelines for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (TCM and WM) are important medical documents used to assist medical decision-making and are of great significance for standardizing clinical pathways. However, due to the constraints of text format, it is difficult for Integrated TCM and WM CPGs to play a real role in medical practice. In addition, how to standardize the structure and semantic relationships between Integrated TCM and WM CPG knowledge, and realize the construction of computable, sharable and reliable CPGs, remains an urgent issue to be addressed. Therefore, we are proposing an ontology of CPGs for Integrated TCM and WM. METHODS: We first initialized domain concepts and relationships to ensure the accuracy of the ontology knowledge structure. We then screened CPGs that meet the standards for Integrated TCM and WM, analyzed and classified the contents, and extracted the common structures. Based on the seven-step ontology construction method combined with inference-complement, referring to the representation methods and hierarchical relationships of terms and concepts in MeSH, ICD-10, SNOMED-CT, and other ontologies and terminology sets, we formed the concept structure and semantic relationship tables for the ontology. We also achieved the matching and mapping between the ontology and reference ontologies and term sets. Next, we defined the aspects and constraints of properties, selected multiple Integrated TCM and WM CPGs as instances to populate, and used ontology reasoning tools and formulated defined inference rules to reason and extend the ontology. Finally, we evaluated the performance of the ontology. RESULTS: The content of the Integrated TCM and WM CPGs is divided into nine parts: basic information, background, development method, clinical question, recommendation, evidence, conclusion, result, and reason for recommendations. The Integrated TCM and WM CPG ontology has 152 classes and defines 90 object properties and 114 data properties, with a maximum classification depth of 4 layers. The terms of disease, drug and examination item names in the ontology have been standardized. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes an Integrated TCM and WM CPG ontology. The ontology adopts a modular design, which has both sharing and scaling ability, and can express rich guideline knowledge. It provides important support for the semantic processing and computational application of guideline documents.

Investigating the nature of open science practices across complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine journals: An audit.

BACKGROUND: Open science practices are implemented across many scientific fields to improve transparency and reproducibility in research. Complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine (CAIM) is a growing field that may benefit from adoption of open science practices. The efficacy and safety of CAIM practices, a popular concern with the field, can be validated or refuted through transparent and reliable research. Investigating open science practices across CAIM journals by using the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) guidelines can potentially promote open science practices across CAIM journals. The purpose of this study is to conduct an audit that compares and ranks open science practices adopted by CAIM journals against TOP guidelines laid out by the Center for Open Science (COS). METHODS: CAIM-specific journals with titles containing the words "complementary", "alternative" and/or "integrative" were included in this audit. Each of the eight TOP criteria were used to extract open science practices from each of the CAIM journals. Data was summarized by the TOP guideline and ranked using the TOP Factor to identify commonalities and differences in practices across the included journals. RESULTS: A total of 19 CAIM journals were included in this audit. Across all journals, the mean TOP Factor was 2.95 with a median score of 2. The findings of this study reveal high variability among the open science practices required by journals in this field. Four journals (21%) had a final TOP score of 0, while the total scores of the remaining 15 (79%) ranged from 1 to 8. CONCLUSION: While several studies have audited open science practices across discipline-specific journals, none have focused on CAIM journals. The results of this study indicate that CAIM journals provide minimal guidelines to encourage or require authors to adhere to open science practices and there is an opportunity to improve the use of open science practices in the field.

Integration of complementary and integrative medicine competencies in general practice postgraduate education - development of a novel competency catalogue in Germany.

