The First of Us? Papiliotrema laurentii Meningitis Complicated by Hydrocephalus in an Otherwise Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report.

Cryptococcal species are the most common fungal pathogens to cause meningitis worldwide. The majority of cases are caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and occur in immunocompromised hosts, while Cryptococcus gattii causes most fungal meningitis in immunocompetent hosts. To date, non-neoformans, non-gattii species of Cryptococcus remain rare causes of human disease, and their clinical courses and preferred treatment regimens remain poorly characterized. We present the case of an otherwise immunocompetent woman with subacute meningoencephalitis diagnosed with Papiliotrema laurentii (formerly Cryptococcus laurentii) meningitis, who, despite successful fungal eradication, developed hydrocephalus. To our knowledge, this represents the first case of P. laurentii meningitis in an immunocompetent host leading to hydrocephalus, illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that remain for atypical fungal meningitis.

Spinal subdural abscess following chronic meningitis - A rare manifestation of Mucormycosis.

A 57-year old man with uncontrolled diabetes presented with features suggestive of chronic meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed a polymorphonuclear pleocytosis with low glucose and high protein levels in the CSF. Bacterial and fungal cultures and tests for M. tuberculosis were negative. MRI spine showed leptomeningeal enhancement. On ruling out other causes, fungal meningitis was considered. The patient developed paraparesis in the hospital. MRI showed peripherally enhancing subdural lesion with dorsal cord involvement at the level of D4 and D5 vertebrae. On laminectomy and exploration, an intradural extramedullary abscess and a granuloma were noticed at T4--T5 spinal levels causing compression of the cord below. Histopathological examination of the lesions revealed acute on chronic inflammatory infiltrates interspersed by broad, aseptate, ribbon-like fungal elements highlighted by PAS stain, diagnostic of mucormycosis. Intravenous amphotericin B and oral posaconazole were administered for more than 8 weeks. On follow-up, he had complete neurological recovery without sequelae.

[A case of Candida meningitis in a patient with CARD9 deficiency: an autopsy report].

Here we present the case of a 23-year-old female with a history of onychomycosis and oral thrush since childhood. She presented with a gradual onset of headache, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis on admission revealed an elevated mononuclear cell count. Hydrocephalus was observed on brain MRI. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was detected in the CSF, and antifungal treatment was initiated to diagnose of Candida meningitis. Due to an insufficient therapeutic response, intraventricular administration of liposomal amphotericin B initiated; however, the lesions persisted. Subsequently, the patient experienced repeated occlusions of the ventriculoperitoneal shunt tube, ultimately dying from a bacterial shunt infection. Autopsy findings revealed diffuse fungal proliferation on the surface of the brainstem and ventricular walls. Genetic testing confirmed a diagnosis of CARD9 deficiency. Although CARD9 deficiency is a rare disease, genetic testing should be considered when primary immunodeficiency is suspected.

Outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients receiving organs from a donor with Fusarium solani species complex meningitis.

BACKGROUND: Five organs (heart, right lung, liver, right, and left kidneys) from a deceased patient were transplanted into five recipients in four US states; the deceased patient was identified as part of a healthcare-associated fungal meningitis outbreak among patients who underwent epidural anesthesia in Matamoros, Mexico. METHODS: After transplant surgeries occurred, Fusarium solani species complex, a fungal pathogen with a high case-mortality rate, was identified in cerebrospinal fluid from the organ donor by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and fungal-specific polymerase chain reaction and in plasma by mNGS. RESULTS: Four of five transplant recipients received recommended voriconazole prophylaxis; four were monitored weekly by serum (1-3)-ß-d-glucan testing. All five were monitored for signs of infection for at least 3 months following transplantation. The liver recipient had graft failure, which was attributed to an etiology unrelated to fungal infection. No fungal DNA was identified in sections of the explanted liver, suggesting that F. solani species complex did not contribute to graft failure. The remaining recipients experienced no signs or symptoms suggestive of fusariosis. CONCLUSION: Antifungal prophylaxis may be useful in preventing donor-derived infections in recipients of organs from donors that are found to have Fusarium meningitis.