BACKGROUND: Complementary and integrative medical procedures (CIM) play an important role in general practice (GP). Consequently, in some countries (e.g. USA, Australia) specific curricula for the integration of CIM competencies in GP postgraduate education exist. Although Germany is one of the countries where CIM is strongly integrated in general practice, no such catalogue exists up to date. The aim of this study was to define a set of CIM competencies that are seen as relevant and feasible for postgraduate education in the German general practice setting. METHODS: We used a multi-step, peer-based approach combining four different steps. Firstly, a survey among GP trainees (n = 138) was performed in order to assess needs and attitudes towards CIM. Then, existing competency-based CIM curricula were identified in international literature, translated into German and compared with the needs assessment from the survey. In a next step, we performed a survey among the CIM working group of the German Society for General Medicine and Family Medicine (DEGAM). As a last step, in a peer-based survey, GP trainers, GP trainees, and members of professional CIM associations (n = 131) evaluated a list of CIM competencies according to relevance and feasibility for general practice. RESULTS: Within this multistage process, a final catalogue of 16 competencies was defined, covering the following areas: Medical knowledge, patient care and communication, practice-based learning, professionalism, and competencies based on the German healthcare system. CONCLUSION: The final catalogue of CIM competencies is intended to serve for GP training complementing the German competency-based curriculum for general practice. These competencies cover basic skills and are not intended to replace existing additional qualifications awarded by the medical associations in specific CIM methods, such as acupuncture or manual medicine. Therefore, a list of relevant competencies on CIM is available in order to serve as add-on for postgraduate education in general practice in Germany.

Findings from a three-round Delphi study: essential topics for interprofessional training on complementary and integrative medicine.

BACKGROUND: Integrating complementary medicine into medical care promotes patient-oriented care. A well-informed and collaborative professional healthcare team is essential for effective and patient-safe implementation of these methods. At present, the skills for patient counseling, therapy and care regarding complementary medicine vary among the professional groups involved. Professionals generally feel that they are not sufficiently qualified in this area. Curricular concepts for Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) are virtually non-existent in undergraduate interprofessional training. The aim of this study is to initiate a consensus-building process between various experts (professionals, students, patient and faculty representatives) in order to identify which topics should be the focus of such a curriculum. METHODS: A three-round Delphi study was carried out from March 2018 to March 2019 to compile the experience and knowledge of experts in the field of integrative patient care and interprofessional education. Sixty-five experts from Germany and German-speaking Switzerland with various professional backgrounds and experiences were asked to name general content, therapy methods and treatment reasons which should be addressed in interprofessional seminars. In the subsequent rounds these were rated on a seven-point Likert scale. The ratings were assigned to relevance groups and discussed in a final workshop in July 2019. RESULTS: The response rates for the three rounds were 76% (n = 50), 80% (n = 40) 90% (n = 36); and 21% (n = 11) for the final workshop. The experts suggested that topics could be aligned along the most common treatment reasons such as insomnia, generalized pain, fatigue and back pain. However, it is important that students also receive an overview of the evidence base for different therapeutic concepts, especially in the field of classical natural medicine, acupuncture and mind-body medicine, and that they get an overview of the effects and interactions of frequently used procedures. CONCLUSION: Consensus was reached among the various experts on the most important topics for an interprofessional CIM curriculum. The systematic evaluation of the topics in this study can help to create a curriculum that achieves a high level of acceptance among teachers, lecturers and students, and thus facilitates implementation at universities and medical faculties.

Nature As Medicine: Mind, Body, and Soil.

Editor's Note: Debate over the evidence supporting integrative care interventions not infrequently references the challenges funding research on natural agents and practices that are not patentable. The subject of this column goes to the mother of all such interventions, nature herself. Yet in this case, the authors report an awakening of research that affirms nature's power in health and well-being. This is the eighth commentary through JACM's column partnership with the Osher Collaborative for Integrative Medicine through which we seek to stimulate critical conversations via perspectives from the leaders of the Collaborative's seven prominent academically based integrative centers. The author team came together from three of the centers: David Victorson, PhD, at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Christina Luberto, PhD, at the Harvard Medical School, and Karen Koffler, MD, at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. While providing readers an understanding of how to examine nature as medicine, they propose a "goodness of fit" between the precepts of the integrative field and the natural world.-Editor-in-Chief, John Weeks (johnweeks-integrator.com).

Evidence-based practice guideline on integrative medicine for stroke 2019.

OBJECTIVE: Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in China. Chinese medicine integrated with conventional medicine is now widely used in the prevention and treatment of stroke. A clinical practice guideline for the application of integrative medicine in stroke is urgently needed. METHODS: This guideline was developed following the methodology and procedures recommended in the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development and the Guideline Development Handbook for Diagnosis and Therapy of Integrative Medicine. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were evaluated using the GRADE approach. The guideline followed the RIGHT statement and AGREE II was consulted to ensure its quality. RESULTS: A multidisciplinary working team was established. Eleven research questions from 15 clinical questions were identified by questionnaire surveys, face-to-face meetings, and analyzed by the working team. Fourteen recommendations regarding integrative medicine for ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and complications of stroke were formulated from systematic reviews of the benefits, harms, cost-effectiveness, quality of evidence, the values and preferences of patients and their family members, feedback on proposed recommendations from medical practitioners from a variety of disciplines, and a face-to-face consensus meeting. CONCLUSIONS: This guideline focuses on clinical treatments that are specific to integrative medicine for stroke and can be used at all levels in medical institutions and rehabilitation facilities. The end-users of the guideline are most likely to be medical practitioners, including Chinese herbal medicine specialists, acupuncturists, integrative medicine practitioners, physicians, physical therapists, and clinical pharmacists.

Experiences and Perceptions Toward Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine Among Conventional Medicine Practitioners of Mangalore, India.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify experiences and perception of conventional (Western, allopathic) medical practitioners toward integrative, complementary, and alternative medicine (ICAM). METHODS: There are approximately 1200 conventional medical doctors in Mangalore, India. In February 2017, semistructured self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 200 medical practitioners. The association between categorical variables was analyzed using a χ2 test and those involving continuous variables using unpaired t test, analysis of variance, and Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation. A P value ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the surveys, 163 were returned and 129 were satisfactorily completed, giving a response rate of 64.5%. Mean age was 39.9 ± 11.9 years, and most 94 (72.9%) were male. A majority, 96 (74.4%), recommended ICAM to their patients. Nine had some training in ICAM modalities, and 76 (58.9%) participants reported personal usage of ICAM. Regarding perception toward effectiveness of ICAM, 33 (25.6%) felt that it was effective or somewhat effective. However, 82 (63.6%) participants felt that lack of sufficient scientific evidence was a major drawback of ICAM. However, 39 (30.2%) participants felt that ICAM should be part of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery curricula. Favorable perception toward ICAM (P < .001) and personal usage of ICAM (P < .001) was associated with participants recommending any ICAM for their patients. Elderly practitioners (aged above 65 years) (P = .003) and practitioners with favorable perception regarding effectiveness of ICAM (P = .033) recommended a higher number of types of ICAM to their patients. Favorable perception toward effectiveness of ICAM was associated with favorable perception toward inclusion of ICAM in medical curriculum among participants (P = .002). CONCLUSION: Most participants recommended ICAM to their patients and also reported personal usage of the same.

An expert consensus-based guideline for the integrative anthroposophic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children.

OBJECTIVES: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the major causes of hospital admission in childhood. The primary objective of the treatment is rehydration, but conventional drug therapies are limited. Therefore, several pediatricians supplement conventional treatment with complementary and alternative therapies. In the two German departments for pediatric integrative medicine, children suffering from an acute gastroenteritis are treated with supportive therapy based on anthroposophic medicine. However, up to now scientifically validated guidelines for these therapies are lacking. DESIGN: We consulted an expert pool of 50 physicians with expertise in anthroposophic medicine as well as pediatrics and invited them to participate in an online-based Delphi process. Results were analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis with two independent raters using MAXQDA. Using four rounds of questioning, a consensus-based guideline was developed. RESULTS: A strong consensus (>90%) or consensus (>75-90%) was achieved for 14 of 16 subsections. The guideline describes disease characteristics, the most useful diagnostics, drug as well as non-drug treatment recommendations and advises for a good physician-patient interaction. CONCLUSION: The guideline will help clinicians, as well as family doctors, in their daily routine and make anthroposophic medicine more tangible for parents and health insurance companies.