Case report: Chronic Candida albicans meningitis: a rare entity diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.

The aetiology of chronic aseptic meningitis is difficult to establish. Candida meningitis in particular is often diagnosed late, as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) work-up and imaging findings are nonspecific. A 35-year-old patient with chronic aseptic meningitis, for which repeated microbiological testing of CSF was unrevealing, was finally diagnosed with Candida albicans (C. albicans) meningitis with cauda equina involvement using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). This report highlights the diagnostic challenges and the difficulties of treating shunt-associated fungal meningitis.

Challenges in management of Candida auris meningitis secondary to infected ventriculoperitoneal shunt - A case report.

Meningitis in patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP shunt) caused by various species of Candida have been widely described in literature. However, reports describing Candida auris as a cause of meningitis is limited. In this case report we describe a case of multidrug resistant Candida auris meningitis secondary to VP shunt infection successfully treated with intrathecal amphotericin B deoxycholate and intravenous liposomal amphotericin B. This is the second case report of successful treatment of Candida auris meningitis from India. More literature regarding the use of intrathecal/intraventricular echinocandins including optimal dosing and duration of therapy is needed.

Recurrent disseminated coccidioidal meningitis in two subsequent pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: Recurrent disseminated coccidioidal meningitis in two subsequent pregnancies is rare and can pose a challenge in ensuring the health of both mother and baby. In this unique case we highlight this rare occurrence and subsequent treatment. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old G4P1021 with a history of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a previous pregnancy presented at 8 weeks gestation with nausea, headache, and neck pain. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was positive for recurrent coccidioidal infection. She was started on Amphotericin and discharged. She re-presented at 30 week's gestation with phonophobia and photophobia, emesis, neck pain and swelling. MRI showed evidence of ventriculomegaly with communicating hydrocephalus. She was treated with therapeutic lumbar punctures throughout her pregnancy and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt following delivery. She had a spontaneous vaginal delivery at 38 weeks and 3 days with no complications. CONCLUSION: This unique case highlights the susceptibility of recurrent disseminated coccidioidomycosis in subsequent pregnancies and treatment thereof.

Neurovascular Complications of Iatrogenic Fusarium solani Meningitis.

A multinational outbreak of nosocomial fusarium meningitis occurred among immunocompetent patients who had undergone surgery with epidural anesthesia in Mexico. The pathogen involved had a high predilection for the brain stem and vertebrobasilar arterial system and was associated with high mortality from vessel injury. Effective treatment options remain limited; in vitro susceptibility testing of the organism suggested that it is resistant to all currently approved antifungal medications in the United States. To highlight the severe complications associated with fusarium infection acquired in this manner, we report data, clinical courses, and outcomes from 13 patients in the outbreak who presented with symptoms after a median delay of 39 days.

Voriconazole-induced periostitis in a patient with HIV treated for coccidioidomycosis meningitis.

Voriconazole-induced periostitis is a rare adverse effect in patients on long-term therapy, characterised by periosteal inflammation and associated bony pain. The accompanying lab abnormalities (elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and fluoride) and characteristic imaging findings (uptake of radionuclide tracer on nuclear bone scan) are critical for diagnosis. The disease process is thought to be secondary to excess fluoride from voriconazole which stimulates bone formation and decreases osteoclast bone resorption. Management includes stopping voriconazole and switching to another agent.

Casein kinase 2 complex: a central regulator of multiple pathobiological signaling pathways in Cryptococcus neoformans.