Stop, Listen, and Learn: Using Mixed Methods to Add Value to Clinical Trials.

This commentary discusses the concept of value-based or value-focused health care as a rationale for researchers to incorporate mixed methods study designs a priori into clinical trials evaluating traditional, complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine (TCAIM). Along with assessing patient outcomes, information about patients' experiences and preferences are needed to determine the value of an intervention. Incorporating a mixed-methods approach can improve the quality of clinical trials and provide important information about the potential value of the intervention.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Revised 2019 Standards of Practice and Standards of Professional Performance for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Nutrition in Integrative and Functional Medicine.

Nutrition in integrative and functional medicine encompasses a patient-/client-centered, healing-oriented approach to health that embraces both conventional and complementary therapies. Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) practitioners in integrative and functional medicine focus on nutrition care that is both preventative and interventional in addressing the root causes of disease. The Dietitians in Integrative and Functional Medicine Dietetic Practice Group, along with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Management Committee, have updated the Standards of Practice (SOP) and Standards of Professional Performance (SOPP) for RDNs working in nutrition in integrative and functional medicine. The SOP and SOPP for RDNs in Nutrition in Integrative and Functional Medicine provide indicators that describe three levels of practice: competent, proficient, and expert. The SOP uses the Nutrition Care Process and clinical workflow elements for delivering patient/client care. The SOPP describes the following six domains that focus on professional performance: Quality in Practice, Competence and Accountability, Provision of Services, Application of Research, Communication and Application of Knowledge, and Utilization and Management of Resources. Specific indicators outlined in the SOP and SOPP depict how these standards apply to practice. The SOP and SOPP are complementary resources for RDNs and are intended to be used as a self-evaluation tool for assuring competent practice in nutrition in integrative and functional medicine and for determining potential education and training needs for advancement to a higher practice level in a variety of settings.

[Verbesserung der Lebensqualität durch integrative onkologische Rehabilitation]. / Sustained Improvement of Quality of Life following Integrative Oncological Rehabilitation.

Hintergrund: Die onkologische Rehabilitation ist integraler Bestandteil der Versorgung krebskranker Menschen. Nach einer dreiwöchigen stationären Rehabilitation mit multimodalem und integrativem Ansatz wurden die Effekte auf Belastungen und Lebensqualität der Patienten überprüft. Patienten und Methoden: 74 Krebspatienten erhielten ein komplexes Therapieprogramm, das Therapien zur Verbesserung der funktionalen Gesundheit, zur Reduktion psychosozialer Belastungen und komplementäre Massnahmen beinhaltete. Der Erfolg der Therapie wurde mit validierten Fragebögen am Abschluss der Rehabilitation (T2) und 3 Monate danach (T3) bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich eine signifikante Besserung von Distress, Angst, Depression, Fatigue und Lebensqualitätsfunktionsskalen zum Zeitpunkt T2 und T3. Von T2 nach T3 war der Therapieeffekt rückläufig, ohne die Werte von T1 zu erreichen. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine multimodale, integrative onkologische Rehabilitation führt zu einer über 3 Monate anhaltenden Besserung des subjektiven Befindens der Patienten. Dieses Therapiekonzept sollte in einer Folgestudie mit einer Standardrehabilitation verglichen werden. BACKGROUND: Oncological rehabilitation is an integral part in the care of cancer patients. Following an inpatient rehabilitation of 3 weeks' duration with multidimensional and integrative components, the effects on distress and quality of life were measured. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 74 cancer patients received a complex treatment program, including treatments for improvement of functional health, reduction of psychosocial distress and complementary therapies. The treatment outcome was evaluated with validated questionnaires at the end of the rehabilitation (T2) and 3 months thereafter (T3). RESULTS: We observed significant improvement of distress, anxiety, depression, fatigue and quality of life at T2 and T3. In the interval from T2 to T3, the treatment effect was declining, without reaching the values of T1. CONCLUSIONS: A multidimensional integrative oncological rehabilitation improves the subjective condition of the patients over a 3-month period. This treatment concept should be tested in a comparative study against standard rehabilitation.

What Should Health Care Systems Consider When Implementing Complementary and Integrative Health: Lessons from Veterans Health Administration.

OBJECTIVES: Health care systems are increasingly interested in becoming whole health systems that include complementary and integrative health (CIH) approaches. The nation's largest health care system, the Veterans Health Administration (VA), has been transforming to such a system. However, anecdotal evidence suggested that many VA medical centers have faced challenges in implementing CIH approaches, whereas others have flourished. We report on a large-scale, research-operations partnered effort to understand the challenges faced by VA sites and the strategies used to address these to better support VAs implementation of CIH nationally. DESIGN: We conducted semi-structured, in-person qualitative interviews with 149 key stakeholders at 8 VA medical centers, with content based on Greenhalgh's implementation framework. For analysis, we identified a priori categories of content aligned with Greenhalgh's framework and then generated additional categories developed inductively, capturing additional implementation experiences. These categories formed a template to aid in coding data. RESULTS: VA sites commonly reported that nine key factors facilitated CIH implementation: (1) organizing individual CIH approaches into one program instead of spreading across several departments; (2) having CIH strategic plans and steering committees; (3) strong, professional, and enthusiastic CIH program leads and practitioners; (4) leadership support; (5) providers' positive attitudes toward CIH; (6) perceptions of patients' attitudes; (7) demonstrating evidence of CIH effectiveness; (8) champions; and (9) effectively marketing. Common challenges included are: (1) difficulties in hiring; (2) insufficient/inconsistent CIH funding; (3) appropriate patient access to CIH approaches; (4) difficulties in coding/documenting CIH use; (5) insufficient/inappropriate space; (6) insufficient staff's and provider's time; and (7) the health care cultural and geographic environments. Sites also reported several successful strategies supporting CIH implementation. CONCLUSIONS: VA sites experience both success and challenges with implementing CIH approaches and have developed a wide range of strategies to support their implementation efforts. This information is potentially useful to other health care organizations considering how best to support CIH provision.

The consensus of integrative diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis-2017.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases. The digestive disease committee, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, released Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis in 2010.1 Since then, further studies and great progress have been made by domestic and foreign counterparts from the perspective of both Chinese and Western medicine in AP, including the classification, fluid resuscitation, organ function maintenance, surgery intervention, enteral nutrition (EN), and syndrome differentiation and treatment. It is necessary to update the consensus on diagnosis and treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine to meet clinical needs. Therefore, the 2012 Revision of the Atlanta Classification Standard (RAC) by the International AP Consensus,2 the 2013 the Management of Acute Pancreatitis by the American College of Gastroenterology,3, 4 the 2014 Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of the acute pancreatitis guide (2014) by the Chinese medical association branch,5 the 2014 Guidelines on Integrative Medicine for Severe Acute Pancreatitis by the General Surgery Committee of the Chinese Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,6 and Traditional Chinese Medicine Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment for Acute Pancreatitis by the Spleen and Stomach committee of China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine7, 8 were taken into account for the revision of the consensus published in 2010. The digestive specialists in Chinese and Western medicine had a discussion on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) types, syndrome differentiation, the main points of integrative medicine, and so on. According to the Delphi method, Consensus of Integrative Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis (the 2017 revision) has been passed after three rounds votes. (The voting options are as follows: (a) totally agree; (b) agree, but with some reservations; (c) agree, but with larger reservations; (d) disagree, but reserved; and (e) absolutely disagree. If more than two out of three choose (a), or over 85% choose (a) + (b), the consensus will be passed.) The final validation was carried out by the core expert group in Taizhou, Jiangsu on June 9, 2017. The full text is as follows.

Pharmacy Competencies for Interprofessional Integrative Health Care Education.