The casein kinase 2 (CK2) complex has garnered extensive attention over the past decades as a potential therapeutic target for diverse human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity, due to its pivotal roles in eukaryotic growth, differentiation, and metabolic homeostasis. While CK2 is also considered a promising antifungal target, its role in fungal pathogens remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the CK2 complex in Cryptococcus neoformans, a major cause of fungal meningitis. The cryptococcal CK2 complex consists of a single catalytic subunit, Cka1, and two regulatory subunits, Ckb1 and Ckb2. Our findings show that Cka1 plays a primary role as a protein kinase, while Ckb1 and Ckb2 have major and minor regulatory functions, respectively, in growth, cell cycle control, morphogenesis, stress response, antifungal drug resistance, and virulence factor production. Interestingly, triple mutants lacking all three subunits (cka1Δ ckb1Δ ckb2Δ) exhibited more severe phenotypic defects than the cka1Δ mutant alone, suggesting that Ckb1/2 may have Cka1-independent functions. In a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis, cka1Δ and cka1Δ ckb1Δ ckb2Δ mutants showed severely reduced virulence. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analyses further revealed that the CK2 complex controls a wide array of effector proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, nutrient metabolisms, and stress responses. Most notably, CK2 disruption led to dysregulation of key signaling cascades central to C. neoformans pathogenicity, including the Hog1, Mpk1 MAPKs, cAMP/PKA, and calcium/calcineurin signaling pathways. In summary, our study provides novel insights into the multifaceted roles of the fungal CK2 complex and presents a compelling case for targeting it in the development of new antifungal drugs.IMPORTANCEThe casein kinase 2 (CK2) complex, crucial for eukaryotic growth, differentiation, and metabolic regulation, presents a promising therapeutic target for various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Its potential as an antifungal target is further highlighted in this study, which explores CK2's functions in C. neoformans, a key fungal meningitis pathogen. The CK2 complex in C. neoformans, comprising the Cka1 catalytic subunit and Ckb1/2 regulatory subunits, is integral to processes like growth, cell cycle, morphogenesis, stress response, drug resistance, and virulence. Our findings of CK2's role in regulating critical signaling pathways, including Hog1, Mpk1 MAPKs, cAMP/PKA, and calcium/calcineurin, underscore its importance in C. neoformans pathogenicity. This study provides valuable insights into the fungal CK2 complex, reinforcing its potential as a target for novel antifungal drug development and pointing out a promising direction for creating new antifungal agents.

Early Experiences with Intrathecal Administration of Amphotericin B Liposomal Formulation at a Neurosurgical Center.

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal administration of amphotericin B represents an important adjunctive therapy for management of severe fungal meningitis. Intrathecal preparations have traditionally used amphotericin B deoxycholate. Liposomal amphotericin B is an alternative formulation with good clinical outcomes as systemic therapy, but scant data exist investigating intrathecal use. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate outcomes following intrathecal administration of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of severe fungal meningitis. METHODS: A national shortage of amphotericin B deoxycholate necessitated revision of institutional protocols at a southwestern neurosurgical center in Spring 2023. A starting intrathecal daily dose of 0.125-0.5 mg liposomal amphotericin B was recommended (dependent on insertion device), with 0.125-0.25 mg slow titration every 48 h and up to a 2 mg maximum daily dose. RESULTS: Four cases of fungal meningitis treated with adjunctive intrathecal amphotericin B liposomal formulation were reviewed. This included three cases of coccidioidal meningitis and one case of presumed Fusarium solani meningitis following an outbreak. All patients had initial disease improvement following initiation of intrathecal amphotericin B and were able to tolerate long-term therapy. One coccidioidal meningitis patient expired of neurologic complications shortly after being moved from the intensive care unit (ICU) to a floor unit. All other patients were successfully discharged from the hospital. New headache was the only reported adverse effect, which was managed with dose reduction and did not require therapy discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Liposomal amphotericin B may be feasibly administered intrathecally for the adjunctive treatment of severe fungal meningitis.

Sua5 catalyzing universal t6A tRNA modification is responsible for multifaceted functions of the KEOPS complex in Cryptococcus neoformans.

The N6-threonylcarbamoyl adenosine (t6A) tRNA modification is critical for ensuring translation fidelity across three domains of life. Our prior work highlighted the KEOPS complex, organized in a Pcc1-Kae1-Bud32-Cgi121 linear arrangement, not only serves an evolutionarily conserved role in t6A tRNA modification but also exerts diverse functional impacts on pathobiological characteristics in Cryptococcus neoformans, a leading cause of fungal meningitis worldwide. However, the extent to which the pleiotropic functions of the KEOPS complex are specifically tied to tRNA modification remains uncertain. To address this, we undertook a functional characterization of Sua5, responsible for generating the precursor threonylcarbamoyl-adenylate (TC-AMP) for t6A tRNA modification, using a reverse genetics approach. Comparative phenotypic analyses with KEOPS mutants revealed that Sua5 plays a vital role in multiple cellular processes, such as t6A tRNA modification, growth, sexual development, stress response, and virulence factor production, thus reflecting the multifaceted functions of the KEOPS complex. In support of this, sua5Δ bud32Δ double mutants showed phenotypes comparable to those of the corresponding single mutants. Intriguingly, a SUA5 allele lacking a mitochondria targeting sequence (SUA5MTSΔ) was sufficient to restore the wild-type phenotypes in the sua5Δ mutant, suggesting that Sua5's primary functional locus may be cytosolic, akin to the KEOPS complex. Further supporting this, the deletion of Qri7, a mitochondrial paralog of Kae1, had no discernible phenotypic impact on C. neoformans. We concluded that cytosolic t6A tRNA modifications, orchestrated by Sua5 and the KEOPS complex, are central to the regulation of diverse pathobiological functions in C. neoformans.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding cellular functions at the molecular level is crucial for advancing disease treatments. Our research reveals a critical connection between the KEOPS complex and Sua5 in Cryptococcus neoformans, a significant cause of fungal meningitis. While the KEOPS complex is known for its versatile roles in cellular processes, Sua5 is specialized in t6A tRNA modification. Our key finding is that the diverse roles of the KEOPS complex, ranging from cell growth and stress response to virulence, are fundamentally linked to its function in t6A tRNA modification. This conclusion is supported by the remarkable similarities between the impacts of Sua5 and KEOPS on these processes, despite their roles in different steps of the t6A modification pathway. This newfound understanding deepens our insight into fungal biology and opens new avenues for developing potential therapies against dangerous fungal diseases.

Cerebral vasospasm due to Fusarium solani meningitis: A complication from medical tourism. Case report and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Medical tourism is expanding globally, with patients seeking cosmetic procedures abroad. To date, little information is known regarding the risks and outcomes of cosmetic tourism, especially potential stroke complications. Here, we present a case of fungal meningitis in the setting of medical tourism leading to ischemic strokes and vasospasm. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe an immunocompetent 29-year-old female patient who initially presented with intractable headaches and an abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile who was eventually diagnosed with Fusarium solani meningitis as a part of a common source outbreak in Matamoros, Mexico. These patients were part of a cohort who underwent cosmetic procedures requiring spinal anesthesia. This report also highlights the unusual clinical course leading to poor outcomes in such conditions. RESULTS: The patient initially presented with headaches, papilledema, elevated opening pressure on the spinal tap, abnormal CSF studies, and eventually developed ischemic strokes and hydrocephalus. CSF showed positive beta D-Glucan with repeated negative CSF fungal cultures. A cerebral angiogram revealed extensive basilar artery vasospasm that led to ischemic strokes. Continued clinical worsening and lack of response to antifungal treatment prompted further imaging that revealed significant non-obstructive hydrocephalus subsequently complicated by spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. CSF PCR for Fusarium solani species was positive days after her passing. CONCLUSION: This novel case highlights fungal meningitis caused by Fusarium solani complicated by bilateral ischemic strokes stemming from basilar artery vasospasm. Complications from medical tourism impact not only individual patients but also the health systems of both countries. Professional and regulatory entities for cosmetic surgeries must highlight and educate patients on the risks and complications of cosmetic surgeries happening abroad. Physicians should be aware of ongoing outbreaks and possible complications of these procedures.