Objective. To address the gap in evidence-based knowledge among pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists regarding complementary and integrative health approaches due to insufficient education and a lack of standardized training. Methods. The National Center for Integrative Primary Healthcare (NCIPH) developed 22 pharmacy competencies linked to a set of 10 interprofessional "metacompetencies" in integrative health care. Results. The NCIPH pharmacy competencies are well-aligned with the current educational standards and Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) outcomes for pharmacy programs. Therefore, the NCIPH competencies may provide a foundation for the incorporation of interprofessional integrative health care education into pharmacy curricula. Conclusion. The NCIPH pharmacy competencies in integrative health care, linked to the interprofessional "metacompetencies," are aligned with educational standards and outcomes, and may serve as a basis for pharmacy curriculum.

Practice Drift: Are There Risks When Integrative Medicine Physicians Exceed Their Scope?

Editor´s Note: This is the third commentary from the JACM column partnership with the Osher Collaborative for IntegrativeMedicine. These quarterly columns from leaders of the seven prominent academic centers that constitute the Collaborative are meant to stimulate and enliven thinking about the paradigm, practice, and policy to advance integrative health. In this column, two members at the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine in Chicago, Illinois and San Francisco, California, take on a challenge pioneering field face as they move from the Wild West into professional formation. Their focus is on the mosaic of integrative practices of medical doctors. The lead author hails from an integrative medicine base that is known for its clinical program. Osher Northwestern executive director Melinda Ring, MD, FACP, Clinical Associate Professor of Integrative Medicine, is also a member of the Board of Directors of the American Board of Integrative Medicine, that has set the prevailing standard for board certification. Ring´s coauthor, Sandy Newmark, MD, FAAP, holds the position of Osher Foundation Endowed Chair in Clinical Programs in Integrative Medicine at the UCSF Osher Center. Newmark is also head of that Center´s Pediatric Integrative Neurodevelopmental Program. -John Weeks, Editor-in-Chief, JACM.

Professionals' perceptions and current practices of integrated palliative care in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) and patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) share similar symptom burden with cancer patients, however, they are unlikely to receive palliative care (PC) services. This article examines the perceptions of health care professionals and the current practices of integrated palliative care (IPC) in Belgium. METHODS: Cardiologists and pulmonologists, working in primary care hospitals in Belgium, participated in this study with semi-structured interviews based on IPC indicators. One researcher collected, transcribed verbatim the interviews and carried out their thematic analysis. To increase the reliability of the coding, a second researcher coded a random 30% of the interviews. RESULTS: A total of 22 CHF/COPD specialists participated in the study. The results show that IPC and its potential benefits are viewed positively. A number of IPC components like the holistic approach (physical, psychological, social, spiritual aspects) via multidisciplinary teams, prognosis discussion and illness limitations, patient goals assessment, continuous goal adjustment, reduction of suffering and advanced care planning are partially implemented in several health centers. However, PC specialists are absent from such implementations and PC is still an end-of-life care. CONCLUSIONS: Misconceptions about PC and its association to death and end-of-life appear to be decisive factors for the exclusion of PC specialists and the late initiation of PC itself. The implementation of IPC components is not associated to PC, and as such, leads to suboptimal results. Improved education and enhanced communication is expected to alleviate existing challenges and thus improve the quality of life for the patients.

Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of primary liver cancer with integrative traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important part of the treatment of primary liver cancer (PLC) in China; however, the current instructions for the integrative use of traditional Chinese and Western medicine for PLC are mostly based on expert opinion. There is no evidence-based guideline for clinical practice in this field. Therefore, the Shanghai Association of Chinese Integrative Medicine has established a multidisciplinary working group to develop this guideline, which focuses on the most important questions about the use of TCM during PLC treatment. This guideline was developed following the methodological process recommended by the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development. Two rounds of questionnaire survey were performed to identify clinical questions; published evidence was searched; the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to evaluate the body of evidence; and recommendations were formulated by combining the quality of evidence, patient preferences and values, and other risk factors. The guideline was written based on the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare tool. This guideline contains 10 recommendations related to 8 questions, including recommendations for early treatment by TCM after surgery, TCM combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for advanced PLC, TCM drugs for external use, and acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.