Cerebrovascular Complications Associated With Iatrogenic Fungal Meningitis Following Surgical Procedures in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The current fungal meningitis outbreak caused by contaminated epidural anesthesia with Fusarium solani among patients who underwent surgical procedures in Matamoros, Mexico remains a cause of concern. Its association with an increased susceptibility for cerebrovascular complications (CVC) has not been reported. This single-center study describes 3 patients with a unique pattern of CVC attributed to fungal meningitis. METHODS: A retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with fungal meningitis following surgical procedures under contaminated epidural anesthesia who developed a unique pattern of CVC during their hospitalization. RESULTS: Three female patients (mean age, 35 years) with CVC due to iatrogenic fungal meningitis were included. Positive Fungitell ß-D-glucan assay in cerebrospinal fluid was documented in all cases, and F. solani was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in case 3. All cases were complicated by severe vertebrobasilar circulation vasculopathy and arterial dissections with resultant subarachnoid hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage, ultimately leading to patients' death. CONCLUSIONS: The death toll from the ongoing fungal meningitis outbreak keeps rising, underscoring the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment. We highlight the risk for vertebrobasilar circulation CVC among these patients. The angioinvasive nature of F. solani is yet to be clarified; however, a clear pattern has been observed. Public health awareness should be raised and a strong response should be pursued.

Fungal Diseases Caused by Serious Contamination of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, and Rapid Fungal Detection Using Nano-Diagnostic Tools: A Critical Review.

Fungal-contaminated compounded pharmaceuticals and medical devices pose a public health problem. This review aimed to provide an organized overview of the literature on that critical issue. Firstly, it was found that compounding pharmacies can produce drugs that are contaminated with fungi, leading to outbreaks of severe fungal diseases. Secondly, inadequate sterile compounding techniques or storage conditions, or exceeding the limit of a fungal count, can result in fungal contamination. Lastly, nanotools can be used to rapidly detect fungi, thus improving fungal diagnostic procedures. To achieve this goal, we have reviewed the published data on PubMed, the CDC, and FDA Web sites, and a literature search was undertaken to identify severe fungal infections associated with compounding pharmacies outside of hospitals, limited by the dates 2003 to 2021. The "Preferred Reporting Items for Critical Reviews" were followed in searching, including, and excluding papers. Fungal outbreaks have been documented due to contaminated pharmaceuticals and medical devices. In 2013, 55 people died from fungal meningitis caused by contaminated steroid injections containing methylprednisolone acetate. Additionally, in 2021, Aspergillus penicillioides contamination was reported in ChloraPrep drugs, which was attributed to the storage conditions that were conducive to the growth of this fungus. These incidents have resulted in severe infectious diseases, such as invasive mycoses, cornea infections, Endophthalmitis, and intestinal and gastric mycosis. By implementing preventive measures and policies, it is possible to avoid these outbreaks. Creating Nano-diagnostics presents a major challenge, where promptly diagnosing fungal infections is required to determine the proper corrective and preventive measures.

Non-shunt Management of Communicating Hydrocephalus in an Immunocompetent Host With Disseminated Central Nervous System Coccidioidomycosis.

Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Involvement of the meninges is often fatal if untreated, typically requiring lifelong antifungal therapy and neurosurgical intervention. We present the case of a young male without any known immunocompromising conditions who opted exclusively for medical management of newly diagnosed coccidioidomycosis meningitis with communicating hydrocephalus and discuss the controversy associated with this approach. This case highlights the importance of shared decision-making between patient and clinician, even if the plan diverges from available guidelines. Furthermore, we discuss clinical considerations in approaching the close outpatient monitoring of patients with central nervous system coccidioidomycosis with hydrocephalus.

Asymptomatic Coccidioidal Meningitis Relapse: A Demon in Disguise.

Coccidioides spp is a soil-dwelling, dimorphic fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis. It is endemic to the western hemisphere. Although primarily a respiratory disease, it can also cause a myriad of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic disease to meningitis. In fact, Coccidioides species is probably the most common etiologic agent of long-term meningitis in California and Arizona. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to avoid fatal complications. With treatment, the cerebral spinal fluid analysis may return to normal. Relapse of coccidioidal meningitis is usually suspected with recurrence of meningitis symptoms. The patient is a 53-year-old man with a 2-decade history of coccidioidal meningitis who was diagnosed with an asymptomatic relapse of coccidioidal meningitis.